Stress Management Exam 2

Fear, vulnerability, and shame

Fear has deep roots of shame.

The Path of Jesus of Nazareth

Love is the Opposite of Fear.

Abraham Maslow: The Art of Self-Actualization

Maslow studied the lives of many people to see what was our greatest human potential. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (Note the similarity to the Chakra System in Chapter 3.) "Self-Actualization" is a term that Maslow coined to describe those people who could rise above the daily hassles of life and reach their highest potential. The following are some of the traits (inner resources) he noted that help us rise above the mundane aspects of life. 1. A highly efficient perception of reality 2. Acceptance 3. Naturalness and spontaneity 4. Problem Centering 5. Solitude and independence 6. A continual freshness of appreciation 7. Creativity 8. Interpersonal Relationships 9. Human Kinship 10. A democratic character 11. A strong sense of ethical values 12. Resistance to enculturalization 13. A sense of humor 14. Mystical or Peak Experiences Self-actualization is the innate process by which a person tends to grow spiritually and realize his/her potential. Few people become high self-actualized. Maslow studied people with the greatest mental health.

Be familiar with Maslow's hierarchy of needs, peak experiences, and self-actualization

Maslow studied the lives of many people to see what was our greatest human potential. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (Note the similarity to the Chakra System in Chapter 3.) "Self-Actualization" is a term that Maslow coined to describe those people who could rise above the daily hassles of life and reach their highest potential. The following are some of the traits (inner resources) he noted that help us rise above the mundane aspects of life. 1. A highly efficient perception of reality 2. Acceptance 3. Naturalness and spontaneity 4. Problem Centering 5. Solitude and independence 6. A continual freshness of appreciation 7. Creativity 8. Interpersonal Relationships 9. Human Kinship 10. A democratic character 11. A strong sense of ethical values 12. Resistance to enculturalization 13. A sense of humor 14. Mystical or Peak Experiences Self-actualization is the innate process by which a person tends to grow spiritually and realize his/her potential. Few people become high self-actualized. Maslow studied people with the greatest mental health. according to Maslow, times in a person's life during which self-actualization is temporarily achieved Peak Experiences (another name for eustress!) Maslow was convinced that each of us had the potential for self-actualization. *Peak experiences are when people seem to transcend the self and be at one with the world. *They are completely self-fulfilled. *Peak experiences are common to people who are fully selfactualized. *For Maslow, there is a natural tendency toward selfactualization; that is, the push for development comes from inside the growing organism rather than from outside, in the external environment. There are five levels in Maslow's pyramid. From the bottom of the hierarchy upwards, the needs are: physiological (food and clothing), safety (job security), love and belonging needs (friendship), esteem, and self-actualization. *According to Maslow, needs that are essential for survival including physiological, safety, belonging, love, and esteem needs. *Physiological needs are the basic biological necessities such as food, water, sex, and shelter. *Safety needs involve the necessity of generally predictable world, one that makes some sense. *Belongingness and love needs involve psychologically intimate relations with other people. *Esteem needs involve respect for oneself and for others. * D-needs, which motivate us through deficits- we need something to fill a void, and thereby reestablish homeostasis *Maslow argued that the correct social conditions are needed to encourage the highest level self-actualization; that is, people cannot reach the being level (B-level) if they are preoccupied with satisfying their more basic needs. *Maslow used any assessment techniques he could-- interviews, observations, self-report questionnaires, projective tests, biographical studies, and others. *One scale that attempts to be more rigorous in its assessment of self-actualization is called the Personal Orientation Inventory, or POI. *A self-report questionnaire, this inventory asks people to classify themselves on a number of dimensions Research shows that the scale has various validity and reliability weakness but does capture some aspects of a health personality. Self-actualized people tend to be independent, resist social pressures, love freedom, and have a high need for privacy. Further, their personalities are complex.

The path of Black Elk

Native American tradition. Black Elk is the Medicine man of Ogalala Sioux Nation. Believed bonding man and his natural environment. Four elements: seasons, elements, colors, directions, cardinal principals. Medicine wheel and vision quest. *A medicine man of the Lakota nation *Respect for and connectedness to Mother Earth *Too many people don't know that when they harm the earth they harm themselves

The Path of Lao Tzu

Tao. Chi. Four great disciplines of inner peace: 1. Principle of oneness: part of nature. 2. Principle of Dynamic Balance: two complementary opposites (yin and yang, rain and sun). 3. Principle of Cyclical growth: day and night, winter and summer, high and lows of life. Appreciate cycles. 4. Principle of Harmonious Action: love in harmony with nature. Live in moderation The Balance of Life • Principle of Oneness • Principle of Dynamic Balance • Principle of Cyclical Growth • Principle of Harmonious Action

The Sin of Guilt

*Guilt experienced to any extent can result in mild to severe depression.

Know what is happiness, how it is comprised, and how to best measure it

• Until one's basic needs are met, happiness is elusive. (Graham, 2010) • There is a strong correlation between happiness and trust. (Robinson, 2008) • Serotonin is known as the happiness hormone. (Sommers, 1997) • Freedom contributes to happiness . . . to a point, but too much freedom can lead to stress. • Money doesn't buy happiness, but poverty promotes stress. (Deaton, 2008) • There is a strong correlation between happiness and the ability to exercise creativity. • Fulfilling relationships (quality friendships) are the cornerstone to lifelong happiness. • Geography does not indicate happiness; some of the happiest people live in cold climates. Happiness is, first and foremost, a perception, an attitude created by the mind. *Having choices makes people happy. *$ doesn't = happiness *Poverty can promote stress. *Relationships = happiness *Social media reduces happiness *Greatest source of unhappiness = isolation *Happiness and longevity connected

A Tibetan Perspective on Mind and Stress

•The mind is comprised of the "self" (false self, ego driven self) and the "Self" (the true self or the aspect of the Higher Self). •The goal is not to allow the "self" to overpower the "Self." •Stress is a consequence of desires with attachments •Let go of attachments and inner peace can be realized. Higher self Smaller self *Buddha *Wisdom of inner peace *Buddhism arrived in Tibet more than a thousand years ago

Know the basic human fears

(Note: There are five core fears, or "universal themes of loss," that capture the basic interpretations of danger that we all make. They are 1) fear of abandonment, 2) loss of identity, 3) loss of meaning, 4) loss of purpose and 5) fear of death, including the fear of sickness and pain. 1. Fear of Failure 2. Fear of Rejection 3. Fear of the Unknown 4. Fear of Death 5. Fear of Isolation 6. Fear of Loss of Self- Dominance Systematic Desensitization * Fear stimulates a physical response to flee and hide from threats that are intimidating, overwhelming, and sometimes fatal. * Fear comes in many shades: * Embarrassment * Prejudice * Anxiety * Despair * Worry * Arrogance * Doubt * Intimidation * Paranoia *Repeated episodes of fear are thought to be associated with: *Colds *Flus *Warts *Impotence *Inflammation *Cancer *Fear is a learned response. *Learning to identify, empathize, and resolve our feelings is necessary to prevent disease. *Fear is part of the survival dynamic, a necessary aspect of life in times of true danger. *Real fear is momentary. *Any fear lasting longer than the initial signal can cause serious problems. * What triggers fears? * Failure * Low self-esteem * Ex.: Taking an exam * Self-fulfilling prophecy * Rejection * Perception plays a role * Starts early in life (relationship with parents) * The unknown * Ex.: Domestic violence * Death * Useful when danger is present * Isolation * 1st fear developed in life * Loss of self-dominance * Loss of control over events in one's life *Therapy exist to help people with fears and phobias. * Psychodynamic * Behavioral Therapy *Coping skills *Relaxation techniques * Systematic desensitization * Exposure desensitization *Assertiveness training * Biofeedback

A turning point in consciousness

*Despite our varied backgrounds and religious differences, there are elements common to all of us. • Invasion of Tibet by China • Apollo Space Project • Self-Help Groups (A.A.) • Mother Earth Spirituality • The Hebrew Kabalah • Reports of Near-Death Experiences • South Amer Shamanism • Oprah Winfrey • Global Warming • Telecommunication Revolution

The Internal Push for Self-Actualization

*For Maslow, there is a natural tendency toward selfactualization; that is, the push for development comes from inside the growing organism rather than from outside, in the external environment.

