Stress and its Effects on Health
Problem-focused coping
Attempts to change the situation causing stress
Emotion-Focused Coping
Attempts to regulate the experience of distress
General adaptation syndrome
Body's response to stress: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
Catecholamines
Chemicals triggering physiological arousal
Coping with stress
Cognitive appraisal and interpretation of stressors
Challenge
Component of hardiness
Commitment
Component of hardiness
Control
Component of hardiness
Emotional disclosure
Dealing with stress by writing or talking about a situation
Stressors
Events triggering a stress response
Pessimistic
Expectation that bad things are likely to happen
Optimism
Expectation that good things are likely to happen
The idea of happiness
Feeling good and living a rich, full, and meaningful life
Natural (innate) immunity
First response to antigens through phagocytosis and inflammation
Response view of stress
Focuses on physiological changes due to stress
Stimulus view of stress
Focuses on situations causing stress
Stress and sickness
Higher stress levels linked to worse cold symptoms
Glucocorticoids
Hormones released due to stress
Neuroendocrine system
Hypothalamus, endocrine system, and autonomic nervous system
HPA axis
Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis
Cellular immunity
Immune response involving T cells fighting antigens
Acquire (adaptive) immunity
Immunity provided by antibody response to specific antigens
Basics of the immune system
Natural and acquired immunity
Personality traits
Neuroticism and other characteristics affecting stress reporting
Resilience
Personality trait to bounce back from difficult situations
Hardiness
Personality type better able to cope with stress
Explanatory Styles
Pessimistic and optimistic outlooks
Fight or flight
Physiological response to stress involving arousal or escape
Freeze strategies
Physiological response to stress involving freezing or immobility
Coping Strategies
Problem-focused and emotion-focused coping
Social Readjustment rating scale
Quantifies stress in terms of major life changes
Rumination
Repetitive thinking and dwelling causing depression and anxiety
Grit
Resilient response to difficult situations and perseverance
Stress
Response when demands exceed ability to respond
Reappraisal
Revaluation of situation in light of new insights
Distancing/escape avoidance
Separating self from emotional experience
SES
Socioeconomic status
Emotional stress
Stress affecting emotions and feelings
Cognitive stress
Stress affecting mental processes and thoughts
Physiological stress
Stress affecting the body's physical functions
Relational view of stress
Stress depends on the meaning of the situation
Evolutionary adaptive
Stress keeps us alive
Type D personality
Tendency towards negative affectivity and social inhibition
Hostility and heart disease
Trait hostility related to increased SNS activation and impaired relationships
Psychological risk factors to heart disease
Type A behavior pattern, rushed, impatient, competitive, hostile
Type D and health
Type D personality associated with higher mortality rates
Control strategies
Ways to avoid, escape, or get rid of unpleasant feelings
Control
Western belief in the need to control feelings and thoughts