Systems of Psychotherapy

bad faith

all we need to assume is one conscious person who uses self-deception and chooses what aspects of the self to turn away from. Once we act on such bad faith in ourselves, we are faced with the impending guilt of knowing who we really are.

stimulus control

avoiding stimuli that elicit the problem behavior and inserting stimuli that cue the alternative, adaptive behavior

psychosexual stages of development

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Actualization

-the one basic motivational force that all humanity has a tendency towards

will-to-meaning

After suffering through years in Nazi concentration camps in which his mother, father, brother, and wife perished, Viktor Frankl (1905-1997) became convinced that a will-to-meaning is the basic sustenance of existence (Frankl, 1967, 1969). Stripped to a bare existence, he experienced the truth of Nietzsche's dictum:"He who has a why to live for can bear with almost any how."

Corrective Emotional Experiencing

Because catharsis in Gestalt therapy occurs primarily as a result of clients'expressing their inner experiences, such as their dreams

roll with resistance

when a therapist uses the energy in the current./the client to steer the interaction

empty chair technique (gestalt)

If clients continue to drift back into resentment of the past by blaming their parents, for example, the Gestalt therapist may employ an empty-chair technique. Here clients are asked to imagine that the parent is present in the empty chair, and they are now free to express to the parent what they always held back from saying.

sensate focusing

a techniques sex therapists use for reducing anxiety-literally, focusing on the sensations instead of the sexual act itself.

symptom substitution or symptom return

a theoretical myth of those who see all behavior as a interconnected by a single, underlying dynamic conflict. -successful elimation of a specific anxiety and a secondary symptom will not lead to new symptoms

Dominant Discourses

Who are the powerful people who tell us how to think and feel about ourselves?

Counterresistance

when therapists respond to client resistance with confrontation or arguments

autonomous ego

an ego that functions independently of the id drives

defenses of oral fixation

denial, projection, incorporation

drive theory

the classic psychoanalytic emphasis on the id

Id

"child-like", needs instant gratification, impulsive, in the now. wants what it wants, lies in the unconscious.

Scaling Questions (Solution Focused)

"on a sclae of 1 to 10, where 10 is the problems you came to therapy for are solved and 1 is the problems are the worst theyve been, where are they now on that scale?"

process research

(Process research concerns the interactions between client and therapist, whereas outcome research tracks the success or effectiveness of therapy.)

affect regulation

(cognitive, affective, and behavioral strategies used to increase adaptive emotions and decrease maladaptive ones)

self-interest

- the belief that only the self, and never the society, is really sacred. -the tragic rise in violence could be due to this perception or belief

Catastrophizing beliefs

-"If I don't have my absolutely important goal fulfilled, then it's awful, I can't bear it, I'm probably worthless, and I'll never get what I want!"Molehills are made into mountains.

Adaptive Information Processing (AIP)

-Accessing the traumatic memories activates the information-processing system, which then takes the information to adaptive resolution. This system not only transforms traumatic memories and disturbing information but also concomitantly shifts feelings, thoughts, and sensations. Taken together, these constitute changes in identity.

Alfred Adler

-Adler criticized Freud for overemphasis on sexuality -Individual Psychology First person to formulate how feelings of inferiority could stimulate a striving for superiority

Anamnesis

-An interpretation of the client's earliest recollections (anamnesis) will give a picture of whether the client felt encouraged or discouraged to compensate for inferiority feelings in a socially constructive style.

Validity of cognition (VOC) scale

-Annique might nominate,"I am clean," "I can trust again,"or"I am in charge of my home." This positive cognition is assessed on a seven-point Validity of Cognition (VOC) scale, where 1 is "completely false"and 7 is"completely true." Before treatment, most clients will, with their information-processing system blocked, hold to the negative cognition and assess the positive cognition as a 1, 2, or 3 (in the false range).

Style of Life (Adler)

-Daily routines and habits are arranged in accordance with the goal of superiority - becomes integrating principle of person's life -style of life is influenced by a persons particular feeling of inferiority -is constructed based on the early childhood experiences. Every style of life must come to grips with the fact that humans are social beings born into interpersonal relationships.

exposure therapies

-Directly confronting feared stimuli, such as the burglary, and activating intense emotions, such as Annique's crippling anxiety -aims both to reverse the behavioral conditioning and to correct the patient's erroneous cognitive and emotional processes.

ideal self

-Each of us creates an ideal self that represents the perfect person we might strive to become.

existential integrative therapy

-It represents an expansion of existential therapy as well as an integration with other therapeutic methods and modalities when in the needs of the patient and when in congruence with the tenets of humanism

frustration

-Many parents are also afraid to frustrate their children; yet it is only through frustration that we are motivated to rely on our own resources to overcome what is frustrating us. -By giving too much and not frustrating enough, parents establish an environment that is so secure and satisfying that the children become stuck in desiring to maintain constant environmental support.

basic mistakes

-Pathological personalities create maladaptive goals by making BASIC MISTAKES as generalizing about the nature of all human relationships on the basis of the very small sample they have experienced

Albert Ellis

-Rational-emotive behavior therapy -directive therapist -"the purpose of life is to have a fu*king good time"

objectifications

-Symptoms of psychopathology are objectifications of ourselves. In pathology, we experience ourselves as objects without choice or will.

catastrophic expectations

-The child develops catastrophic expectations for independent behavior, such as "If I take the risk on my own, I won't be loved anymore or my parents won't approve of me." -Perls (1969a) suggests that catastrophic expectations are frequently projections onto the parents of the child's own fears of the consequences of independence, rather than memories of how parents actually responded.

discriminative stimulus

-The control that environments can have over maladaptive behavior results, in part, from the fact that certain stimuli serve as signals that reinforcement is likely to follow a response when the response is emitted in that particular stimulus situation. -Stimulus in which a response is reinforced through discriminative training

ego analysis

-The process of ego analysis may, however, be quite similar to the classical process, with long-term intensive therapy and use of free association, transference, and interpretation.

Daesin

-The therapist strives to experience the world as the patient experiences it. Dasein—the therapist's literally"being there"with the patient—means an unconditional meeting of experience and relational presence

behavioral activation

-a combination of improving daily activitym increasing pleasurable events, and enhancing feelings of personal mastery. -avoids the newer cognitive techniques and breaks the cycle of depression by increasing the patients daily activities.

creative self (adler)

-a power that gives humans the unique ability to transform objective facts into subjective meaning. Gives them personal purpose. An active process. It creates a personal goal for living that moves that person toward a more perfect future -prime "mover" of the lifestyle interprets the genetic and environmental facts of a person's life and integrates them into a unified personality that is dynamic, subjective, and unique.

cognitive interweave

-a proactive version of EMDR that deliberately interlaces clinician-derived statements with client-generated material, instead of relying solely on the client's spontaneous processing. -Clients frequently require the clinician-initiated processing in four situations (Shapiro, 1995, p. 245): looping (repetitive thoughts that do not move and that block processing); insufficient information; lack of generalization; and time pressures. The cognitive interweave is to be used sparingly, in cases where the client's own processing proves insufficient.

catching oneself (Adler)

-a technique that encourages clients to think about catching themselves "with their hands in the cookie jar" jar."They should try to actually catch themselves in the process of acting out a destructive behavior—for instance, overeating or overdrinking.