Know sex differences in anger

*It is more accepted for men to express anger. *When a female is angry it is perceived as unfeminine, unattractive, and evil. *Women less likely to express anger. *Unresolved anger related to breast cancer. *Women report to feel uncomfortable expressing anger (men more comfortable). *Women more likely to feel shame, and direct anger inward. *Men and women respond to the same types of stressors differently. *Men and women have different stressors.

Codependent Personality Traits

*Key Behaviors of Codependent Personality Disorders (cont.): * Martyr syndrome * Afraid of saying no will mean permanent rejection * Lack of spiritual health * Lying to survive * Over 96% of American exhibit traits of codependency * 25% of people over 18 admitted to alcohol abuse * 6% believed to have an alcohol disorder * 1 out 4 kids affected by a parent who is an alcoholic * An alcoholic affects 10-12 people * Huge health problem

healing thoughts

*Positive thoughts make changes in chlorophyll and red blood cells *Conscious thoughts can decrease the growth rate of cancer cells

Lyme Disease and Stress

*Stress is a catalyst for chronic Lyme disease. *When the immune system is suppressed from a repeated flood of cortisol, the bacteria that cause Lyme disease is given the opportunity to take over *Lyme is related to chronic fatigue, MS, fibromyalgia, and Alzheimer's. *As many as 50% of Americans have Lyme disease. *Infection with these bacteria can cause serious problems affecting the nervous, cardiovascular, and digestive system. *Symptoms include headaches and general fatigue

Know the relationship between the gut and your health

*There is bacteria that resides in your stomach and small intestine that has recently been implicated in illnesses. *Research supports that maintaining healthy gut bacteria is important to ensure optimal wellness. *70% of our immune system resides in our gut, yet the gut is often ignored in the treatment of many chronic diseases. *Asthma *Obesity *Arthritis *MS *Psoriasis *ADHD *Inflammation is associated with many chronic diseases, and stress seems to be a major trigger for inflammation. *Poor eating habits perpetuate a compromised microbiome, leaving one vulnerable to chronic disease. *Kids born with a compromised microbiome and as such leads to birth defects.

Know Type A behavior, Type D behavior, and Type R behavior and how it relates to stress and health

*Type A and D personality associated with coronary heart disease Type A What was once called the "hurry sickness," is now regarded as an aggressive-based personality. 1. Time Urgency 2. Polyphasia (Multi-tasking) 3. Ultra-competitiveness 4. Rapid Speech Patterns 5. Manipulative Control 6. Hyperaggressivness, Free-Floating Hostility 1. Interest in material wealth 2. The desire for immediate gratification 3. Competitiveness 4. People as numbers or objects to overcome 5. Secularization 6. Atrophy of the body and right brain 7. Media binging and technology addiction *Late 1950s, coronary heart disease # one killer in the US *Due to lifestyle behavior and it was preventable *Cigarette smoking * hypertension * elevated levels of cholesterol and triglycerides inactivity * diabetes * obesity *family history of heart disease *Friedman and Rosenman-furniture reupholstered patients sat on the edge of the chairs *Type A personality, rushed or hurried lifestyle *Type A personalities more prone to: * Sympathetic arousal *Hypertension * Elevated levels of cholesterol and triglycerides * Placing them at more risk for CHD and other stress related disorders *Characteristics of Type A Personality: *Impatience * Hate to wait in lines * Rarely take vacations * Everything done with speed *Multitasking * Feel must do many things at once because time is limited * Self-conscious * Work extra hours * Competitive *Raise voice * Finish other sentences *Manipulative * Intimate coworkers *Need to dominate * Walk over others to get to the top *Hostile aggression most important (even dangerous) component of Type A behavior to hostile aggression. *Hostility is an expression of anger. *Cynicism *Sarcasm *Intimidation *Other aggressive behaviors *Impatience is also a form of anger. *Study placed patients with heart attack in education/behavior modification treatment. *44% decrease in Type A behaviors *Many behaviors associated with Type A often are rewarded in our society leading to career success. Type D Depression Type R People who examine the odds, take calculated risks, and who live life to the fullest with confidence, self-efficacy, courage, optimism, and creativity. While we may not be able to change our personality completely, we can change personality traits that tend to promote stress in our lives. *Risk taker personalities *Personality dominated by adventurous spirit *Adrenaline is their drug of choice *People inclined toward extreme activities providing intense sensation are better able to cope with life events. *They approach these experiences in a calculated manner. *Inner resources required to perform sensation activities: *Confidence *Self-efficacy *Courage *Optimism *Creativity *Same qualities used as coping skills to deal effectively with stress

The Art of Worrying

*Worry about things that may, or may not, occur in the future, usually revolve around worst case-scenarios. *Worrying can lead to depression. *There is a difference between worrying and planning for the future. *People worry about things they have no control over. *When we look back (20/20) we worry over things that seem trivial in the long-term. *How to manage worries. *Plan for the future. Ex.: Fining a job * Set goals * Make a plan * Evaluate progress

Nervous System-Related Disorders

- Bronchial asthma - Tension headaches - Migraine headaches - Temporomandibular Joint Dysfuntion (TMJ) - Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) - Coronary heart disease 1. Bronchial Asthma * Onset of asthma linked with anxiety and overprotective childhood * Treatment steroid but relaxation techniques just as effective 2. Tension Headaches * Contract of the muscles (forehead, eyes, neck, and jaw) * Aspirin and meditation, mental imagery & biofeedback 3. Migraine Headaches * Happens hours after stressor * Due to inability to express anger and frustration * Medication but biofeedback, mental imagery work too 4. Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction * Excessive contraction of the jaw muscles * Occurs during sleep * Inability to express feelings of anger * Relaxation techniques 5. Irritable Bowel Syndrome * Abdominal pain or tenderness, cramps, diarrhea, nausea, constipation, and flatulence * Anxiety and depression * Diets and meditation, relaxation, cognitive skills, progressive muscle relaxation, cognitive reappraisal, behavior modification, and mental imagery & biofeedback 6. Coronary Heart Disease *Leading cause of death *Stress plays a role *Hypertension, which leads to damage to the vascular tissue *Release of cortisol (hindrance to the efficiency of the heart muscle) *Stress reduction *Mindfulness

Immune System-Related Disorders

- The common cold - Influenza - Allergies - Rheumatoid Arthritis - Lupus - Ulcers - Cancer 1. Cold/Flu *Due to stress 2. Allergies *Anxiety *Medications and relaxation techniques 3. Rheumatoid Arthritis/Lupus *Attack by own immune system *Pain relievers, steroid, relaxation techniques 4. Ulcers and Colitis * Stress and anxiety related *Relaxation and special diet 5. Cancer *Higher among people who have a hard time expressing their emotions, have low-self-esteem, and experience feelings of rejection *Codependent or addictive personality *Drugs, radiation, surgery, cognitive restructuring, art therapy, and relaxation techniques

