Stress management Chapter 2
thyroxin functions
1. Increases the basal metabolic rate 2. Increases free fatty acids 3. Increases the rate of gluconeogenesis 4. Increases gastrointestinal motility 5. Increases the rate and depth of respiration 6. Accelerates the heart rate 7. Increases blood pressure 8. Increases anxiety 9. Decreases feelings of tiredness.
hydrochloric acid
a substance found in the digestive system that helps break down food for digestion
epinephrine (adrenaline) norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
catecholamines secreted by the adrenal medulla
Blood pressure
measured as systolic and diastolic
skeletal muscles
muscles attached to bones
smooth muscles
muscles that control the contraction of internal organs
large intestine
part of the digestive system that receives unusable food substances from the small intestine
galvanic skin response (GSR)
the electrodermal response or the electrical conductance of the skin
anal opening
the exit point for unusable food substances
esophagus
the food pipe
adrenal medulla
the inner portion of the adrenal gland that secretes catecholamines
adrenal cortex
the part of the adrenal gland that secretes corticoids
bracing
unnecessary muscle tension
effects of catecholamine secretion
1. acceleration of heart rate 2. increase in force at which blood is pumped out of the heart 3. Dilation of coronary arteries 4. Dilation of bronchial tubes 5. Increase in the basal metabolic rate 6. Constriction of the blood vessels in the muscles and skin of the arm and legs 7. increase in oxygen consumption
oxytocin
A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland. Contracts the walls of the blood vessels
vasopressin (ADH)
A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland. Instructs the kidneys to retain water
reticular activating system (RAS)
A network of nerves that connects the mind and the body
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Activates the adrenal cortex to secrete corticoid hormones
autonomic nervous system
Controls such body processes as hormone balance, temperature, and width of blood vessels. immediate fight or flight response
hypothalamus
Part of the diencephalon that activates the autonomic nervous system
thalamus
Part of the diencephalon that relays sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex
Cerebellum
Part of the subcortex responsible for coordination
Pons
Part of the subcortex responsible for regulating sleep cycle
diencephalon
Part of the subcortex responsible for regulation of the emotions
Medulla oblongata
Part of the subcortex responsible for the regulation of the heartbeat and breathing
corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)
Released by hypothalamus and results in the release of the adrenocorticotropic hormone
thyrotropic hormone releasing factor (TRF)
Released by hypothalamus and stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete thyrotropic hormone
thyrotropic hormone (TTH)
Stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxin
gray matter
The cerebral cortex
Subcortex
The lower part of the brain responsible for various physiological processes necessary to stay alive
hippocampus
The part of the brain that "sounds the alarm" that stress is present
cortisol
The primary glucocorticoid secreted from the adrenal cortex that is responsible for an increase in blood glucose. provides fuel for fight or flight action
Cerebral Cortex
The upper part of the brain responsible for thinking functions
thyroid gland
an endocrine gland that secretes the hormone thyroxin
endocrine system
compromised of hormones that regulate physiological functions. short term and long term stress response
parasympathetic nervous system
part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for conserving energy
sympathetic nervous system
part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for expending energy
parietal lobe
part of the brain associated with movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli
temporal lobe
part of the brain associated with perception and recognition of sounds, memory and speech
Frontal lobe
part of the brain associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving
occipital lobe
part of the brain associated with vision
small intestine
part of the digestive system into which the esophagus empties
limbic system
produces emotions; the "seat of emotions"
glucocorticoids
regulate metabolism of glucose.
mineralocorticoids
regulate the balance between sodium and potassium
saliva
substance in the mouth that starts to break down food
systolic blood pressure
the amount of pressure on the arterial walls when blood is pumped from the heart
gastrointestinal system (GI system)
the body system responsible for digestion
diastolic blood pressure
the pressure of blood against the walls of the arteries when the heart is relaxed
aldosterone
the primary mineralocorticoid secreted from the adrenal cortex that is responsible for an increase in blood pressure to prepare for action
gluconeogenesis
the production of glucose from amino acids by the liver
cardiovascular system
transports blood to cells and organs