Carl Rogers (1902-1987)

-let his own clinical experience guide his theorizing and therapy -person-centered therapy

isolation(aloneness)

-another condition of life that brings anxiety -Regardless of how intimate I am with others, I can never be them, nor can they be me. We share experiences, but we are always under the threat of never totally understanding each other.

paradoxical intention

-clients find that the way they anticipated acting is rarely the way they in fact will act. ex)A student who was afraid that he would vomit if he went into the student union was instructed by me to go into the union and vomit intentionally.

constructivism vs. empiricism

-con:core claim about knowledge is that the knower does not—indeed cannot—attain knowledge of a reality that is objective or independent of the knower. Reality is not out there to be found; reality is constructed inside each of us. -emp:

collective unconscious

-contains primordial achetypes inherited from our past that record common experiences repeated over countless generations. -common arcetypes include : the hero, the shadow(the dark side), the mother, and the trickster powerpoint: :primordial archetypes inherited from our past that record common experiences repeated over countless generations (hero, shadow and mother).

clinical significance and statistical signifance

-cs: set a high and standardized bar of patient success -ss:alone tends to inflate small, insubstantial treatment gains; by contrast, using a measure of clinical significance ensures the magnitude of treatment gains is substantial and meaningful. -The difference between statistical significance and clinical significance in patient success was demonstrated in an analysis of various treatments for OCD. When patient success was defined as statistically significant improvement, exposure and response prevention appears the most effective treatment, with 50% to 60% of patients improved. However, when patient success was defined as clinically significant recovery, exposure therapy and cognitive therapy have equivalent and lower outcomes, approximately 25% recovered

Habituation

-decrease in a physiological or emotional response to a frequently repeated stimulus (defined as 50% reduction in anxiety to fear-producing stimuli)

motivational discrepancy

-developing discrepancy between present behaviors(real self) and desired goals(more ideal self).

rational emotive behavior therapy

-easy as ABD, A being the activiating events of life, such as rejection by a lover or failure to get into a gra program. B is for beliefs that indivuals use to process the activiting events in their lives. these beliefs can be rational (rB) such as, believing that the rejection was unforuntate and regrettable or that it was annoying and unpleasant. or it can be irrational (iB) such as thinking "I will never be loved again". and at point C, the person experienced the emotional and behavioral consequences of what has just occurred.

psychosocial stages

-erik erikson broadened freuds psychosexual stages to psychosocial stages that begin in infancy and extend through life to old age. -From Erikson's point of view, some individuals fail to develop a sense of industry not because of unconscious conflicts but because their culture discriminates against people of particular races or religions and fails to educate them adequately in the tools of that culture's trade. Failure to develop a sense of industry leads to a sense of inadequacy and inferiority.

intersubjective

-evelotuion that means it has progressed from a one-person psychology to a two-person psychology -the therapist is always as much a participant in the interaction as the patient -focuses more on desires then sexual and aggressive drives -existing between conscious minds; shared by more than one conscious mind.

4 principles of motivational interviewing(miller and rollnick)

-express empathy -develop discrepancy -roll with resistance -support self-efficacy

exceptions (solution focused therapy)

-finding past and recent successes -raising awareness about the exceptions to the clients problem. panning for gold. finding times when client isnt sad and is happy. questions: "

Psychodynamic therapists

-frueds direct descendants attempt to complete and expand all that he had left undone -used to be called neoanalysts or neo-fruedians(neo meaning after or new)

excercises most involved in conscioussness raising for gestalt

-games of dialogue: patietns carry on a dialogue bw polarities of their personality -I take responsibilty: which clients are asked to end every statement about themselves with "and I take responsibility for it" -playing the projection: in which clients play the role of the person involved in their projections, aka the parent -reversals: which parents are to act out the very opposite of the way they usually are in order to experience some hidden polarity of themselves -rehearsals: in which patients reveal to the group the thinking or rehearsal they most commonly do in preparation for playing social roles, including role of patient -may I feed you a sentence?: therapists asks permission to repeat and try on for size of statement about the patient that the therapist feels is particularly significant to patient

social interest

-humans are social beings born into interpersonal relationships -A healthy personality is aware that a complete life is possible only within the context of a more perfect society. A healthy personality identifies with the inferiorities common to us all. -Social interest must be nourished within a healthy family atmosphere, which fosters cooperation, respect, trust, support, and understanding.

lifestyle analysis (Adler)

-includes a summary of the client's family constellation -The order of birth, the gender of siblings, the absence of a parent, and the feelings of which child was favored are all crucial factors in a family constellation that can be interpreted as influencing the lifestyle. -The most common cognitive mistakes include (1) overgeneralizations, such as"nobody cares"; (2) distortions of life's demands, such as"you can't win at life"; (3) minimization of one's worth, such as"I'm really inadequate"or"I'm only a housewife"; (4) unrealistic goals to be secure, such as"I must please everyone"; and (5) faulty values, such as"get ahead, no matter what it takes"

authenticity

-its own reward. an authentic existence brings with it an oppennes to nature, to others, and to oursleves because we have decided to meet the world straight on with out hiding it from us or us from it. -openness means that authentic individuals are more aware, because they have chosen not to hide anything from themselves

Validation

-many behavior therapists prefer this over the person-cenetered word empathy in describing their relationship goals. validation occurs when the therapist communicated to the patient that her responses make sense and are understandable within her current life context

self-esteem (in existentialism)

-not a function of how much other people value us that behaviorists believe, that is considered social esteem. -An inner-directed person accepts that selfesteem occurs at the level of being-for-oneself and as a function of self-evaluation.

Modeling

-observational learning in which the behavior of the therapist (the model) acts as a stimulus for similar thoughts, attitudes, and behaviors on the part of the client

corrective emotional experience

-occurs when patients reexperience the old, unsettled conflict but with a new, healthier ending within the therapeutic relationship. corrective emotion experiencing, then, is a more critical process than the consciousness raising stressed in orthodox analysis. -to reexpose the patient, under more favorable circumstances, to emotional situations which he could not handle in the past. The patient, in order to be helped, must undergo a corrective emotional experience suitable to repair the traumatic influence of previous experiences.

Dissemination and implementation

-once a psychoterapy system has beenc reated and shown effective in controlled reasearch ...Dissemination refers to spreading the evidence-based treatment to professionals and the public; it's out there. The related process of implementation refers to practitioners using the treatment and thereby altering their clinical behavior; it's actually implemented.

compulsive lifestyle

-one of the most common neurotic styles to emerge from parental domination -The constant nagging, scolding, deriding, and fault finding of dominating parents can lead to an inferiority complex in which the compulsive person feels powerless to solve life's problems.

B.F. Skinner

-operant conditioning(punishments and reinforcements)

depressogenic (depression-causing) assumptions

-overgeneralizing: if it's true in one situation, it applies to any situation that is even remotely similar -selective abstraction: the only events that matter are the failures, which are the sole measure of myself -excessive responsibility: I am responsible for all bad things, rotten events, and life failures -self-references: I am at the venter of everyone's attention, particularily when I fail at something -dichotomous thinking: everything is either one extreme or another (black or white, good or bad)

ego defense mechanisms

-projection -denial -repression -reaction formation -regression -displacement -sublimation -rationalization -intellectualization

Sigmund Frued (psychoanalysis)

-psychoanalytic theory: created to bring up the unconscious(iceberg) -founding father of modern psychology -looked at as a mysoginist but no one took into account the time period he developed his theory -penis envy is metaphorical for power

Masculine Protest (Adler)

-refers chiefly to a woman protesting against her feminine role -Unlike Freud's proposal that a woman wishes to be a man and desires his anatomical structure, Adler recognized that a woman wishes to have a man's freedom and desires his privileged position in society. A man can suffer from masculine protest when he believes his masculinity is in some fashion inferior and consequently compensates by adopting hypermasculine behaviors.

fictional finalism(adler)

-reflects thefact that psychological events are determined not so much by hisotircal circumstances as by present expectations of how one's future life can be completed. -If a person thinks a perfect life is found in heaven as the reward for being virtuous, then that person's life will be greatly influenced by striving for that goal, whether heaven exists or not. -Fictional goals represent the subjective cause of psychological events. Humans evolve as self-determined participants who influence their futures by striving for internally created ideals.