Self-Esteem: The Bottom Line-Defense

-action -living consciously -self-acceptance -self-responsibility -self-assertiveness -living purposely -personal integrity -BE: connected, empowered, have role models 1. The focus of action 2. The practice of living consciously 3. The practice of self- acceptance 4. The practice of self- responsibility 5. The practice of self- assertiveness 6. The practice of living purposely 7. The practice of personal integrity 1. Connectedness (friends) 2. Uniqueness (your gifts) 3. Power (empowerment) 4. Models (mentors, heroes) *Critical factor in how a person responds to stress *Low-self esteem = stress prone personality *High-self esteem=pre-req. for stress-resistant personality *6 pillars of self-esteem: 1. Living consciously * Living in the present moment 2. Self-acceptance * Don't be in antagonistic relationship with yourself 3. Self-responsibility * Take responsibility for your feelings and actions vs. blame others 4. Self-assertiveness * Satisfy needs, wants, and values 5. Living purposefully * Doing what needs to be done to make goals happen 6. Personal integrity * Congruence between values and actions *4 characteristics for self-esteem throughout the life span (that begin in early childhood: 1. Connectedness * Feeling of satisfaction that relationships are nurturing 2. Uniqueness * Possess qualities that make one special 3. Power * Can access inner resources 4. Models * Mentor *Ways to raise and maintain self-esteem: 1. Disarm the negative critic 2. Give yourself positive reinforcement and affirmations to remind yourself of your good qualities 3. Avoid should haves 4. Focus on your identity 5. Avoid comparisons with others 6. Diversify your interests 7. Improve your connectedness 8. Avoid self-victimization 9. Reassert your value Plastic surgeon *Before any external changes take place, the real change first has to take place inside. *High self-esteem is considered the best defense against stress. *Attend to one's self esteem regularly like dental check-ups.

Ways to Boost Your Self-Esteem

1) Disarm the negative critic 2) Give yourself positive affirmations 3) Avoid self-guilt and "should haves" 4) Focus on you and your identity 5) Avoid comparisons 6) Diversity your interests 7) Improve your connectedness 8) Avoid self-victimization 9) Reassert yourself before and during stress

Know what is depression and treatments to manage symptoms of sadness

1. Persistent sadness 2. A loss of interest or pleasure in activities 3. Lethargic moods with decreased productivity 4. Loss of appetite or overeating habits 5. Difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions 6. Pervading hopelessness in personal and professional lives 7. Alcohol and/or drug use to cope with problems 8. Thoughts of death or suicide *An emotion that surfaces as a result of unresolved stress is depression. *400% increase in antidepressants from 1988-2008 *More than 25% of American's on meds for depression *Symptoms of depression: * Persistent sadness or empty moods *A loss of interest or pleasure in activities * Lethargic moods with decreased productivity * Loss of appetite and weight loss or overeating and weight gain *Difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions *Hopelessness * Substance use to cope with problems *Thoughts of death and suicide *Depression is anger turned inward. *Treatment includes: * Medicine * Therapy * Coping skills * Relaxation techniques * Exercise * T'ai Chi * Yoga * Diet * Music therapy * Art therapy * Humor therapy

A Healthy Catharsis

1. The expression of anger must be cast in the direction of the provocation. 2. The expression of anger must restore a sense of self-control. 3. The expression of anger must change the behavior of the provoker or provide insight to create personal resolution. 4. Anger must be expressed in understandable language. 5. The expression of anger must not provoke retaliation. 20% of Americans have levels of hostile anger that can produce serious health problems *10-20% edge of anger-based health issues *How to deal with anger? *Become aware of your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors *You can use journaling (include time/day) *Include thought feeling, action, and involvement to determine patterns of behaviors *Love, compassion, and empathy most effective means to defuse anger. *Holding in anger is not the answer, neither is yelling

Deepak Chopra

A contemporary physician and metaphysician originally from India, he presents and integrates the ageless wisdom of spirituality, quantum physics, and medicine *Studied ayurvedic (science of life) *Mind-body medicine (psychoneuroimmunology), the human spirit play an important role in healing *We only need look inside to find our divine essence *As you give, so shall you receive *Walk in balance *Every action has an equal and opposite reaction *As you sow, so shall you reap *The universe unfolds in its own time and place *Go with the flow *Accept those things we cannot change *We attract what we submit to the universal consciousness through intention *To let go of our desires, wishes, and dreams *We are trusting that whatever the outcome, it is in our best interest * Ex.: If we apply for a job and we don't get it, we must realize that at higher level of consciousness, that was our best interest *Each of us has a unique gift and talent to share with the community of humanity Seven Spiritual Laws 1. Potentiality 2. Giving 3. Karma (cause/effect) 4. Least Effort 5. Intention & Desire 6. Detachment 7. Dharma (life purpose)

Know what is a microagression

A microaggression is the casual degradation of any marginalized group. The term was coined by psychiatrist and Harvard University professor Chester M. Pierce in 1970 to describe insults and dismissals he regularly witnessed non-black Americans inflict on African Americans. • Microinsults • Microassaults • Microinvalidations *Comments and behaviors commonly used by white people to insult dismiss or marginalize people of color. *Often done unconsciously.

energy psychology

A term used to describe the collaboration of subtle energy (chakras, meridians, and the human energy field) with psychological issues and trauma involving certain aspects of stress. *Attempts to unite quantum physics and subtle anatomy with psychology to better understand and treat stressrelated diseases at a psychospiritual level.

Emotional well-being

A type of well-being consisting of perceptions of affirmed happiness and satisfaction with life, along with a balance of positive and negative affect. ability to feel and express the entire range of human emotions and to control them

Know what stress does to your body

According to the American Institute of Stress: • 43% of all adults suffer adverse health effects due to stress. • 75-90% of all visits to primary care physicians are for stress-related complaints or disorders. • It's estimated that between 75-85% of all health-related problems are either precipitated or aggravated by stress. • The term "Psychoneuroimmunology" was coined in the early 80s to link the fields of psychology, neurology, and immunology to better understand the relationship between stress and disease.

Subtle Anatomy

Also called energy anatomy, subtle anatomy comprises the human energy field (aura), the chakra system, and the meridian system of energetic pathways that supply energy (also known as chi or prana) to the organs and physiological systems with which they connect. • The Meridian System • The Chakra System •The Human Energy Field The science of the subtle energy is based on the laws of physics. Entrainment is the mutual phase locking of like oscillations (vibrations). Sympathetic resonance is a term that describes when one object picks up the vibration of another object. Healers like Mietek & Margaret Wirkus cannot only see the human energy field and chakras, they can predict disease BEFORE it shows up in the body . . . with an accuracy greater than an MRI. Here Mietek demonstrates his technique (bio-energy healing) through entrainment and sympathetic resonance.

Know what is anxiety and treatments to manage anxiety

Anxiety disorders are a type of mental health condition. Anxiety makes it difficult to get through your day. Symptoms include feelings of nervousness, panic and fear as well as sweating and a rapid heartbeat. Treatments include medications and cognitive behavioral therapy

New Science of Mind-Body-Spirit Healing

Bruce Lipton, Lynn McTaggert, Fritz-Albert Popp and several others were featured in the critically acclaimed movie The Living Matrix, about the New Science of mind-body-spirit healing.

Seasons of the Soul

Centering Process • Emptying Process • Grounding Process • Connecting Process

Acupuncture

Chinese medical practice of inserting needles into certain areas of the body *A healing practice that attempts to unblock congested energy pathways, allowing a freely lowing current of energy

Sixth Chakra

Concerns the reflection of the total self *Brow (third eye) chakra *Associated with intuition and the ability to access the ageless wisdom or bank of knowledge. *Pituitary and pineal glands *Brain tumors, hemorrhages, blood clots, blindness, comas, depression, and schizophrenia *May be caused by the individual not wanting to see something important to their soul growth

Mind as a Metaphorical Iceberg

Conscious Mind Personal Unconscious Mind Collective Unconscious Mind The conscious and unconscious minds have different languages, and while the conscious mind turns off during sleeping hours, the unconscious mind is perpetually active.

