Stress management Chapter 2

thyroxin functions

1. Increases the basal metabolic rate 2. Increases free fatty acids 3. Increases the rate of gluconeogenesis 4. Increases gastrointestinal motility 5. Increases the rate and depth of respiration 6. Accelerates the heart rate 7. Increases blood pressure 8. Increases anxiety 9. Decreases feelings of tiredness.

hydrochloric acid

a substance found in the digestive system that helps break down food for digestion

epinephrine (adrenaline) norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

catecholamines secreted by the adrenal medulla

Blood pressure

measured as systolic and diastolic

skeletal muscles

muscles attached to bones

smooth muscles

muscles that control the contraction of internal organs

large intestine

part of the digestive system that receives unusable food substances from the small intestine

galvanic skin response (GSR)

the electrodermal response or the electrical conductance of the skin

anal opening

the exit point for unusable food substances

esophagus

the food pipe

adrenal medulla

the inner portion of the adrenal gland that secretes catecholamines

adrenal cortex

the part of the adrenal gland that secretes corticoids

bracing

unnecessary muscle tension

effects of catecholamine secretion

1. acceleration of heart rate 2. increase in force at which blood is pumped out of the heart 3. Dilation of coronary arteries 4. Dilation of bronchial tubes 5. Increase in the basal metabolic rate 6. Constriction of the blood vessels in the muscles and skin of the arm and legs 7. increase in oxygen consumption

oxytocin

A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland. Contracts the walls of the blood vessels

vasopressin (ADH)

A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland. Instructs the kidneys to retain water

reticular activating system (RAS)

A network of nerves that connects the mind and the body

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Activates the adrenal cortex to secrete corticoid hormones

autonomic nervous system

Controls such body processes as hormone balance, temperature, and width of blood vessels. immediate fight or flight response

hypothalamus

Part of the diencephalon that activates the autonomic nervous system

thalamus

Part of the diencephalon that relays sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex

Cerebellum

Part of the subcortex responsible for coordination

Pons

Part of the subcortex responsible for regulating sleep cycle

diencephalon

Part of the subcortex responsible for regulation of the emotions

Medulla oblongata

Part of the subcortex responsible for the regulation of the heartbeat and breathing

corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)

Released by hypothalamus and results in the release of the adrenocorticotropic hormone

thyrotropic hormone releasing factor (TRF)

Released by hypothalamus and stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete thyrotropic hormone

thyrotropic hormone (TTH)

Stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxin

gray matter

The cerebral cortex

Subcortex

The lower part of the brain responsible for various physiological processes necessary to stay alive

hippocampus

The part of the brain that "sounds the alarm" that stress is present

cortisol

The primary glucocorticoid secreted from the adrenal cortex that is responsible for an increase in blood glucose. provides fuel for fight or flight action

Cerebral Cortex

The upper part of the brain responsible for thinking functions

thyroid gland

an endocrine gland that secretes the hormone thyroxin

endocrine system

compromised of hormones that regulate physiological functions. short term and long term stress response

parasympathetic nervous system

part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for conserving energy

sympathetic nervous system

part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for expending energy

parietal lobe

part of the brain associated with movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli

temporal lobe

part of the brain associated with perception and recognition of sounds, memory and speech

Frontal lobe

part of the brain associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving

occipital lobe

part of the brain associated with vision

small intestine

part of the digestive system into which the esophagus empties

limbic system

produces emotions; the "seat of emotions"

glucocorticoids

regulate metabolism of glucose.

mineralocorticoids

regulate the balance between sodium and potassium

saliva

substance in the mouth that starts to break down food

systolic blood pressure

the amount of pressure on the arterial walls when blood is pumped from the heart

gastrointestinal system (GI system)

the body system responsible for digestion

diastolic blood pressure

the pressure of blood against the walls of the arteries when the heart is relaxed

aldosterone

the primary mineralocorticoid secreted from the adrenal cortex that is responsible for an increase in blood pressure to prepare for action

gluconeogenesis

the production of glucose from amino acids by the liver

cardiovascular system

transports blood to cells and organs