Character Analysis

-reich developed character anaysis as an alternative to classical psychoanalysis

learned avoidance

-that serve to reduce anxiety in the short term.

aversive conditioning

-the emphasis is gernally on the contingent use of punishment(when an aversive consequence follows a particular response) -1 bad experience --> adverse reaction and avoids that thing from now on

lying

-the foundation of psychopathology in existentialism -Lying is the only way we can flee from nonbeing, to not allow existential anxiety into our experience. -we have two choices: to be anxious or to lie. -also leads to neurotic anxiety(Neurotic anxiety is an inauthentic response to being, whereas existential anxiety is an honest response to nonbeing)

genital personality

-the ideal individual; the ultimate goal of psychoanalysis; a person who has analyzed pregenital fixations and conflicts sufficiently to attain, and maintain, genital function. -loves sex without urgent dependency of any other fixation of stage. the ideal individual has a right balance and adjustment of all stages.

compensation

-the most frequent and powerful defense mechanism -serves not as a dm against anxiety per se but rather as a defense against the aversive feelings of inferiority -doesnt produce problems, it is the goal toward which a person strives to be superior that determines whether it leads to problems. ex)a person suffering from intense organ inferiority might compensate and strive for superiortiy by becoming plagued hypochondriac

allegiance effect

-the tendency of the investigators to favor their own preferred treatment in conducting studies -the most effective therapy tends to be that favored by the researchers conducting the study.

assertiveness training

-the treatment of choice for most anxieties related to interpersonal interactions -assertion and anxiety are to a considerable degree incompatible

systematic desensitization

-the use of deep relaxtion to inhibit anxiety -type of exposure therapy that links a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli, used to treat phobia -first step: progressive deep-muscle relaxation is the response that is incompatible with anxiety -second step:anxiety hierarchy -third step:in vivo desensitization -desensitization is the treatment of choice for specific phobias

graduated homework assignments

-therapists give these to clients beginnig with less frightening situations and are most likely to lead to successes for the client in regard to assertive interactions

conflict-free sphere

-there is an autonomous ego, an ego that functions independently of the id drives

two-factor theory of learning

-to explain avoidance -two factors: --classical or respondent conditioning: through which an animal learned to feara buzzer because it has been paired with shock. This conditioned fear is labeled anxiety. The buzzer becomes a conditioned stimulus capable of eliciting an automatic and autonomic conditioned response similar to fear. --operant/instrumental conditioningThe classically conditioned anxiety serves as the motivating or drive stimulus that activates the avoidance response, whereas the anxiety reduction provides the consequence necessary for reinforcement of the instrumental avoidance.

free association

-to freely say whatever comes to mind no matter how trivial or replusive -the mental process by which one word or image may spontaneously suggest another without any apparent connection -if patients can let their minds go w/o defneding, then their associations would be dominated by instints(which are the source of all energy and forces strongest in indivual)

analytical psychology

-unconscious as a more spiritual and enlightening place. Extensive interpretation of dreams and symbols (archetypes).

Classical or Respondent Conditioning

-when a neutral stimulus,a dog) can be paired contiguously with a threatening stimulus(such as being bitten), the anixety evoked from being bitten is associated with the sight of the dog, and the sight of the dog can become conditioned to evoke anixety.

cognitive triad of depression

1) events are interpretated negatively 2) depressed individuals dislike themselves 3) the future is appraised negatively

5 different layers/levels of psychopathology(gestalt)

1)the phony 2)the phobic: 3)the impasse 4)the implosive 5)the explosive

OARS

4 specific skills use in MI to focter client safety, acceptance, and change: open questions,affirmation, reflective listening, summaries

relaxation training

48 experimental studies of relaxation techniques used to treat a variety of clinical symptomatology.

Frued's theory of personality

6 perspectives: -topographic: conscious vs. unconscious models of functioning -dynamic: entails the interaction and conflict among psychic factors -genetic:concerns the origin and development of psychic phenomena through the oral, anal, phallic,latency, and genital stages -economic:which involves the ditrubution, transformation, and expenditure of psychological energy -structural:revolves around the persistent functional units of the id,ego, and superego -adaptive: involves the inborn preparedness of the indivudal to interact w/an involving series of environments

human behaviors occurs in predictable order ... ABC

A is the antecedent, which precipitates and triggers the B, which is the behavior. C is the consequences of performing that behavior B.F Skinner, behavior modiferiers, primarily concern themseves with just B and C(behavior is largely determined by its consequences due to operant conditioning

Urine Alarm

A plastic pad underneath the child or a small sensor attached to the pajamas detects moisture from urination and starts an alarm to wake the child.

I-It relationship and it-it relationships

Although this is the ideal, the reality is that many people feel safe to relate only to objectified others and enter only into I-it relationships. Perhaps even more frequently, the interactions of two objectified people result in it-it relationships, which are at best two human objects relating as roles with each other.

Organismic needs

As long as we remain centered on what is occurring within us right now, we can trust our organic wisdom to select the best means-whereby we complete the most pressing need of the moment.

the phobic layer

At this layer, we are phobic about the pain that ensues from facing how dissatisfied we are with parts of ourselves.We avoid and run from emotional pain, even though such pain is a natural signal that something is wrong and needs to change.

deconstructing

Because our experience of problems is a function of the stories we have constructed, the resolution of our problems emerges from deconstructing our old stories and constructing new ones.

behavioral parent training

Behavioral parent training has certainly proven successful, but less so with fathers than with mothers.

constructivist theories

Both are newer"brief"therapies, often averaging only four or five sessions; both focus on change and resources as opposed to the causes of problems; and both emphasize the client's unique, subjective perspective or self-constructed narrative, as contrasted with an"objective"or consensual reality.

finiteness

Death reflects the finiteness of our time; accidents represent the limits of our power; anxiety over decisions reflects the inadequacy of our knowledge; the threat of meaninglessness, the finiteness of our values; isolation, the finiteness of our empathy; and rejection, the finiteness of control over another human being.

attachment

Fixation at this stage results in the severe pathology of primary infantile autism, which is characterized by a failure of attachment to objects and a failure of mental organization due to a lack of self-image

Miracle Question

For those experiencing difficulty identifying positive exceptions to their problems, Berg will ask the miracle question."If by a miracle, you found yourself free from your problems overnight, how would things be different?"Constructing in imagination exceptions to a problem-filled world can help clients become more conscious that their current reality need not be their only reality.

repetition or exaggeration game

Gestalt therapists also direct clients to change their lines toward a more emotional and responsible direction, following the rule of using"I"language and to repeat what they say to him with "again"

Acceptance

Having made adaptive lifestyle changes, patients will need to accept what can probably not be changed—in their body shape, in their partners, in their physiological arousal, and the like.

implosive therapy(thomas stampfl)

He developed his system of psychotherapy in order to help people face their most frightening memories, feelings, and thoughts. Stampflwas inspired by both the psychoanalytic content of psychopathology and the learning theory processes of avoidance conditioning and extinction.

cue exposure

In substance abusers, cues related to alcohol use, such as the smell of beer or the sight of a vodka bottle, elicit conditioned responses, such as anticipated pleasure or physiological cravings. These conditioned responses are associated with a desire to resume substance abuse and a desire to avoid drug withdrawal.

Logotherapy

Of the forms of nonbeing, logotherapy is most concerned with meaninglessness (logo ¼ meaning).

ABC model of human functionality (Ellis)

Processing activating events (A) through absolute beliefs (B) will inevitably produce dysfunctional consequences (C). -As long as patients (and psychotherapists) continue to focus on either the activating events (A) or the disturbing consequences (C), little in the way of lasting help can be found. -the ABC model of human disturbance is followed by D-the disputing of peoples irrational beliefs when they feel and act in a self-defeating way. this then leads them to E-effective new philosophy, a sound and rational set of preferential beliefs

acting "as if ."

Rather than have clients face a sudden and dramatic decision to throw themselves into the darkness of an unknown style of life, therapists use techniques that encourage clients to experiment slowly with new alternatives for living.