Know all seven chakras

Crown Chakra: Spiritual growth The Crown Chakra is called the halo in the Judeo-Christian culture Brow Chakra: Intuition, insights, wisdom Throat Chakra: Communication, purpose in life Heart Chakra: Love (ability to express love) Solar Plexas Chakra: Self-Confidence, gut feelings Navel Chakra: Personal Power, Sexual power Root Chakra: Safety and Security needs

Know what is emotional literacy and why it is important to your health

Emotional literacy also includes being able to recognise and adapt to the feelings of other people, whilst at the same time, learning how to manage and express your own emotions effectively. This is helpful in developing good communication skills and the development and enhancement of relationships.

The Lipton Model

Epigenetic theory: study of molecular mechanisms in which environment controls gene activity of the DNA Epigenetic Theory: The study of molecular mechanisms in which environment controls gene activity of the DNA What is the cell's environment? Lipton's research at Stanford University revealed that cells have the ability to promote growth as well as the protection of their own integrity. They CANNOT do both functions at once! A biological environment of stress negates time and energy for cell growth and integrity. A state of constant stress will ultimately compromise the integrity and vitality of not only the cell but the entire biological system. *A state of constant stress can compromise the health of the cell, and it's vitality. *Therefore, patients undergoing an organ transplant are often given doses of cortisol to suppress the immune system so that the new organ will not be rejected.

Happiness is composed of 3 aspects

Genetics 50% Circumstances 10% Your choice 40%

Wayne Dyer

Guilt and worry are always stress emotions. Regarding guilt, learn the lesson and move on. Regarding worry, if you can make a change do so, if not, let it go *The ability to enjoy the present moment as an adult is hard. *Many times were are preoccupied with past or future events. *Making it hard to relax and enjoy the moment. *Dyer says guilt (self-anger) and worry (fear)associated with almost every stressor.

Explain the hardy personality

Hardy people have three common characteristics: (a) they believe they can control events in their lives (control); (b) they are able to consider themselves as fully engaged in their daily activities (commitment); and (c) they are capable of interpreting problems as exciting challenges to personal growth (challenge)

Know the relationship between hostile anger and your health

Hostility isolates you from other people. Anger and constant hostility keep your blood pressure high and increase your chances of having another health problem, such as depression, heart attack, or a stroke. Teens who say they often feel angry and hostile also more often feel anxious, stressed, sad, and fatigued. Rage Jealousy Hostility Prejudice Impatience Guilt Envy Indignation Fear Frustration • The expression of anger has become a real problem nationwide. • All anger is the result of unmet expectations. • Road rage, sports rage, air rage, phone rage, gas pump rage, have become too common nationwide. • Unresolved anger issues have a direct connection to many chronic health conditions. 1. The Somatizer 2. The Self-Punisher 3. The Exploder 4. The Underhander All unresolved anger issues become control issues. The control is an illusion because by staying angry, you give your power away. 1. Know your anger style 2. Learn to monitor your anger 3. Learn to de-escalate your anger 4. Learn to out-think your anger 5. Get comfortable with ALL your feelings 6. Plan ahead 7. Develop a strong support system 8. Develop realistic expectations ... 9. Learn problem solving techniques 10. Stay in shape 11. Turn complaints into requests 12. Practice the art of forgiveness Fear is the flight or "fight or flight." Rational vs. Irrational Fears Warranted vs. Unwarranted Fears Anxiety Worry Doubt Paranoia Embarrassment *Anger is a survival emotion common to all animals. *Makes people feel uncomfortable *Associated with coronary heart disease *Seville Statement: aggression is neither genetically nor biologically determined in humans. *Anger is a form of communication. *Anger is used to assert authority. *Anger strengthens or terminates relationships. *Primary reason for the heightened level of anger is the loss of connection that has resulted from: *technology overload *poor community relations *illusion of the American dream *Anger normal emotion. *Anger produces: * Flushed face * Greater blood flow to face and neck skin * Migraine * Headaches * Ulcers * Colitis * Arthritis * Hypertension * Coronary heart disease *Anger healthy when or ventilated correctly 1. Somatizers * Physical symptoms 2. Self-punishers * Punish self 3. Exploders * Erupt like a volcano *Type A personality 4. Underhandlers *Indirect * Seek revenge *Common at work * We have one dominant style * None are healthy *Human anger consists of: *Thought *Physiological changes *Consequent behavior *Strategies to cope with anger include: *Relaxation techniques *Behavior modification *Anger should be dealt with in effective ways (vs. ineffective ways) *How do you manage anger? 1. Know your anger style. * Are you passive or active? * Do you hold anger in or explode? 2. Learn to monitor anger. * Keep a journal * Look for patterns 3. Learn to deescalate your anger. * Remove yourself from the situation * Cool off 4. Learn to out-think your anger. * Resolve the feeling in a constructive way 5. Get comfortable with all your feelings, and learn to express them constructively. * Don't avoid or repress your feelings 6. Plan ahead. * Some situations can be foreseen 7. Develop a support system. * Vent your frustrations to a close friend * Helps to process information in a safe environment 8. Develop realistic expectations of yourself and others. 9. Learn problem solving techniques. 10. Stay in shape. * Eat well * Alone-time * Laugh more 11. Turn complaints into requests. * Take a more optimistic outlook on how you perceive situations 12. Forgiveness. * Forgive yourself and others

Be familiar with the Dr. Emoto's rice experiment

How water molecules react to positive, negative or no talking whatsoever

What is the role in technology and feeling connected based on research presented in your textbook

However, some technological advances cause people to be distracted, overly stressed, and increasingly isolated. Many people are involved in an abundant number of relationships through technology, but sometimes the quantity of these associations leaves people feeling qualitatively empty.

Be familiar with Viktor Frankl's theory of spiritual growth, logotherapy, and his book man's search for meaning

In contrast to Freud's "will to pleasure" and Adler's "will to power," logotherapy is based on the idea that we are driven by a "will to meaning" or an inner desire to find purpose and meaning in life (Amelis & Dattilio, 2013). a form of existential therapy popularized by Frankl, stated that people cannot control their environment but they can control their reaction/response to it *1. Distance from symptoms *2. Modification of unhealthy attitudes *3. Reduction of symptoms *4. Orientation towards new meaning Stages of Spiritual Growth • Chaotic Anti Social Individual • Institutional Individual • Skeptic Individual • Mystic Communal

Know the relationship between stress and inflammation

Inflammation is associated with many chronic diseases, and stress seems to be a major trigger for inflammation. *Chronic stress associated with body's inability to regulate the inflammatory response *People with high levels of inflammation were more susceptible to colds and flu *Accelerates aging process

The path of Matthew Fox

Judeo-Christian concept of spirituality when it was thought the earth was the center of the universe. Four paths of spiritual creation: via positiva: all creation should be celebrated, via negativa: the process of emptying or letting go of thoughts, feelings and values, via creativa: breakthrough or enlightenment, via transformativa: path of struggle, compassion and celebration. *All creation should be celebrated, not feared or shamed. Creation Spirituality • Via Positiva • Via Negativia • Via Creativa • Via Transformtiva

The Pellitier Model

Ken Pellitier has been studying the relationship between stress and disease for decades. He now believes that there is overwhelming evidence to support the mind-body-spirit model of health and disease, (yet many professionals trained in the biomedical model ignore the evidence). While this model is complete, questions remain, specifically the topic of consciousness...also known as the "Ghost in the Machine."

Know Buscaglia theory and why it is important to understand stress

Leo Buscaglia was of the opinion that until you can learn to love yourself unconditionally, you will have stress. Fear is the absence of love Self-love begins with cultivating self-esteem. *Self-love has to be taught (but it's not a subject in school) *Many times were are denied the expression of our feelings. *Ex.: Don't cry *Most of us never really learn to love at all, which explains that 50% of marriages end in divorce. L *Love takes work. *It brings responsibility *If you do not attend to it, it will disappear. *To love others, you must love yourself. *Buscaglia said most people are unable to love themselves. L *We need to accepts ourselves the way we are! *Focus on what makes us unique and do not compare ourselves to others *Love of the self begins and grows with positive feelings toward the self, which each person is capable of creating. *Low self-esteem makes us vulnerable to stress.

