STATS EXAM 1 REVIEW

according to the table, what is the number of volcanoes that corresponds to the highest count of countries? a) 1 b) 2 c) 4 d) 17 link to table: https://achieve.macmillanlearning.com/courses/27e96m/e-book

a) 1

what is the median for the following distribution of scores: 3, 4, 4, 11, 25? a) 4 b) 11 c) 22 d) 47

a) 4

consider the following distribution of scores: 3, 4, 4, 11, 12, 25. Within the context of this distribution, the number 25 would represent: a) an outlier b) the range c) the mode d) the variance

a) an outlier

Which type of graph would be best to construct if you have three levels of a nominal independent variable and one scale dependent variable? a) bar graph b) histogram c) Pareto chart d) pie chart

a) bar graph

Caden is randomly assigned to participate in the experimental condition, and Lucas is randomly assigned to participate in the control condition of a research study. The research study must be a: a) between-groups research design b) within-groups research design c) correlational research design d) confounded research design

a) between-groups research design

Professor Henderson is interested in determining the average height for the entire population of college students. She wants to know how her class compares to the population of all college students. She finds that the average height for the population is 71.3 inches. Is this statements an example of a descriptive statistic or an inferential statistic? a) inferential b) descriptive c) both inferential and descriptive d) none of these

a) inferential

The chart shows a series of different patterns that computers provide as options to fill in bars. How do statisticians and researchers refer to these potentially distracting patterns? a) moiré vibrations b) ducks c) tuftes d) grids

a) moiré vibrations

when constructing a histogram for data in a grouped frequency table, we have to calculate: a) the midpoint from each interval b) the range of scores c) the cumulative frequency for each interval d) the total of all the frequencies

a) the midpoint from each interval

A sports psychologist developed a program to improve a team's playing ability. The sports psychologist measured each student's playing ability before and after his program to determine whether students would play better. He found that, after his program, students played significantly better. However, many students later reported that they had also begun consuming more fruits and vegetables within the same time frame to help them play better, In this example, what is the independent variable? a) the program developed by the sports psychologist b) playing ability c) consuming more fruits and vegetables d) the sports psychologist

a) the program developed by the sports psychologist

in a histogram, we label the x-axis with ______ and the y-axis with ______. a) the variable of interest; frequencies b) frequencies; the variable of interest c) total cumulative frequency; the variable of interest d) percentiles; frequencies

a) the variable of interest; frequencies

Professor Gonzalez completes a research study that shows that students who spend more time on social media tend to get a lower score on the daily pop quiz. Based on this conclusion, what can be said about the variables of "social media time" and "pop quiz score" a) there is a linear relationship b) there is a nonlinear relationship c) there is a no relationship d) ther eis a curvilinear relationship

a) there is a linear relationship

A time series plot is a form of a line graph. a) true b) false

a) true

A variable measured on an ordinal scale is never continuous. a) true b) false

a) true

If a researcher has measured the dependent variable on a nominal scale, it is impossible to determine which of the two individuals has the higher score. a) true b) false

a) true

a grouped frequency table is recommended for reporting the frequencies of a continuous variable. a) true b) false

a) true

in a sample, the sum of the deviations from the mean is always zero. a) true b) false

a) true

the scores for a very hard exam would probably from a positively skewed distribution. a) true b) false

a) true

which of the following terms best describes the following distributions of scores: 2, 3, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 10, 10, 15? a) unimodel b) bimodel c) miltimodel d) all of these

a) unimodel

a normal distribution is a specific frequency distribution that has all the following characteristics EXCEPT that: a) a normal distribution is bell-shaped b) a normal distribution is skewed c) a normal distribution has symmetry d) a normal distribution is a unimodal curve

b) a normal distribution is skewed

A Pareto graph is defined as: a) a visual depiction of data of data typically used for an independent variable with very few levels and a scale-dependent variable b) a type of bar graph in which the categories along the x-axis are ordered from the highest bar on the left to the lowest bar on the right c) a graph in the shape of a circle with a slice for every category d) a graph that is filled with dots and depicts the relationship between two scale variables

b) a type of bar graph in which the categories along the x-axis are ordered from the highest bar on the left to the lowest bar on the right