Subjective units of distress scale (SUDS)

SUD is an acronym for subjective units of distress, where 0 is no distress or neutral and 10 is the highest distress imaginable. At predesensitization, clients typically report a moderate to high level of distress, an SUD rating between a 5 and a 10. -This leads to the desensitization phase, the longest phase and the most arduous for the patient. The patient is asked to bring up the traumatic image, think of the negative cognition, and notice the feelings attached to it as he or she follows the therapist's hand with his or her eyes.

striving for superiority

Striving for superiority - core motive of the human personality. To become superior is to rise above what we currently are. To be superior does not necessarily mean to attain social distinction, dominance or leadership. Striving for superiority means striving to live a more perfect and complete life. -Striving for completion and improvement encompasses and gives power to other human drives. -Feelings of inferiority could stimulate striving for superiority

transference-focused psychotherapy

TFP was superior to treatment as usual (TAU for patients diagnosed with borderline personality disorder.

here and now

The client's work sounds quite simple—to stay in the here and now. Awareness of the moment allows clients to work on the healthy Gestalt principle: The most important unfinished situation will always emerge into consciousness and can be resolved.

experiencing in gestalt

The core construct of personality and the central axis of change.Personality is understood in terms of potentials for inner"ways of being"or experiencing, which is a mode of apprehension characterized by its immediate, holistic, contextual, and bodily nature.

Unfinished business (Gestalt concept)

The empty chair is used when emotional memories of other people trigger the reexperiencing of unresolved emotional reactions: for example, unfinished business with a dead parent or unavailable ex-spouse. The client is to express feelings fully to the imagined significant other, such as an alcoholic parent, in an empty chair.

Impasse Layer

The layer that exists underneath the phobic layer, where one becomes stuck in our maturation, unable to support oneself or seek support from others. the sick point.The impasse is the point at which we are convinced that we have no chance of survival because we cannot find the means within ourselves to progress when environmental support is withdrawn.

I-thou

The therapeutic relationship is a direct relationship of two people, I-Thou, a sharing and experiencing together that leads to an elucidation of the patient's mode of being with an enlightened understanding of the implications for existence.

behavioral marital therapy (BMT)

The treatment components are typically communication skills training, problem-solving training, and modifying dysfunctional relationship expectations and attributions..

existential givens

These contingencies of life have also been called the realm of nonbeing. These existential givens are matters of necessity—we must die, we must act—and hence are a negation of being, which is by definition open-ended and in the realm of possibility. Nonbeing is the ground against which the figure of being is created.

Narrative empathy

Unlike external empathy, which describes the client from the outside and from the point of view of theory, narrative empathy attempts to construe and express the inner emotional logic of the client's problem patterns. The criterion of an empathic narrative is that it elicits a client response of"That's me!"

splitting

a defensive attempt to deal with being overwhelmed by more powerful parents

object relations

a major branch of psychodynamic theory objects meaning people or their mental represenations

analysand

a person undergoing psychoanalysis.

Motivational Interviewing (MI)

a person-centered, directive approach that enhances intrinsic motivation to change by helping clients explore and resolve ambivalence -combines both person-centered style (warmth, empathy, egalitarian relationship) and person centered technique(key questions, reflective listening). -incorporates therapests goals about desirable changed and by providing specific methods to moce the patient toward behavior change.

client-centered therapy

a process of expanding consciousness or awareness through the therapist beinging about more effective information processing in clients. -a combination of consciousness rainsing and corrective emotional experiencing that occurs withint the context of a genuine, affirming, and empathetic relationship now considered person-centered therapy

compromise formation

a psychic product, symptom, symbol, or dream form that expresses simultaneously and partially satisfies both the unconscious impulse and the defense against it.

effect size

a quantitative index of the magnitude and direction of therapy effects. higher es indicates greater effectiveness Each ES can be thought of as reflecting a corresponding percentile value; that is, the percentile standing of the average treated patient after psychotherapy relative to untreated patients.

neurosis

a relatively mild mental illness that is not caused by organic disease, involving symptoms of stress (depression, anxiety, obsessive behavior, hypochondria) but not a radical loss of touch with reality. -the basis of neurosis was sexual conflict-or, more specificaly, the conflict b/w the ids instinctive desires and societys retribution for the direct expressions of those desires

autogenic training

a specific self-relaxation procedure, has been extensively used in Germanspeaking countries but less so in English-speaking nations. Like other types of relaxation training, autogenic training is used to treat physical disorders, such as tension headaches and hypertension, as well as psychological disorders, such as anxiety and functional insomnia.

meta-analysis

a statistical technique that quantitatevly combines the results of many different studies.

meta-analysis

a systematic evaluation of the results of several independent studies

psychic determinism

a type of determinism that theorizes that all mental processes are not spontaneous but are determined by the unconscious or preexisting mental complexes. It relies on the causality principle applied to psychic occurrences in which nothing happens by chance or by accidental arbitrary ways.

aggressive instinct

adler considered this the most important human drive. -includes hostility, hostility being the worst of many mistaken paths of striving for superiority; one expression of the basic will to power

genital stage

age: 12 + libidinal zone: genital primacy libidinal object: sexual partner development challenge: sexual intimacy and reproduction adolescent must now find appropriate objects for sex(love) and aggression(work) in fruedian theory, an individual does not progress to this stage without conflict between instinctual desires and social restraints

anal stage

age: 2-3 libidinal zone: anus, bowels libidinal object: own body development challenge: active self-smoothing and self-mastery;passive submission they learn the art of letting go/ relief and having control comes to terms w/urges to play w anus or its products brings them into conflict w socities rules of cleanliness

phallic stage

age: 3-6 libidinal zone: genitals libidinal object: parent of opposite sex development challenge: oedipus and electra conflicts; ID with same-sex parent; ambivalence of love relationships oedipal conflict: when the son directs his genital sexual desires for his mother, of course leading to the father already having those privileges

latency stage

age: 6-11 libidinal zone: none libidinal object: repressed! development challenge: repression of pre=genital forms of libido; learning shame and disgust for inappropriate love objects all pregenital personality formation had been completed by age 6

oral stage

age: birth to 1 libidinal zone: mouth & thumb libidinal object: mother'r breast, own body development challenge: passive incorporation of all good though mouth; auto sensuality

supportive therapy

aims to strengthen the pateints coping, provide ecouragement, and prevent regression. informed by psychodynamic concepts

organismic valuing

allows us to value positively those experienced perceived as maintaining or enhaving our lives and to value negatively those experiences that would negate our growth -born with

attribution

an explanation for an observed event or an account of what caused something to happen

instincts

an innate, typically fixed pattern of behavior in animals in response to certain stimuli. -basic dynamic forces motivating personality:eros(life and sex) and thanatos(death and aggression) -instncts that possesss a somatic basis but are expressed in fantasies, desires, feelings, thoughts, and actions

attachment styles

an insecure attachment style complicated a patients later relationships, inclusing the therapuetic relationship, whereas a secure attachment style predicts better relationships and therapy outcomes.

countertransference

analysts desire to make patients objects of gratification of their own infantile unconscioius impulses

Treatment manuals

anaogous to a flight plan or a road map, training will ensure competence in appropriate therapist stances and techniques.

meaninglessness

another contingency of human existence that produces anxiety. we all want to do something meaninful in our lives. -Part of our anxiety comes from knowing we are the ones who created the meaning in our lives, and we are the ones who let it die. Therefore, we must be the ones to continue to create a life worth living.

Superego

anxiety,fears,worrying,nail biting. when you have too much ego. a stricter emphasis on ego.

reflection

as a mirror or a reflector of the clients feelings, the therapist would communicate to the client messages that said, in essence, "you feel...". -the client-centered therapist is instead able to sensitively and exquistely capture the essense of the clients expressions

Incongruence

as some experiences are distorted or denied, there is incongruence between what is being experienced and what is symbolized as part of a person's self-concept

supportive-expressive therapy

assists patients in identifying the recurrent themes in their lives that have negatively impacted their relationships with other people.

solution focused therapy

begins with refreshing assumption. people are healthy. people are competent. people are capable of constructing solutions that improve their lives. focus on solutions rather than problems. -"what can pull people into a healthier and happier future?" healthier and happier goals. -criteria for constructing well-defined goals:positive, process,present,practical,specific, client control, client language.