Be familiar with Pert's theory of neuropeptides, thoughts, and stress

Neuropeptides: The link between mind and body? Neuropeptides regulate everything from mood changes to the integrity of the immune system. Candace Pert discovered that immune cells have built-in receptor sites for neuropeptides. Pert's early observations were that all known neuropeptides appear to have a single molecular structure. The subtle differences among them may be the rate at which each molecule oscillates •Pert discovered that neuropeptides are not solely produced in the brain. Immune cells can produce them as well! •Neuropeptides are the communicators between the brain and T-Cells. •Some emotions may suppress the function of lymphocytes while others may enhance it. *Studies have documented the association between the stress response, emotional regulation, and their respective influences on the immune system. * Emotions can suprpress or enhance the integrity of the immune system. *Stress retards wound healing. *Chronic stress accelerates the aging process. *A helpless, hopeless attitude, initiated by an inability to control factors of the environment could pave a path toward illness. *Immunosuppression has also been observed in individuals during bereavement. *There is a strong relationship between emotional responses and the biochemical changes they produce, specifically in the immune system. *Structural changes in neuropeptides plays a significant role in immunoincompetence

Be familiar with Pelletier's research on the mind-body-spirit connection

Pelletier believes that until western medical science will expand its perception of what mind is (beyond the Cartesian concept of machine), we will not fully comprehend the stress and disease phenomenon, nor will we fully comprehend the potential of the immune system. The balance between the nervous system, endocrine system, and immune system is quite delicate when repeatedly affected by chronic stress. *Prayer and energy medicine *Overwhelming evidence to support the mind-body spirit connection regarding stress and disease *Dissociative identity disorder * Spontaneous remission-cancer * St. Bernadette at Lourdes (cures) *Hypnosis * Placebos/Nocebo *Cell memory (organ transplant craving for KFC)

Be familiar with the TED talk the power of vulnerability from Brene Brown presented in class. Be able to discuss what she learned from her research and discuss the solution she provided.

People who can accept themselves are better off Embraced vulnerability

The "Nones"

People who describe themselves to be spiritual but not religious are the fastest-growing group of those polled about their faith.

Personality

Personality shaped by genetics, family dynamics, social influences, and experiences. *We will discuss the relationship between personality and disease.

Martin Seligman: Optimism and the Art of Being Happy

Positive Psychology is a study of what Aristotle called, "The Good Life." Seligman believes that positive thoughts are an inherent part of the human condition and we need to cultivate, nurture, and enhance these for emotional balance in times of stress.

Be familiar with Seligman, theory of learned helplessness, and the field of positive psychology

Positive Psychology is a study of what Aristotle called, "The Good Life." Seligman believes that positive thoughts are an inherent part of the human condition and we need to cultivate, nurture, and enhance these for emotional balance in times of stress. Learned helplessness is a state that occurs after a person has experienced a stressful situation repeatedly. They come to believe that they are unable to control or change the situation, so they do not try — even when opportunities for change become available. the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive 1. Positive Emotions 2. Positive Personality Traits 3. Positive Institutions "The Constitution only gives you the right to pursue happiness. You have to catch it yourself." — Ben Franklin *Disease model -focused on treating illness *Not a lot of attention has been given to the nature of psychological health *Martin Seligman (1998) shift psychology's focus from studying & trying to undo the worst in human behavior to studying the best in human behavior. *Seligman proposed happiness can be broken down into 3 components: 1. The pleasant life-emphasis on understanding the determinants of a "good life" 2. The engaged life-focused on active involvement in activities & relationships with others that express our talents & strengths & give meaning & purpose to our lives 3. Meaningful life-going beyond our self interests & preoccupations and being involved in something larger than the self *Learned helplessness the hopelessness & passive resignation a human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events *Many now pursue happiness, but who is happy? *It may subjective! Therefore research measure happiness using subjective social well-being scales. *Research confirms that happy people, who feel mildly or moderately happy most of the time, are not enthralled by acquiring big houses, fast cars, etc. *What then characterizes happy individuals, if not wealth, space, and unlimited freedom? *For general well-being and life satisfaction, personality is a predictor of relevant life achievements like job and marital satisfaction, which in turn are often relevant to overall satisfaction. *People who see things as always working out for the best are happiest. *Furthermore, perceived financial situation and perceived control over life affect happiness, and these are not directly related to ones objective circumstances. *Some people are simply more happy, due to internal psychological processes. *Happy individuals are less bothered when their peers do better than they do, whereas unhappy individuals are disappointed in their peers' accomplishments, and are relieved by their acquaintances' failures. *Happy individuals look for information that is good news, but otherwise dont worry much about how they compare to others. *Happy people tend to think about and remember positive events in their lives. *Happy people create meaning in their lives by interpreting events in terms of humanistic values of personal growth, meaningful social ties, and giving back to society. *Unhappy people tend to dwell on negative happenings, and ruminate about their problems and distress. *Happy people have good relations with an intimate other, a sense of purpose and hope, and work or hobbies they enjoy. *They often help others and have a sense of faith or trust. *Positive psychology is more concerned with creativity, hope, wisdom, and spirituality and less troubled with aggression, weakness, and pathology. *Based on 3 aspects: 1.study of happiness 2.positive virtues 3.positive institutions *True joy and fulfillment come from using your talents- indeed the totality of your being- to strive for important accomplishments. *Rollo May foreshadowed the most recent emphases of positive psychology on studies of wisdom, thriving, and excellence in performance. *There is increasing attention to patterns that prevent an unhealthy personality from developing, and promote healthy psychological growth, as well as attention to how and why some people remain resilient in response to crises and stress.

Be familiar with the concept of resiliency

Resilience is the process and outcome of successfully adapting to difficult or challenging life experiences, especially through mental, emotional, and behavioral flexibility and adjustment to external and internal demands. 1. Commitment 2. Control 3. Challenge • Positivity • Creative Problem Solving • Compassion and Gratitude • Self-Care • Humor • Purpose in Life *Resiliency is the ability to bounce back from crisis. *For some innate for others learned *Link between mind and body *The greater the stress level, the greater the chance of disease and illness. *Personality traits that act as a buffer to stress: 1. Commitment * Dedication to self, work, and family 2. Control * Sense of personal control, sense of causing the event's in one's life 3. Challenge * See change and problems as opportunities for growth *Found in people from both sexes and all races and religions. *These behaviors appear to be innate and can be learned: *Commitment *Control *Challenge * These are necessary to maintain a buffer against the effects of stress. *Resiliency can be best be defined as the ability to pick yourself up after being knocked down in the face of adversity from life changing events. *Ability to overcome the stress of trauma, loss, and tragedy. Life skill that can be learned and practiced by everyone. * Positivity * Positive attitude * Creative problem solving * Focusing on the solution rather than the problem * Compassion and gratitude * Grateful for what one has rather than what one doesn't * Self-care * Engage in wellness activities * Humor * Laugh at oneself * Purpose of life * Cultivate purpose in one's life *Complete Box 7.2 Hardy Personality Profile: Test Your Hardiness *Please complete profile and reflection on Blackboard discussion thread.

Know why having meaning and purpose in life is important based on your textbook and current research

Scholars have long recognized that meaning in life is an important psychological need. The more people feel meaningful, the more they experience overall positive psychological well-being (e.g., Steger and Frazier, 2005).

What did we learn from the Harvard study of Adult of Development discussed in the TedTalk by Robert Waldinger?

