Stress and its Effects on Health

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Problem-focused coping

Attempts to change the situation causing stress

Emotion-Focused Coping

Attempts to regulate the experience of distress

General adaptation syndrome

Body's response to stress: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

Catecholamines

Chemicals triggering physiological arousal

Coping with stress

Cognitive appraisal and interpretation of stressors

Challenge

Component of hardiness

Commitment

Component of hardiness

Control

Component of hardiness

Emotional disclosure

Dealing with stress by writing or talking about a situation

Stressors

Events triggering a stress response

Pessimistic

Expectation that bad things are likely to happen

Optimism

Expectation that good things are likely to happen

The idea of happiness

Feeling good and living a rich, full, and meaningful life

Natural (innate) immunity

First response to antigens through phagocytosis and inflammation

Response view of stress

Focuses on physiological changes due to stress

Stimulus view of stress

Focuses on situations causing stress

Stress and sickness

Higher stress levels linked to worse cold symptoms

Glucocorticoids

Hormones released due to stress

Neuroendocrine system

Hypothalamus, endocrine system, and autonomic nervous system

HPA axis

Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis

Cellular immunity

Immune response involving T cells fighting antigens

Acquire (adaptive) immunity

Immunity provided by antibody response to specific antigens

Basics of the immune system

Natural and acquired immunity

Personality traits

Neuroticism and other characteristics affecting stress reporting

Resilience

Personality trait to bounce back from difficult situations

Hardiness

Personality type better able to cope with stress

Explanatory Styles

Pessimistic and optimistic outlooks

Fight or flight

Physiological response to stress involving arousal or escape

Freeze strategies

Physiological response to stress involving freezing or immobility

Coping Strategies

Problem-focused and emotion-focused coping

Social Readjustment rating scale

Quantifies stress in terms of major life changes

Rumination

Repetitive thinking and dwelling causing depression and anxiety

Grit

Resilient response to difficult situations and perseverance

Stress

Response when demands exceed ability to respond

Reappraisal

Revaluation of situation in light of new insights

Distancing/escape avoidance

Separating self from emotional experience

SES

Socioeconomic status

Emotional stress

Stress affecting emotions and feelings

Cognitive stress

Stress affecting mental processes and thoughts

Physiological stress

Stress affecting the body's physical functions

Relational view of stress

Stress depends on the meaning of the situation

Evolutionary adaptive

Stress keeps us alive

Type D personality

Tendency towards negative affectivity and social inhibition

Hostility and heart disease

Trait hostility related to increased SNS activation and impaired relationships

Psychological risk factors to heart disease

Type A behavior pattern, rushed, impatient, competitive, hostile

Type D and health

Type D personality associated with higher mortality rates

Control strategies

Ways to avoid, escape, or get rid of unpleasant feelings

Control

Western belief in the need to control feelings and thoughts


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