Reaction formation

behaving the opposite of what one truly desires -- develops first as a reaction to being very clean and neat as parents demand rather than expressing anal desires to be messy

counterconditioning(reciprocal inhibition)

behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to stir up new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors -based primarily on respondent conditioning

problem-solving therapy

can be taught to clients who need more effective strategies for approaching problems. it begins by educating clients in a philosphy that encourages independent problem solving. taught to then define problems operationally in terms of stimuli, responses, and consequences and then be able to formulate the problem more abstractly

shaping

changing one's environment to help change a certain behavior

displacement

characteristic of primary-process thinking--involves placing the energies from highly charged emotional ideas onto more neutral ideas.

Pavlov

classical conditioning with the dogs

in vivo desensitization

clients approach previously feared stimuli in real-life situations(low to high hierarchies)

Shame-attacking exercises

clients are asked to intentionally commit in public a foolish or shameful act, such as walking a banana down the street or breaking out in a show tune in the middle of a city block. -these prove to clients that they dont need to feel shame or embarassed. -shame is essentially a self conscious thinking error or irrational belief.

de-reflection

clients are instructed to ignore that which they are obsessed with by directing their awareness toward more positive aspects of life. By attending to a life full of potential meaning and value, clients substitute the right activity of actualizing personal potentials for the wrong activity of trying to fight off psychopathology.

Socratic Dialogue

clients are led to make personal discoveries by a tactful progression of questions

disattribution technique

clients are taught to disabuse themselves of the belief that they are entirely responsible for their plight

insight

clients have a cognitive and effective awakening about aspects of themselves that were previously hidden in the unconscous -verifies an interpretation

non-directive therapy

clients rather than therapists direct the flow of therapy. the responsibilty of clients, then, is to inform the therapst about their personal experiences and to be available for feedback from the therapist.

contingency management(behavior modification or behavior analysis)

concerned with changing the contingencies that follow and control behavior -based on operant conditioning -effective management involves 6 steps: operationalizing target behavior, identifying behavioral objectives, develop behavioral measures and take baseline measures, conduct naturalistic observations, modify existing contingencies, monitor the results. -procedures can thus be categorized according to 1, institutional control 2, self control, 3 mutual control or contracting, 4 therapist control, and 5 aversive control

manifest content

concrete part of dream. conscious.

covert sensitization

conditioning is done through the use of covert stimuli and responses, such as thoughts and images

existential anxiety

conditions inherent in existence that tempt us to runaway from too much awareness. the first source of anxiety comes from our acute awareness that at some point we must die. being implies nonbeing. etc.

4 procedures for psychoanalysis

confrontation, clarification, interpretation, and working through

communication skills training

consists of instruction, modeling, practice, role-playing, and homeowrk in fundamental communication skills, such as active listening and constructive negotation.

behavioral or functional analysis

consists of specifying the stimulus situation that set the occasion for the maladaptive behavior(antecedents), operationalizing the behavior itself(behavior), and detailing the reinforcement contingencies that follow (consequences). -this ABC sequence is known as behavior chain and is the function for understanding and modifying contingencies.

Heteronomy

control by others

3 C's of behavior therapy

counter conditioning, contingency management, and cognitive-behavior modifcation

Kairos

critical choice points and momentous opportunities for deciding whether to risk changing fundamental aspect of existence

denial

derives from having to to sleep off unmet oral needs. denying problem or feeling exists. -on a cognitive level, involves closing off ones attention to threatening aspects of the world or self

existential confrontation

differs from psychoanalytic confrontation in that existentialists reveal their own experience of the patient and do not just reflect the patients experience.

Gestalt Dream Work

dreams are used in gestalt therapy because they represent a spontaneous part of personality. dreams are the time and place in which people can express all parts of themselves that have been disowned in the rat race to succeed at daily roles.

Reality Therapy

emphasizes a lack of responsibility. -whereas logotherapy emphasizes a lack of meaning as the central concern

Existential analysis vs. existential-humanistic therapy

existential analysis:can be viewed as an intermediate step between psychoanalysis proper and contemporary humanistic existentialism existential-humanistic:Existentialhumanistic therapy operates at the interface of existentialism and humanistic theory and is closely allied with the"third force"in psychology (psychoanalysis being the first force and behaviorism the second;

neuro psychoanalysis

explores the interface between neurobiological knowledge and psychoanalytic models of the human mind. As neuroscience maps the brain, from molecules to networks, a common ground has emerged between fields which were separated for too long

virtual reality(VR)

exposure therapy integrates real-time computer graphics, visual displays, and other sensory input devices to immerse patients in computer-simulated environments that they find anxiety-producing, such as heights, public speaking, and air flight.

inferiority complex

feelings of inferiority Feeling inferior and consequently striving for superiority applies to gender as well.

oral fixation on personality

fixation due to either deprivation or overgratification leads to development of an oral personality that incldes the following bipolar traits: pessimism/optimism ; gullibility/suspiciousness; self-belittlement/cockiness; passivity/manipulativeness

limited reparenting

flows directly from the assumption that early maladaptive schemas arise when core needs are not met.

Phenomenological method

focuses on the immediacy of experience, the perception of enxperience, the meaning of that experience, and observation with a minimum of a priori biases.

pro bono

free of cost -EMDR originators and practitioners have committed themselves to providing pro bono (free of cost) treatment and training in disaster areas.

latency stage in personality

freud associated no new personality development in this stage, since all pre-genital personality formation had been completed by age 6.

behavior therapy

generally denotes conceptual behaviourism, methodological behaviorism, or an ill-defined combination of the two -the major characteristics of treatment concern the primacy of behavior,the importance of learning, the directive and active nature of treatments, the importance of assessment and evaluation, and the use of persons in everyday life. -must be tested and caldiated by the same rigorous, experimental process used to invetigate any scientific question

Biofeedback

give clients ongoing feedback about specific physiological activity occurring within their bodies and allow clients to become conscious of changes in their blood pressure, pulse rate, brain waves, dilation of blood vessels, and other biological functions

pathways for constructing solutions:

goal focus-"what is your goal coming here?", solution focus-"when the problem is solved, what will you be doing differently?", exception focus("How is what you will be doing differently happening some now?"or "When isn't the problem happening?"These are known as exception-finding questions that build on the client's strengths.), choice of spontaneity

focusing method

guides clients to enter a special kind of present-centered awareness, quite unlike our daily awareness. It is open, turned inward, centered on the present and on bodily sensations. When doing focusing, the client silently asks,"How am I now?"and stays attuned to that experience.

projection

has a bodily basis int he infants spitting up anything bad that is taken in and making the bad things part of the environment cognitively-projection involves perceiving in the environment those aspects of oneself that are bad or threatening.

Schema-focused psychotherapy

helps the patient find the experiences that were missed in early childhood that will resolve the damaging experiences that led to the maladaptive schemas.

anal fixations on personality

if the caretakers are either too overdemanding or overindulgent, the bipolar traits from anal fixation are: stinginess/over-generosity, constricted/expansive, stubborn/acquiescence, orderliness/messiness, punctuality/tardiness, precision/vagueness,

Individual Psychology (Adler)

importance of studying the total individual in therapy

imaginal exposure

in their imagination. ex)whether the feared dog is presented to Jonathon in his imagination (imaginal exposure) or in the real situation (in vivo exposure).

small-N (small-sample) procedures

in which a few clients are studied rigorously

Activity Scheduling

in which specific daily activities are selected and evaluated stricly on the basis of how effectively they elevate mood

dramatic relief

inasmuch as it is often conducted in groups or workshops; the corrective emotional experiences of the person on the hot seat serve as cathartic releases for the people who are actively observing what is occurring there.

social skills training

includes but surpasses the bahviors originally taught in assertiveness training and has been extrensively applied to individuals suffering from psychotic disorders and developmental disabilities.

panic control therapy(PCT)

includes elements of cognitive, behavior, and exposure therapy. consists of education about the nature and physiological aspects of panic, training in slow breathing, cognitive restructuring directed at negative cognitions, related to panic, and repeated exposure to feared physical sensations associated with panic.

self-concept

includes our perceptions of what is characteristic of "I" or "me", our perceptions of our relationship to others and to the world and the values attached to these perceptions

hot seat

indicating that they are ready to be the focus of the Gestalt therapist, they can be expected to reenact the phony layer of their neurosis.

autonomy

individual self-determination or free will. inner control. individuality. -becoming responsible means learning again to respond to our natural organism valuing rather than to the internalized values of others. -a responsible person is the actualizing person who moves from heteronomy to autonomy.