Social connection is really good forus Isolation is really bad for you The quality of close relationships is whats important Good relationships is good for the brain

Know what is spirituality

Spirituality involves the recognition of a feeling or sense or belief that there is something greater than myself, something more to being human than sensory experience, and that the greater whole of which we are part is cosmic or divine in nature. * Human spirituality is neither a religion nor the practice of religion. * No aspect alone is sufficient to describe the essence of human spirituality * It includes aspects of: * higher consciousness * transcendence * self-reliance * self-efficacy * self-actualization * love * faith * enlightenment * mysticism * self-assertiveness * community * bonding * God, Allah, Jesus, Buddha, etc. *Individuals can be very spiritual yet not religious, just as they can be very religious but have poor awareness of their spirituality. *Spirituality has been studied by: *Philosophy *Theology *Sociology *Psychology *Physics *Nursing *Clinical medicine The "Perennial Philosophy" Stress and Spirituality are NOT polar opposites. Stress provides the opportunity for spiritual growth when we learn from the experience! Spirituality and Religion are NOT the same thing! Metaphorically speaking, Spirituality is like water. Religions are like the containers that hold the water. • Relationships • Values • Purpose in life

The human energy field

Subtle human anatomy that goes by many names, from the electromagnetic field around an object to a colorful aura. The human energy field is thought to be composed of layers of consciousness that surround and permeate the physical body. *Consciousness is composed of subtle energy-a frequency band of oscillations that surround and permeate the body.

The Dispenza Model

The Dispenza Model combines the wisdom and science of quantum energy, epidemics, and the esoteric wisdom of the chakra system (Energy Centers) to understand the complex dynamics of the mind-body interactions and consciousness • Disease is incoherence or dissonance. • The energy signature of Fight or Flight becomes ingrained in the body. • In an emergency state, the body doesn't have time to "rest and digest." • Disease is incoherence or dissonance. • The energy signature of Fight or Flight becomes ingrained in the body. • In an emergency state, the body doesn't have time to "rest and digest." • The body cannot do "fight or flight" and growth and repair at the same time. • Disease perpetuates when thought processes are stuck in the past. • One must broadcast a new energy signature. Energy affects matter. • This new energy signature upregulates (reprograms) our DNA. • One's consciousness will affect one's physiology. • Change your thoughts, change your energy • Change your energy, Change your life • Health is a state of coherence. • Disease is a condition of incoherence. *When a person is always in survival mode, all of the body's energy is directed toward fight or flight, rather than healing and restoration. *When you change your energy you change your life.

The Great Debate

The mind and the brain (are they the same or different?) Is the mind an epi-phenomenon of brain chemistry, or is the brain the primary organ of choice for the mind to do its work?

The Gerber Model

The mind, as conscious and unconscious thoughts, exist as "subtle energy" that surrounds and permeates the body. The mind, as conscious and unconscious thoughts, exist as "subtle energy" that surrounds and permeates the body. Stress-related symptoms that appear in the physical body are the manifestations of "problems" that have occurred earlier as disturbances at a "higher energy level." Rosch believes the subtle bioelectric energy modalities will replace medicine as a means to treat stress-related disease and illness. *Human energy field (several layers) 1. Etheric (closest to the body) 2. Astral (emotional thought) 3. Mental (consciousness, instinct, intellect, and intuition) 4. Casual (soul) *In a state of optimal health all frequencies are in harmony. *A disruption of harmony leads to illness and disease. * Myss believes that illness does not happen randomly. * She is convinced that the majority of disease and illness results from an overload of unresolved emotional, psychological, and spiritual crisis's. *When we have unresolved chronic emotional stress in a particular area of our life, this stress registers in our energy field as a disturbance that can manifest in physical illness."

A Kirlian Photograph displaying the electromagnetic energy surrounding an aspen leaf

The science of Kirlian Photography helped develop the technology of Magnetic Resonance Imagery. A Kirlian Photograph displaying the electromagnetic energy surrounding the hand of renowned healer Olga Worrell.

Logotherapy

a form of existential therapy popularized by Frankl, stated that people cannot control their environment but they can control their reaction/response to it *1. Distance from symptoms *2. Modification of unhealthy attitudes *3. Reduction of symptoms *4. Orientation towards new meaning

Peak Experiences

according to Maslow, times in a person's life during which self-actualization is temporarily achieved Peak Experiences (another name for eustress!) Maslow was convinced that each of us had the potential for self-actualization. *Peak experiences are when people seem to transcend the self and be at one with the world. *They are completely self-fulfilled. *Peak experiences are common to people who are fully selfactualized.

The Borysenko Model

autonomic dysregulation and immune dysregulation In terms of stress and disease, there are two aspects to consider: • Autonomic Dysregulation • Immune Dysregulation According to Borysenko, when the immune system is operating normally, it is said to be "precisely regulated." Stress alters the vulnerability of the immune system. When the autonomic nervous system releases an abundance of stress hormones, several physiological repercussions can result: *migraines *ulcers *hypertension *infection *allergies *cancer *The purpose of the immune system is to protect the body from pathogens, either from the external environment or those manufactured inside the body that impede the proper functioning of the body. *The immune system begins to develop in the fetus and matures at about the time of birth, when the body becomes vulnerable to external pathogens *Stress increases neuroendocrine hormones, which suppress immune function. *delayed wound healing *impaired responses to vaccination *Development/progression of cancer *Some types of stress (exercise) cause the release of neuropeptides (endorphins), which not only enhance immune function, but also produce an almost euphoric state of mind (runners high) *Stress plays a role in autoimmune diseases. *Regular practice of a relaxation technique can bring the entire immune system back into balance. *Managing stress can decrease one's predisposition to infections and cancer. *Given the current pandemic, the role of having a strong immune system can not be overstated. *Clients' personal faith caused cancerous tumors to go into spontaneous remission, healed several illness, and brought inner peace in the last moments of life. *Faith can heal but absence of faith can accelerate the pace of physical illness and even death. *The mind and spirit play a crucial role in the health and healing process of the body. *Patients who had a view of nature from their room were released sooner compared to those with no view or view of brick buildings. *Healing and the human spirit is an integral part of physical healing and emphasizes the important role of spirituality in the self-healing process. *Fear, anger, worry, and guilt, with guilt as one of the largest obstacles to spiritual growth. • Spiritual Optimism • Spiritual Pessimism

psychosomatic

of or relating to symptoms caused by mental or emotional problems *Connection between one's mental/emotional state and one's physical health.

The Ghost in the Machine!

concept that the body is separate from the mind and that there is a consciousness apart from a physical entity • Multiple Personality Disorder • Spontaneous Remission • Hypnosis • Placebos and Nocebos • Cell Memory • Subtle Energy • Immunoenhancement Pelletier believes that until western medical science will expand its perception of what mind is (beyond the Cartesian concept of machine), we will not fully comprehend the stress and disease phenomenon, nor will we fully comprehend the potential of the immune system. The balance between the nervous system, endocrine system, and immune system is quite delicate when repeatedly affected by chronic stress.

Seventh Chakra

crown *Crown chakra *Soul and spiritual quest *No specific disease or illness *Every disease has a spiritual significance

Know Kübler-Ross's theory and stages of grieving

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance A Swiss American psychiatrist and pioneer of studies on dying people, Kübler-Ross wrote "On Death and Dying," the 1969 book in which she proposed the patient-focused, death-adjustment pattern, the "Five Stages of Grief." Those stages are denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance.