What is the difference between histogram and bar graph? a) bar graphs typically provide scores for ordinal data, whereas histograms typically provide scores for ratio data b) bar graphs typically provide scores for nominal data, whereas histograms typically provide frequencies for scale data c) histograms typically provide scores for nominal data, whereas bar graphs typically provide scores for interval data d) bar graphs and histograms are completely identical

b) bar graphs typically provide scores for nominal data, whereas histograms typically provide frequencies for scale data

HARKing is a practice in which a researcher: a) preregisters the research design and analysis plan b) changes hypotheses to match the study's findings c) changes hypotheses before preregistering the study d) preregisters the hypotheses and the study's findings

b) changes hypotheses to match the study's findings

Pie charts are recommended when you have an independent variable that doesn't have too many levels. a) true b) false

b) false

Random assignment is a critical component of correlational research. a) true b) false

b) false

Violin plots resemble scatterplots but the bubbles represent additional variables through color and size. a) true b) false

b) false

We use Greek letters to symbolize values based on a sample of data. a) true b) false

b) false

the mean is the measure of central tendency that is least susceptible to the effects of outliers. a) true b) false

b) false

when calculating the IQR, the 50% percentile of the data set is identified as the mean. a) true b) false

b) false

when constructing a dot plot, the y-axis represents the frequency counts a) true b) false

b) false

the figures provide examples of skewness. which diagram may likely by associated with a ceiling effect? a) figure a b) figure b c) both figures d) neither figure link to figure: https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/skewness/

b) figure b

A biology instructor is interested in determining the average height of students in her class. The instructor finds that, on average, students in her biology class are 70 inches. Is this statement an example of a descriptive statistic or an inferential statistic? a) inferential b) descriptive c) both inferential and descriptive d) none of these

b) inferential

What type of graph produces a visual depiction of data typically used for an independent variable with very few levels and a scale dependent variable? a) Pareto chart b) pie chart c) scatterplot d) pictorial graph

b) pie chart

to calculate the standard deviation, you can: a) square the variance b) take the square root of the variance c0 square the mean d) average the scores' deviations from the mean

b) take the square root of the variance

Dr. Wilson decided to adopt an unconventional (and rather inappropriate) way of assigning grades to students in his Introductory Psychology class. Three times throughout the semester, he has his students line up from tallest to shortest. He then assigns A's to the fifth of the class that is shortest, B's to the next fifth of the shortest students, and so on (so that the fifth of the class that is tallest receives F's). At the end of the semester, Dr. Wilson averages access these grades to determine a final grade. Wile Dr. Wilson's grading methods may seem problematic, which of these statements is TRUE about the students' exam grades? a) the exam grades are valid but lack reliability b) the exam grades are reliable but lack validity c) the exam grades are neither reliable nor valid d) the exam grades are both reliable and valid

b) the exam grades are reliable but lack validity

Violin plots allow one to see all of the following EXCEPT: a) the middle score b) the mean c) the middle 50% of scores d) the range of most (95%) of the data

b) the mean

A parameter is a number based on: a) the most frequently occurring score in a distribution of scores b) the whole population c) the variance of scores d) a sample taken from a population

b) the whole population

A sports psychologist developed a program to improve a team's playing ability. The sports psychologist measured each student's playing ability before and after his program to determine whether students would play better. He found that, after his program, students played significantly better. However, many students later reported that they had also begun consuming more fruits and vegetables within the same time frame to help them play better. This study is an example of a: a) between-groups research design b) within-groups research design c) correlational research design d) confounded research design

b) within-groups research design

In a scatterplot, on which axes do we put our independent and dependent variables? a) x-axis: dependent variable; y-axis: independent variable b) x-axis: independent variable; y-axis: dependent variable c) the independent and dependent variables can be put on either axis d) vertical axis: independent variable; horizontal axis: dependent variable