Archetypes (Carl Jung)

inherited predispositions or models on which similar things are patterned -jung relied extensively on the interpretation of dreams and symbols to access the patients archetypes

defense mechanisms

inner controls that restrain sexual and aggressive impulses from being expressed in uncontrollable outbursts -w/o defenses, people act in animalistic ways -useful coping mechanisms: deny and distort reality as a protective mechanism

cognitive processing therapy(CPT)

integrative cognitive treatment for trauma and has been extensively applied with trauma survivors.

tyranny of the should

involves blaming oneself "you shouldnt have been so foolish".

naturalistic observations

involves observing patients in their natural environments in order to determine the existing contingencies and therefore the effective reinforcements for a particular patient

Bibliotherapy

involves the client's learning about herself and her environment through reading -reading books and articles relevant to therapeutic issues educated the client and reduces the knowledge differential between the therapist and the client

existential guilt

is a consequence of having sinned against ourselves. If our lives become essentially inauthentic—whether obviously pathological, as with the neurotic or psychotic, or normally pathological, as with the conventional conformist—we may at some time find ourselves faced with neurotic guilt.

psychoanalytic therapy

is a form of in-depth talk therapy that aims to bring unconscious or deeply buried thoughts and feelings to the conscious mind so that repressed experiences and emotions, often from childhood, can be brought to the surface and examined. -Much more common are the milder chronic cases and the acute neurotic reactions resulting from a breakdown in ego defenses due to situational stresses. -sigmund freud

habit reversal training

is a multicomponent behavioral intervention that combines self-monitoring of the problem, competing response training in which a healthy alternative is applied until the hairpulling urge dissipates (a form of counterconditioning), and social support to increase motivation and treatment compliance.

transference neurosis

is a phenomenon of the analytic process in certain patients with adequately integrated egos and superegos in which the analysand's perception of the analyst becomes more and more recognizably entwined with core, organizing unconscious fantasy/memory complexes from childhood.

relational psychoanalysis

is a school of psychoanalysis in the United States that emphasizes the role of real and imagined relationships with others in mental disorder and psychotherapy.

evidence-based practice

is an emerging trend to identify health care interventions that have been empirically tested and supported as more effective than active placebos or alternative treatments.

anal personality

is dominated by holding on tendencies. the child was frequently forced to let go when the child didnt want to--to just be flushed down. Or lack of toilet training would allow the child to let go at any time with no pressure

oral personality

is not considered pathological but rather an immature person

primal anxiety

is the bodily basis of panic, which is the adult threat of being overwhelmed with instinctual stimulation. It is due to the assumed birth trauma of being overwhelmed with stimulation. -moral anxiety or guilt is the threat that comes w breaking internalized rules

self-regard

leads to individuals viewing themselves and theire behaviors in the same way that significant others have viewed them. soon individuals learn to reagrd themselves in much the same way as they experience reagrd from toehr people, liking or disliking themselves as a total configuration for a particular behavior. -roger's version of self-esteem

the phony layer

level of existence in which we play games and enact roles. at this level we behave as if we are big shots. we live up to a fantasy that we or others have created. -when we create a fantasy life in place of our authentic selves. Perls (1969a) calls maya, from the Hindu for illusion. Maya is part of the phony level of existence that we construct between our real selves and the real world, but we live as if our maya is reality. Our maya serves a defensive purpose, because it protects us from the threatening aspects of ourselves or our world, such as the possibility of rejection. --in the process we create our phony characters who represent only half of what we are. if the character we construct is mean, then under the surface is the opposite polarity of wanting to be kind(polarities) --- the most famous gestalt polarities is Top Dog(our conscience, the righteous part of us that insists on always being right) and Underdog(the slavish part of us that appears to go along with the bullying demands of Top Dog's ideals but in fact controls through passive resistance. act stupid, lazy, or inept as a means of trying to keep from successfully completing the orders of Top Dog)

cognitive restructuring

literally changing thinking -three basic approaches: 1)whats the evidence? 2)whats another way of looking at it? 3)so what if it happens?

lying-to-others v.s lying-to-ourselves vs. lying-for-onself

lto: selling themselves-the royal road to success lfourselves:first we must conscously chose to lie, then at some point usually beginning when we are children, we come to believe our own lives lfoneself:can occur in wide range of pathologies. many are convinces they can attain perfection

externalization of the problem

makes the problem the external common enemy; outside of the individual. relocating problems outside helps the client feel more control over their lives and lessens self blame or guilt about the problem.

sublimation

mature ego defense that allows us to channel the id's energy into more acceptable substitute activities ex)oral sucking can become cigar smoking, anal expression can become abstract art,etc.

Present-centered

means that Gestalt therapists cannot use any predetermined pattern of exercises. An exercise is selected because at that moment the Gestalt therapist believes it will facilitate clients'awareness of what is keeping them from remaining in the here and now.

incorporation

on a bodily basis, includes taking in food and liquids and making these objects an actual part of ones self -cognitively, this defense involves making images of other parts of one's own image.

response prevention

on an animal level, extinguishes anxiety by forcing the animal to remain in the presence of the conditioned stimuli. On a human level, response prevention entails extinguishing pathological anxiety by working to prevent clients from avoiding the anxiety-eliciting stimuli.

Project MATCH

one of the largest psychotherapy outcome studies in history

Emotion-focused therapy

originally known as process-experiential therapy and by far the most researched and influential experiential therapy of late has been emotion-focused therapy - Leslie Greenberg believed that too many people cut themselves off from their feelings, from what makes them feel human and alive. -EFT therapists believe humans are profoundly shaped and organized by emotional experiences and that emotion is the creative and organizing force in people's lives.

end-goals

our daily goals, are based on our biological needs, which are limited to hunger, sex, survival, shelter, and breathing

neurobiofeedback or EEG feedback

particularly for the treatment of ADHD; information about brain wave activity(as opposed to muscle tension or blood pressure) is communicated to the patient

existential living

people let the self and the personality emerge from experience: they discover a sense of structure in experience that results in flwoing, changing organization of self and personlity.

castration anxiety

phallic stage anxiety boy feels about his father--thinking that he would want to castrate him due to his feelings about his mother. -this then causes the son to repress the desires for his mom, repress rivalry with dad, and identify with the fathers rules to prevent punishment

primary-process thinking vs secondary process

primary: the unconscious thinking of the id, which uses symbols and metaphor, is focused on immediate gratification of instinctual demands and drives, disregards logic, and manifest itself during dreaming, in patients in psychotic states, and in young children. -manifest and latent content secondary:logical distinctions based on conscious level of thinking

Intellectualization

process of neutralizing affect-laden experiences by talking intellectual or logical terms

defence maneuvers(gestalt)

projectors:distort experiences of themselves and their world by attributing the disowned parts of themselves to others in the environment. They avoid the excitement of their own sexuality, for example, by perceiving others, such as therapists, as being preoccupied with sex. introjectors:appear to take in the world, but in a passive and nondiscriminating manner. They never integrate and assimilate new experiences into their personal identity. They are the gullible oral characters who swallow anything others tell them. retroflectors: withdraw from the environment by turning back on themselves what would like to do to someone else, or by doing to themselves what they would like someone else to do to them. A woman who would have loved to chew out her mother, to take one example, avoided the risk of explosion by chronically grinding her teeth. deflectors: avoid direct contact by acting or reacting in a chronically off-target manner. They may go off on tangents when talking, speak in generalities to avoid emotion-laden specifics, or in other ways fail to get to the point of an interaction. Deflectors can avoid an impact from others, including therapists, by experiencing themselves as bored, confused, or in the wrong place.