Helpless-Hopeless Personality

describes a person who has given up on life, or aspects of it, as a result of repeated failure Locus of Control Internal vs. External *Based on low self-esteem *Encountered repeated bouts of failure to the point where they give up on themselves in situations where they clearly have control *Signs of learned helplessness: 1. Poor self-motivation (no attempt at selfimprovement) 2. Cognitive distortion (perceptions of failure trumps success) 3. Emotional dysfunction (repeated failure results in chronic depression *Based on low self-esteem *Encountered repeated bouts of failure to the point where they give up on themselves in situations where they clearly have control *Signs of learned helplessness: 1. Poor self-motivation (no attempt at selfimprovement) 2. Cognitive distortion (perceptions of failure trumps success) 3. Emotional dysfunction (repeated failure results in chronic depression *Individuals perceive that their problems are beyond the range of their own resources and eventually give up. *Feelings of frustration, despair, or futility perceived as coming from a loss of satisfaction for which the individual assumes responsibility by a sense of frustration that one has failed at accomplishing anything in life. * External locus of control the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate. * Characteristic that best identifies the helpless-hopeless personality. * Show signs of apathy and complacency * Behaviors are learned early in life * Examples: * Other people * Luck * Weather * Chance * Astrological influences * Examples: * Alcoholics * Drug addicts * Abused children * Abused wives * Homeless * Everyone experiences moments of hopelessness *Internal locus of control the perception that you control your own fate. *Healthier and more productive *Information seekers and goal directed *Obtain a sense of mastery to cope with problems

Know what is codependency

excessive emotional or psychological reliance on a partner, typically one who requires support on account of an illness or addiction. 1. Ardent approval seekers 2. Perfectionists 3. Super-overachievers 4. Crisis manager 5. Devoted loyalists 6. Self-sacrificing martyrs 7. Manipulators 8. Victims (victim consciousness) 9. Feelings of inadequacy 10. Reactionaries 1. External referencing 2. Lack of emotional boundaries 3. Impression management 4. Mistrust of one's own perceptions 5. Martyr syndrome 6. Lack of spiritual health *Individuals who require other people to be dependent on them as a means of selfvalidation. *Addictive personality *Enablers * Ex.: Individuals enabled the alcoholic to continue his addictive behavior by covering up for them out of concern but more out of their need to be needed. *Codependency an addition to another person and their problems. *Observed among children of alcoholics *Precursors * Having alcoholic parent * Having divorced parents * Emotionally repressive parents *Develops in early childhood *In a lifestyle that is chaotic, unpredictable or threatening *Adopt behaviors to survive as well as to cope with family stress *Children assume adult responsibility before they reach high school *Codependent people are nice and well liked *Many nurses are 1st born children of alcoholics *Codependent personality traits: * Approval seekers * Perfectionist * Super-achievers * Crisis managers * Devoted loyalists * Self-sacrificing martyrs * Manipulators * Victims * Feelings of inadequacy * Reactionaries *Codependent personality traits: * Approval seekers * Looking for approval from others * Perfectionist * Try to make every detail perfect get stressed when it's not perfect * Super-achievers * Do lots of things school, sports, clubs, etc. * Crisis managers * Thrive in chaos * Devoted loyalists * Devoted friends and family * Extreme loyalty due to fear of rejection *Codependent personality traits (cont.): * Self-sacrificing martyrs * Put everyone else first * Manipulators * Manipulate others through favors * Victims * Can not say no but feel taken advantage * Feelings of inadequacy * Feel inferior despite being an overachiever * Reactionaries * Overreact to situations *Key Behaviors of Codependent Personality Disorders: * External referencing * Gains feelings of importance from external sources * Live up to other people's expectations * Lack of emotional boundaries * Takes on other people's emotional feelings * Impression management * Always trying to be good people * They believe they can control the perceptions of others by their good deeds * Mistrust of one's own perceptions * They have learned not to trust their own intuition *Key Behaviors of Codependent Personality Disorders (cont.): * Martyr syndrome * Afraid of saying no will mean permanent rejection * Lack of spiritual health * Lying to survive * Over 96% of American exhibit traits of codependency * 25% of people over 18 admitted to alcohol abuse * 6% believed to have an alcohol disorder * 1 out 4 kids affected by a parent who is an alcoholic * An alcoholic affects 10-12 people * Huge health problem *Children learn to react to family crises by taking charge in hopes of winning love and approval. *Codependents fear rejection, fear the unknown, and fear failure. *Codependent personality have many similarities to the cancerprone personality (Type C). * Type C people pleasing and emotionally repressed personality. *Children learn to react to family crises by taking charge in hopes of winning love and approval. *Codependents fear rejection, fear the unknown, and fear failure. *Codependent personality have many similarities to the cancerprone personality (Type C). * Type C people pleasing and emotionally repressed personality.

Fourth chakra

heart * Heart chakra * Most important energy center * Feelings of unresolved anger or expressions of conditional love work to congest the heart chakra, which has an affect on the heart * Meditation used to resolve anger and open the heart chakra and found to reverse coronary heart disease * Lungs, breasts, and esophagus, heart attacks, enlarged heart, asthma, allergies, lung cancer, bronchial difficulties, circulatory problems, and problems associated with upper back and shoulders

The Importance of Dreams

help you figure out problems, and creates situations that relive you of emotional factors. what people may really want • Dreams should be treated as fact. • Dreams have a definite idea expressed as symbols. • Dreams make sense when decoded properly. Jung was of the opinion that until the conscious mind can learn to speak the language of the unconscious mind (through the interpretation of dreams, symbols, etc.) there would always be psychic tension (stress) in the individual.

The Path of M. Scott Peck

psychiatrist who counseled clients with neurotic and psychotic disorders became aware of commonality among patients. Created hierarchical stages of spiritual growth. *Psychiatrist that counseled clients with neurotic and psychotic disorders. *Absence or immaturity of spiritual development. *He developed the road to spiritual development. *Peck's Stages of Human Spiritual Growth 1. Chaotic antisocial individual undeveloped spirituality, spiritual absence or bankruptcy * Children * Drug or alcohol addiction * Codependency * Poor relationships with self & others * Avoid self-awareness * Absence of purpose/meaning of life * Some people remain in this stage their whole lives *Peck's Stages of Human Spiritual Growth 2. Formal-institutional individual institution * Provide structure * Offer rules/guidelines * Young people enter this stage through family * Many people stay in this stage for the rest of their lives *Peck's Stages of Human Spiritual Growth 3. Skeptical individual when a person questions the rules to be part of a church * Many leave the church * Crucial stage for spiritual development * College students reach this stage after they find beliefs they were raised on no longer seem adequate *Peck's Stages of Human Spiritual Growth 4. Mystic-communal involvement there are questions that have no answers * Many stressful situations cause individuals to focus on the external side of God * Leads to slipping back to stage 2 or 3

First Chakra

root *Root chakra (base of the spine) *Associated with issues of safety and security *Related to connectedness to earth and feelings of roundedness *Tied to reproductive system, hip joints, lower back, and pelvic area *Low back pain, sciatica, rectal difficulties, some cancers

Second Chakra

sacral * Sacral chakra *Associated sex organs and personal power (business and social relationships) *Related to emotional feelings associated with issues of sexuality and self-worth *Obsessiveness with material gain is thought to be a means to compensate for low self-worth * Menstrual difficulties, infertility, vaginal infections, ovarian cysts, impotency, low-back pain, sexual dysfunctions, slipped disks, and bladder and urinary infections

A spiritual hunger?

searching or longing for that which cannot be attained by traditional religious practices *It times of crisis and uncertainty people seek help from a divine source. *Many times they take refuge in their religious traditions. * Fastest growing religious group in the US * Not religious/no church affiliation * Under 35 * Some identify as atheists/ agnostics * Majority identify as spiritual (but not religious) * Fewer millennial's affiliate with a church * Fewer return after they marry & raise their own family *Many people don't feel a loyalty to one religion *People seek host of sacred traditions *Blend various to form own path *Ex.: Catholics that practice Buddhist meditation • Spiritual Bankruptcy • Spiritual Dormancy

Third Chakra

solar plexus * Solar plexus chakra *Upper stomach region * Feeds into the organs of the gastrointestinal track, including the abdomen, small intestine, colon, gallbladders, kidneys, liver, pancreas, adrenal glands, and spleen *Associated with selfconfidence, self-respect, and empowerment *Gut feeling (intuition) * Blockages related to ulcers, cancerous tumors, diabetes, hepatitis, anorexia, bulimia, and all stomach-related problems