b) x-axis: independent variable; y-axis: dependent variable

how do we calculate the interquartile range (IQR)? a) IQR = Q1 - Q3 b) IQR = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 c) IQR = Q3 - Q1 d) IQR = Q2 - Q3

c) IQR = Q3 - Q1

A sports psychologist developed a program to improve a team's playing ability. The sports psychologist measured each student's playing ability before and after his program to determine whether students would play better. He found that, after his program, students played significantly better. However, many students later reported that they had also begun consuming more fruits and vegetables within the same time frame to help them play better, In this example, what is the confounding variable? a) the program developed by the sports psychologist b) playing ability c) consuming more fruits and vegetables d) the sports psychologist

c) consuming more fruits and vegetables

Which statement addresses why random assignment of participants to conditions is necessary for an experiment? a) it puts all of the confounding variables in one group b) it makes the independent variable equal to the dependent variable c) it is the best way of controlling confounding variables d) it allows the participants to choose which experimental condition of the study to partake in

c) it is the best way of controlling confounding variables

Emma wants to calculate her current quiz grade for her business class. She adds together her scores for quizzes 1-10. She then divides this total by 10, the number of quizzes. Emma has just calculated her quiz: a) variance b) median c) mean d) mode

c) mean

A sports psychologist developed a program to improve a team's playing ability. The sports psychologist measured each student's playing ability before and after his program to determine whether students would play better. He found that, after his program, students played significantly better. However, many students later reported that they had also begun consuming more fruits and vegetables within the same time frame to help them play better, In this example, what is the dependent variable? a) the program developed by the sports psychologist b) playing ability c) consuming more fruits and vegetables d) the sports psychologist

c) playing ability

Because there are many ways to lie with statistics and graphs, it is important to become a knowledgable consumer of research. If a movie rated on a scale of 1-5 stars (1 = poor, 2 = fair, 3 = good, 4 = very good, 5 = excellent) is found to receive an average of 4.5 stars, what type of statistical "lie" does this example best reflect? a) the interpolation lie b) the extrapolation lie c) the biased scale lie d) the push-polling lie

c) the biased scale lie

which type of measure of central tendency is most appropriate to use when one particular score dominates a distribution and/or the data are at the nominal level? a) the mean b) the median c) the mode d) none of these

c) the mode

which of the following distributions of scores has a range of 10? a) 2, 6, 7, 9, 10 b) 9, 9, 10, 11, 11 c) 3, 10, 10, 10, 10, 14 d) 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 112

d) 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 112

the easiest graph to interpret is a: a) histogram b) bar graph c) frequency table d) dot plot

d) dot plot

when data cover a huge range (such as populations of countries), it makes sense to construct a: a) frequency table b) histogram c) bar graph d) grouped frequency table

d) grouped frequency table

You ar scheduled to visit you physical for a checkup. Your doctor performs a routine medical exam, which includes measuring your height and wight in addition to your blood pressure and temperature. The scale of measurement for weight is: a) nominal b) ordinal c) ratio d) interval

d) interval

a dot plot: a) resembles a city skyline b) has manly random dots c) is a line graph d) shows each individual data point

d) shows each individual data point

Which of the following is NOT an example of a measure of central tendency? a) the mean b) the median c) the mode d) the range

d) the range

Suppose a researcher constructed a graph that reportedly showed that his weight-loss program is responsible for clients' improved physical health. The clients who participated in the program volunteered to do so because they were motivated to lose weight and get healthier. Which technique for misleading with graphs does this example correspond to? a) the false face validity lie b) the inaccurate values lie c) the extrapolation lie d) the sneaky sample lie

d) the sneaky sample lie

A type of graph that plots a scale variable (on the y-axis) as it changes over an increment of time (plotted on the x-axis) is called a: a) histogram b) scatterplot c) pie chart d) time series plot

d) time series plot

the average of the squared deviations from the mean is referred to as the: a) standard deviation b) median c) range d) variance

d) variance

the table shows the number of volcanoes in each country. how many countries have three volcanoes? a) 17 b) 4 c) 3 d) 5 link to table: https://achieve.macmillanlearning.com/courses/27e96m/e-book

b) 4