Emotional Processing Theory

proposes that special efforts are required to process the traumatic event, and that the completion of this process is necessary for recovery

hedonism

provide immediate gratification at the expense of lessening our aliveness. self-defeating activities. ex) smoking or overreacting.

structural change

psychoanalysis is more ambiguous than other therapies in that it hopes to impact fundamental personality organization-enduring structural change

psychodynamic vs psychoanalysis

psychodynamic: ego, interpersonal, master, adaptation, and social psychoanalysis: id, intrapsychic, defenses, biological freuds original emphasis on biological factors and defense mechanisms shifts to social forces and coping or mastery experiences

PYA

push your ass

defenses of anal fixation

reaction formation, undoing, intellectualization

maintenance

refers to future time whereas generalization refers to different settings

structural

relating to or forming part of the structure of a building or other item.

cognitive-behavior modification

represents those behaviorists who use congitive explanation and congitive techniques for producing behavior change. these therapists known as, congitive behaviorists, draw on a diversity of procedures, including cognitive restructuring, stress inoculation, and problem solving.

narcissitic personalities

results from insufficient mirroring(aprecited and respected) or idealizing. mirror-hungry personalities for example are famished for admiration and appreciation

refusal skills training

routinely taught in treatment programs for addictive and consumptive disorders, enables patients to poitely but persisntely refuse offers to partake of the troubling substance.

prompt & fading

saying something to get someones attention and fading is when you dont need to keep saying it bc the behavior was beocming more reliable

personal constructs

seeing humans as curious, amateur scientists who actively construct their worlds.

multiple baseline design

several of the clients behaviors (not only the behavior being directly modified) are measured initially.

clarification

sharper and more detailed feedback regarding the partciular phenomenan that the patient is experiencing ex) going in detail of the patients anger

baseline measures

show the rate of responses prior to the initiation of treatment

Aaron Beck's Cognitive Therapy

similar to REBT both forms of cognitive therapy(REBT) are problem oriented, directive, and psychoeducational.

Necessary and Sufficient Conditions

six conditions are necessary for a therapeutic relationship to result in constructive personality change -relationship:obviously 2 people must be in a relationship -vulnerability: vulnerability to anxiety is what motivates a client to seek and to stay in the therapeutic relationship -genuineness:therapists are freely and deeply themselves, with the actual experiences of the therapists being accuratelt represented in their awareness of themselves. -unconditional positive regard: when the therapist consistently prizes and cares about clients, no matter what the clients are expressing or how they are feelings, the clients become free to accept all that they are with love and caring. -accurate empathy: the therapist experiences the clients inner world and endeavors to communicate his or her udnerstanding to the client as if it were their own -perception of genuineness: the client percieves, at lease to a minmal degree, the acceptance and understanding of the therapist.

operationalizing the target behavior

state the general problem in behavioral terms, including the maladaptive responses and the situations in which they occur

Generalization

stimuli physically similar to original conditioned stimuus, such as other dogs, can also evoke anxiety

holding environment

such an environment makes the child feel taken care of, protected, understood, and loved.

token economies

symbolic reinforcers such as poker chips or points, that can be exchanged for items of direct reinforcement, such as social outings, recreational activities, and favorite foods.

response cost

taking away a reinforcer as a result of bad behavior

breathing retraining

teaching clients to breathe calmly from the diaphragm -in the early treatment steps of PTSD(including thorough assessment & education about common reactions to trauma)

Distancing

teaching patients to deal with upsetting thoughts objectively, reevaluating them rather than automatically accepting them

subception

the ability of the organism to discriminate stimuli at a level below what is required for conscious recognition -by subcerving particular experiences as threatening, the organism can use perceptual distortions, such as rationalizations, prjections, and denial to keep from becoming aware of experiences, such as anger, which would violate conditoins of worth.

repression

the action or process of suppressing a thought or desire in oneself so that it remains unconscious.

Contact in Gestalt Therapy

the appreciation of differenced in direct exchanged between persons and groups of persons

Target Behavior

the behaviors that should be increased, decreases or reinforced only when emitted in more appropriate situations.

Self-Authority

the central focus of person centered therapy on self-authority tends to mitigate against the use of psychometric tests and routine assessment in psychotherapy. in person centered counseling only 3 conditions suggest the use of tessts: -client requests it, clinic policy may demand that tests be administered, and tests may be administered as an objective way for the client and clinican to consider a decision for action, as in maing vocational and career decisoins

impasse

the child can no longer erly on the safe, secure environmental support, nor can the child rely on self-support. ex)"blue baby" who has had the placenta severed and cannot rely on oxygen from the mother but is not yet prepared to breathe on its won

birth order(ordinal position)

the child's position in the family constellation is constructed based on the early childhood experiences. -affects personality styles, especially influential

Gestalt therapy(frederich fritz perls)

the continual process of bringing completeness to our needs, forming wholes - is a safe emergency: the place where a patient, in a relationship of safety and trust, is nevertheless challenged to destructive ingrained patterns of awareness and behavior.

intentionality

the creation of meaning, the basis of our identity. -"man is nothing else but what he makes of himself. such is the first principle of existentialism" -entails taking a stand in life

ego psychology

the drive theory transformed into psychodynamicism into an emphasis on the ego and its functioning -whereas frued was primarily concerned with intrapsychic(in the person) conflicts, his descendants were more concerned with interpersonal(between people) conflicts -whereas id psychology assumes the ego derives all of its energy from the id, ego psych assumes there are inborn ego processes-such as memory, perception, and motor coordination- that possess energy serpate from the id

treatment fidelity

the effectiveness of EMDR for PTSD appears to be higher in rigorous studies that closely follow the specific treatment protocol -As the methodology of outcome studies become more rigorous, the treatment effect of EMDR becomes larger

process diagnoses

the emergence of markers of particular types of affective problems with which the client is currently struggling, such as splits between two parts of the self -When a marker emerges, the therapist will suggest a specific insession experiment or task to facilitate conflict resolution.

neurotic paradox

the failure of maladaptive anxiety to extinguish despite its self-defeating nature -resolved by distinguishing short term and long term. short term being the obsessive thoughts and compulsive rituals actually relieve anxiety by avoiding confrontation with feared stimulus. and in the long term, for example washing hands bc of OCD, lead to more intense avoidance and more itnense anxiety.

normal autism

the first stage of self-development that comes in the first few months of life. in this primary, undifferentiated state, there is neither self nor object. object : term used for other people, because in id psychology offers serve primarily as objects for instinctual gratification of pleasure rather than as authentic individuals with needs and wants of their own.

Self Psychology (Kohut)

the ideal identity is an autonomous self, chracterized by self-esteem and self-confidence. secure in this identity, the person is not excessively dependent on others and is also not merely a replica of the parents.

Gemeinschaftsgefuhl

the ideal person embraces this, the social interest that allows us to contribute to the common welfare. people who wants to find completion through cooperation

actualizaton tendency

the inherent tendency of the organism to develop all its capacities in ways which serve to maintain or enhance the organism

clinical representativeness

their similarity to the actual clients, therapists, and settings in real-life clinical practice -research studies are particuluarily weak in this.

Unconditional self-acceptance

the key to being natural and logical member of our own team. no empirical referent for self worth, no objective criterion in the universe that can measure our worth. sellf-acceptance by contrast, is a logical and justifiable state. self worth is based on performanced such as grades, we can cause our moods to rise and fall with the latest exam rather than enjoy our education to the fullest but when we adopt self-acceptance we experience no dramatic rise or fall.

Introjection (identification)

the literal incorporation of objects into the mind. this tends to occur during symbiosis: mother can be experienced as less threatening of mother and child are one. -identifiation is the more mature identity, which objects have influence but need not to be "swallowed" whole.

installation

the objective is to install and increase the strength of the positive cognition.

unconscious

the part of the mind that is inaccessible to the conscious mind but that affects behavior and emotions.

collaborative empiricism

the participants are on a shared mission to determine from the evidence they gather which thoughts may be dysfunctional and which avenues they might pursue to enhance their thoughts.