The Path of Joseph Campbell

study of mythology. Pattern in hero's journey parallel to own: 1. Departure: severance, separation. 2. Initiation: road of trials, symbols of fear. 3. Return: aka incorporation, hero must return home and everyone benefits from his wisdom The Hero's Journey 1. The Departure 2. The Initiation 3. The Return Home

Fifth chakra

throat * Above and connected to the throat * Associated with the thyroid, parathyroid glands, mouth, vocal chords, and trachea. * The development of personal expression, creativity, purpose in life, and will-power * Result in chronic sore throat problems, temporomandibular joint dysfunction, throat and mouth cancers, stiffness in the neck area, thyroid dysfunction, migraines, and cancerous tumors in this region * Self-expression and creativity are essential to one's health status * Inability to express one's feelings closes of energy needed to sustain the health of this region

The American Paradox

the contemporary situation where we have material abundance co-occurring with social recession and psychological depression *Are we better off than we were? *Materially—Yes! *Morally- No! *On the one hand we have material abundance, but on the other hand we have social regression and psychological depression. *There are high rates of divorce, suicide, depression, and conflict. *Significant numbers of non-marital births, abusive families, teenage criminals, and poverty of the spirit. *Community ties have decreased and happiness has not increased. *We have more sexual partners and more sexual diseases. *More freedom and more disillusionment. *More gadgets and more therapists. *Are we happy yet? *To address this paradox, Myers et al., recommends: *Altruism *Fidelity *Family *Community *Spirituality * Which they believe will lead to fulfillment

In the Will to Meaning video shown in class what are the three steps of logo therapy discussed?

the need to find a suitable meaning and purpose for one's life. Will to meaning is the basis and fundamental motivation of logotherapy, a technique for addressing problems related to the experience of meaninglessness. See existential vacuum. *1. Distance from symptoms *2. Modification of unhealthy attitudes *3. Reduction of symptoms *4. Orientation towards new meaning

Positive Psychology

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive 1. Positive Emotions 2. Positive Personality Traits 3. Positive Institutions "The Constitution only gives you the right to pursue happiness. You have to catch it yourself." — Ben Franklin

Psychoneuroimmunology

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health *The study of the effects of stress on disease: *treats the mind *CNS *immune system as one interrelated unit

Survivor Personality

the traits that comprise a unique winning attitude to overcome adversity and challenges, no matter what the odds may be, so that one comes out the victor, not the victim Biphasic Personality Traits *Responds rather than reacts to danger *Traits of a survivor personality include: 1. Acceptance 2. Optimism 3. Creative problem solving *This personality integrates intuition, acceptance, faith, judgment and organization *Uses both the right and left sides of the brain *Most important trait is mental flexibility *Beyond the will to survive you need: *Intellectual flexibility *3 ways to cope in crisis include: 1. Leave the environment 2. Change the environment 3. Change your attitude *Not determined by genetic makeup *Traits can be learned and practiced by anyone

Know Freud's theory of id, ego, superego, stages of psychosexual development, and defense mechanisms

to protect against threats, to increase pleasure, and to decrease pain -Freud believed that there is always tension within each individual as the ego is responsible for controlling the impulses from the id • To protect against threats (it's the ego that signals the fight or flight response) • To increase pleasure • To decrease pain Freud believed that there is always tension within each individual as the ego is responsible for controlling the impulses from the id. the part of a person's mind that acts as a self-critical conscience, reflecting social standards learned from parents and teachers An erogenous zone is characterized as an area of the body that is particularly sensitive to stimulation. The five psychosexual stages are the oral, the anal, the phallic, the latent, and the genital. The erogenous zone associated with each stage serves as a source of pleasure. • Defense mechanisms are used in response to feelings of anger and fear (stress). • Each defense mechanism is a camouflage of reality. • They are used unconsciously. • We use more than one at a time. • Over protection can be as dangerous as under protection. 1. Denial 2. Repression 3. Projection 4. Displacement 5. Rationalization 6. Humor

The path of Hildegard von Bingen

visionary, poet, composer, healer, artist, saint and had first vision at age eight. Her writings describes visions and dynamic tension between light and dark and the work of holy spirit. Her message that there is a holistic nature to the universe. Body resides in soul. *Woman who lived in Germany *She was a visionary, poet, composer, healer, artist, and saint *8 years old when she experienced 1st vision of light, followed by illness *There is a holistic nature to the universe, just as there is a holistic nature to humanity *The universe is an essential part to be found within each individual. Held an appreciation for the mystical aspects of life.

PNI Research Studies

• Academic stress lowers saliva immunoglobin. (Jermott et al., 1983) • Academic stress lowers lymphocytes in medical students. (Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 1984) • Stress retards the healing process of wounds. (Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 1993) • Stress (bereavement) lowers lymphocyte response. (Schleifer, 1983) • Chronic Stress accelerated the aging process. (Keicolt-Glaser et al., 2003)

Some Theoretical Common Ground

• Defenses of emotional stress • Increasing self-awareness to resolve issues

Jung's Perspective on the Mind

• Individuation • Introvert/Extrovert • Archetypes • The Shadow • Midlife Crisis • Synchronicity

Be familiar with Jung's concept of collective unconscious, archetypes, shadow, etc.

• Individuation • Introvert/Extrovert • Archetypes • The Shadow • Midlife Crisis • Synchronicity help you figure out problems, and creates situations that relive you of emotional factors. what people may really want • Dreams should be treated as fact. • Dreams have a definite idea expressed as symbols. • Dreams make sense when decoded properly. Jung was of the opinion that until the conscious mind can learn to speak the language of the unconscious mind (through the interpretation of dreams, symbols, etc.) there would always be psychic tension (stress) in the individual. Carl Jung identified four main archetypes—the persona, the shadow, the anima or animus and the self. These are a result of collective, shared ancestral memories that may persist in art, literature and religion but aren't obvious to the eye. These recurring themes help us understand the Jungian archetypes. In analytical psychology, the shadow is an unconscious aspect of the personality that does not correspond with the ego ideal, leading the ego to resist and project the shadow. In short, the shadow is the self's emotional blind spot, projected; e.g., trickster. *Tried to understand the spiritual nature of humanity. *He said there was a spiritual element to human nature. *His work has given impetus to transpersonal psychology. *Study of relationship between the mind and soul *Dreams emerged as crystal-clear predictions of circumstances yet to come. *He said there is no such thing as a coincidence, everything is connected. *Jung said every crisis a person experiences over the age of 30 is spiritual in nature. *Sickness is a result of not being whole—never connecting with the divine qualities of the unconscious mind to clarify values and gain focus of one's life's meaning. *Jung said there is a characteristic of the personality called the shadow that individuals keep hidden, even from themselves, but that they usually project onto other people. *Individuals to come to terms with several issues that form the undercurrents for stress in their own lives so that they may become whole. *Jung believed that as technology and materialism increased, people would spend less and less time cultivating their inner selves. • Transpersonal Psychology • Psychospirituality • Synchronicity • Archetypes • Collective Unconscious

The Path of Albert Einstein

• Light • Energy • Non-locality

Stress and Type II Diabetes

• Stress increases serum blood sugar levels. • Emotional problems serve as a distraction to proper self-care behaviors (e.g., poor monitoring of blood sugar levels, no time for exercise, poor eating habits, increased alcohol consumption. • The American Diabetics Association recommends effective stress management therapies (coping and relaxation techniques) for all people with Type II Diabetes. Effective coping skills and relaxation techniques for stress management offer a means to return to "homeostasis" for optimal health. *Association between emotional stress and type 2 diabetes. *Stress response, blood sugar levels increase *Emotional problems distraction to self-care