Narrative Therapy

the past can be changed by constructing new narratives or stories Solution-focused therapists hold that clients construct their future by pursuing goals in the present, whereas narrative therapists assert that clients construct their past by telling stories in the present. -narrative therapists are antirealists-they believe no objective reality exists behind our stories; the "reality" in which we exist is our stories.

ABAB reversal design

the person recieving the treatment is measured repeatedly. before intervention (baseline A); during the time when the intervention is in effect(B), and during a subsequent period when the intervention is temporarily discontinues(return to A) and again under the influence of the therapeutic intervention (B)

latent content

the portion of hidden meaning of events represented in the unconscious level.

transference

the redirection to a substitute, usually a therapist, of emotions that were originally felt in childhood (in a phase of analysis called transference neurosis ). -neurotic,unrealistic feelings

resistance

the refusal to accept or comply with something; the attempt to prevent something by action or argument. ex)client misses apts. always late, etc

learned optimism

the resulting cognitive behavioral therap assists patients in modifying their pessimistive attributions and sdopting learned optimism instead

working through

the slow, gradual process of working again and again the insights that have come from interpretations of resistance and transference -the last and longest step of therapy

Confrontation

the therapist makes sure patients are aware of the particular actions or experiences being analyzed ex) " you seem to be angry towards me"-therapist( in confronting a particular transference)

content specificity hypothesis

the underlying cognitions are assumed to vary specifically with the behavioral disorder of clients

Being-in-the-world

the use of hyphens is the best we can do in english to convey the idea that a person and the environment are an active unity -existentialists reject dualism that assumes a splite between mind and body, experience and environment. being and the world are looked at instead as inseprable

psychoanalysis

therapist uses 4 procedures: confrontation, clarification, interpretation, and working through--in analyzing the patient's resistance to free associating and transference that emerges as the patient regresses and expresses instinctual desires towards analyst.

refutatuion

therapists raise the consciousness of clients to a more mature, rational level

ego

theres a right way and theres a wrong way. the middle ground. balances bw the id and superego

client markers

these markers represent an expressed or inferred readiness for specific change tasks. direct feedback, is particularyl useful when a therapist picks up dicrepant messages from a client.

therapeutic, or working, alliance

this alliance is characterized by conscious collaboration and explicit consensus, in contrast to the unconscious distortion of the relationship between therapist and client.

fully functioning person (rogers)

this individual would demonstrate organismic trusting. being open to each new experience, let all of the significant info in a situation flow in and through them and would trust in their eventual course of action. - a person living in the present, not ruminating over past or omitting info that belongs in the present

Push Button Technique (Adlerian)

this technique demonstrated that clients indeed can control their overpowering emotions by using fantasy. clients are instructed to close their eyes and imagine very happy incidents in their past, become aware of the feelings that accompany them then they have to imagine a humiliating or frustrating or incident and note the accompanying feelings. then the pleasant scenes are imagine again. -this technique teaches the clients they can create whatever feelings they wish by deciding what they will think about.

stress inoculation

this treatment is analogous to an inoculation in medicine where in a small amount of an active virus is introducted into the body in order to mobilize a healthy response from the immune system -frequently used to help young clients complete scary medical procedures

institutional control

this type of contingency management is indicated when the managers of instittions are most effective in modifying contingencies

being-in-nature, being-with-others,-being-for-oneself

three levels of our world according to existential theory: -bin: connotes ourselves in relation to the biological and physical aspects of our world -bwo: refers to the world of persons, the social world -bfo:literally means own world and refers to the way we reflect on, evaluate, and experience ourselves

attributional style

three styled: stability, internality, and globality

normal symbiosis stage

through the process of attachment, the child enters this stage. in this stage, there is confusion in the childs mind as to what is self and what is object, because nither is perceived as independent of the other. u usually lasts 2-7 months

punishment

to decrease undesired behavior pos & neg

the implosive layer

to experience deadness, the deadness of parts of ourselves that we have disowned.To go through the implosive level, the person must be willing to shed the very character that has served as a sense of identity.The person is threatened with experiencing his or her own death in order to be reborn.

contracting

to form a contract, each person in a relationship must specify the consequences that he or she would like to have increased.

working alliance

to help the patient work in the face of potential terror and resulting defensiveness, the analyst must from working alliance with the part of the patient's ego that wants relief from suffering and is rational enough to believe that the analyst directions can bring such relief. -based on the relatively nonuerotic, rational,realistic attitudes of the patients towards the analyst

Reinforcement

to increase desired behaviors pos & neg

interpretation

to make an unconscious phenomenon conscious. more precisely, it means to make conscious the unconscious meaning, source, history, mode, or course of a given psychic event. go beyond whats visible and assign meaning. -most important analytic procedure

self-instructional training

to reduce patients self-statments that produce maladaptive emotions and at the same time works to develop self statement that facilitate adaptive self control. in other words, decease the hurtful thoughts and increase the helpful thoughts

Own the projection

to role-play who is actually threatening to reject them, such as their parents or their conscience. At each step in the exercises, clients do not merely talk about what is entering their awareness. Clients are asked to express their conscious experiences in action—for example, by taking the chair that represents their parents or their Top Dog and expressing exactly what that person would say.

privileged position

we construct our stories of our lives. no predetermined theoretical interpretations are imposed on our personal experiences. we have the privilege position of both reading and authoring the text of our lives.

symbiotic psychosis

when a child enters the differentiation period,during which the child practices seprating and indivuating from significant other, and fails to differentiate. the salient feature in childhoos psyhcosis is that indiduation(a sense of individual identity) is not achieved.

Conditions of Worth

when individuals begin to act in accordance with the introjected or internalized values of others -they cant regard themselves positvely as worthy unless they live according to these conditions

generalization gradient or an anxiety hierarchy

when stimuli is ranked on a gradient of similarity that goes from the original stimulus that evokes maximum anxiety to a very dissimilar but related stimulus that evokes minimal anxiety. -critical that counterconditioning begin with stimuli low on a generalization gradient or hierarchy

Fixation

whereas piaget suggests children schemas of people change to accomodate new experiences, fruedian concept of fixation suggests that pregenital personalities do not evolve in their schemas of people. instead the immature person distorts their perception of people to fit internalized images -ex)a repeatedly abused child sees people as abusive and untrustworthy

publication bias

whereby small sample studies with small effects are systematically missing compared with other studies.systematically missing compared with other studies. Meta-analyses using only large, published studies are likely to overestimate the actual effectiveness of psychological treatments.

Undoing

which a person tries to 'undo' an unhealthy, destructive or otherwise threatening thought or action by engaging in contrary behavior. -atoning for acceptable desires or actions, occurs when the child learns it is safer to say "im sorry I let go" rather than "I liked the feeling" -isolation-or not experiencing the feeling that go witht he though-emerges in part when the child has to think of an anal function as mechanical rather than an instinctual experience

the explosive layer

which entails an emancipation of life's energies. The size of the explosion depends on the amount of energy bound up in the implosive layer. To become fully alive, the person must explode into orgasm, into anger, into grief, and into joy. With such explosions, the neurotic has moved well beyond the impasse and the implosive and has taken a giant stride into the joy and sorrow of maturity.

behavior exchange theory

which holds that we interact in order to exchange reinforcements -as long as there is a fair exchange of reinfrocements, people are likely to continue in a relationship and to feel satisfied with the relationship

Two-chair work

—asking the client to alternate therapy chairs to express the oppositional emotions until a resolution of the split occurs.

Organ Inferiority (Adler)

—physical weaknesses of the body that predispose us toward ailments such as heart, kidney, stomach, bladder, and lung problems. Organ inferiority can be a stimulus to compensate by striving to be superior. -Subjective feelings of inferiority may be based on objective facts such as organ inferiorities.

dismantling studies

—research designs to break down a psychotherapy into its constituent ingredients to determine which are the active ingredients