Structural
Live Loads
Usually specified as uniformly distributed surface loads in kilopascals.
Roofs
Shall be designed for the unit live loads.
24.0 kN/m3
Unit weight of reinforced concrete.
Strap Footing
Type of combined footing, consisting of two or more column footings connected by a concrete beam.
Shear
Unaligned forces pushing one part of a body in one direction and another part of the body in the opposite direction.
77.0 kN/m3
Unit weight of structural steel.
6.3 kN/m3
Unit weight of wood.
Frames
Used as supporting structures in airplanes, ships, aerospace vehicles and other aerospace and mechanical applications.
15 seconds (every 0.6m)
Used of concrete vibrator.
Dead Loads
Weights of frames, framing and bracing systems, floors, roofs, ceilings, walls, stairways, heating and air-conditioning systems, plumbing, electrical system, etc.
Beam-Column
When straight/vertical member is subjected to lateral loads and/or moments in addition to axial loads.
Elongate or Shorten
When the loads are applied to a truss only at joints, its members either __________.
0.50 kPa
Wind load used in design of the main wind-force resisting system shall not be less than __________.
Columns and Arches
Example of compression structures.
Cable structures
Example of tension structures.
Membrane structures such as tents
Example of tension structures.
Vertical Rod used as hangers such as support to balconies or tanks
Example of tension structures.
Projectile
Any object thrown into space by the exertion of a force. Although any object in motion through space (for example a thrown baseball)
Continuos
A beam extending over more than 2 supports in order to develop greater rigidity and smaller moments than a series of simple beams having similar spans and loading.
Moment Diagram
A bending moment that produces moment that produces a convex curvature at a section of a structure.
Bending Structures
A category of structures develop mainly bending stresses under action of external loads.
Compression Structures
A category of structures develop mainly compressive stresses under the action of external loads.
Shear Structures
A category of structures such as reinforced shear walls, are used in multi-storey buildings to reduce lateral movements due to wind loads and earthquake excitations.
Tension Structures
A category of structures that members are subjected to pure tension under the action of external loads.
Trusses
A category of structurses composed of straight members connected at their end s by hinged connections to form a stable configuration.
Arch
A curved and rigid structure, with a shape similar to an inverted cable. Frequently used to support bridges and long-span roofs.
Shear Diagram
A graphic representation of the variation in magnitude of external shears present in structure.
Positive Shear
A net resultant of shearfumes that acts vertically upward on the left part of the structure.
Flat Slab
A reinforced concrete slab supported directly by concrte columns without the use of beams.
Camber
A slight convex curvature intentionally built into beam, girder or truss to compemsate for an anticipated deflection.
Beam
A straight member that is loaded perpendicular to its longitudinal axis.
Tension
A stretching force pulling at both ends of a component or structure along its length.
Analytical Model
Accurately as practically possible, the behavioral characteristics of the structure of interest of the analyst, while discarding much of the detail about the mwmbers, connections, and so on.
Hydrostatic Pressure
Acts normal to the submerged surface of the steucture, with its magnitude varying linearly with height.
Middle
Allowable splicing of column.
Columns
Are vertical members subjected to axially compressove loads.
Rigid Body
Basic requirement for the study of the me hanics of deformable bodies and the mechanics of fluids (advanced courses).
Dead Loads
Consists of the weights of all permanently structural and nonstructural components of a building and of all other material and equipment permanently attacjed to the structural system.
Hinged Support
Can prevent translation but permit rotation
Roller or Link Support
Can prevent translation in only one direction.
Beams, Rigid Frames, Slabs and Plates
Classified as bending structures.
Long Column
Column with the ration of the effective length to its least lateral dimensikn exceeds 12.
Structural Steel and Reinforced Concrete Frames
Commonly used in multi-storey buildings, bridges and industrial plants.
Rigid Frames
Composed of straight members connected together either by rigid (moment-resisting) connections or by hinged connections to form stable configurations.
Arch
Example of compression structures.
1/3 to 1/4
Cut of column pouring.
Shear Structures
Develop mainly in-plane shear, with relatively small bending stresses under the action of external loads.
Isolated
Footings that are most commonly used footing for reinforced cement concrete columns because it is simple and most economical.
Structural Analysis
Is the prediction of the performance of a given structure under prescribed loads and/or external effects.
Structural Enginnering
Is the science and.art of planning, designing and construcring safe and economical structures that will serve their intended purposes.
Inflection Point
It is a point in a beam or column where there is no or zero moment developed.
Reaction
Reactive force devwloped by a body on which a force or system of force acts.
Roof Live Load
Load of structures that are determined by roof slope and tributary area.
Dead Loads
Load of structures that gravity loads of constant magnitudes and fixed positions that act permanently on the structure.
Earthquake Loads
Load of structures that is a sudden undulation of a portion of the earth's surface.
Hydrostatic and Soil Pressures
Load of structures that used to retain water, such as dams and tanks, as well as coastal structures partially of fully submerged in water must be designed to resist hydrostatic pressure.
Live Loads
Load of structures that varying magnitudes and/or positions caused by the uss of the structure.
Wind Loads
Loads of structures that produced by the flow of wind around the structure.
1.5 metres
Maximum allowable height of concrete mix without using machine.
2 1/2 minutes
Maximum operation of slump test.
100mm
Maximum slump for beams and reinforced walls.
100mm
Maximum slump for building columns.
75mm
Maximum slump for mass concrete mix.
75mm
Maximum slump for pavements and slabs.
75mm
Maximum slump for plain footings, caissons and substructure walls.
75mm
Maximum slump for reinforced foundation walls and footings.
Curing of Concrete
Meet its desired strength and defined as providing adequate moisture.
Ideal Truss
Members are always either in uniform tension or in uniform compression.
25mm
Minimum slump for beams and reinforced walls.
25mm
Minimum slump for building columns.
25mm
Minimum slump for mass concrete mix.
25mm
Minimum slump for pavements and slabs.
25mm
Minimum slump for plain footings, caissons and substructure walls.
25mm
Minimum slump for reinforced foundation walls and footings.
Frames (e.g. trusses)
Most commonly used types of structures.
Water
Most important component in determining the strength of concrete.
Bracing
Necessary to provide to avoid failures whreas compression structures are susceptible to buckling or instability, the possibility of such failure should be considered to the design.
3
Number of reactions in a fixed end support.
1
Number of reactions on a roller support.
Analytical Model
One of the most important steps of the analysis process.
Elasticity
Property that enables deformity upon the force applied and recivers after removing such force.
Analytical Model
Simplified representation of a real structure for the purpose of analysis.
One-Way Slab
Slab is supported kn two opposite side only thus structural action is only at one direction.
4"x8"x12" 102mm x 204mm x 305mm
Slump test dimension.
Staggered
Splicing should be __________, and not be in one area.
Fixed Support
Support for plane structures which do not allow any movement.
Malleability
The ability to deform under compressive strength.
Strain
The deformation of a body under the action of applied force. It is the ratio of the change in size and shape to the original size and shape of the body.
Ultimate Strength
The maximum ordinate in the stress-strain diagram or also called as the tensile strength.
Yield Point
The point that which the material will have an appreciable elongation or yielding without any increase in load.
Elastic Range
The region from O to P.
Plastic Range
The region from P to R.
Modulus of Resilience
The work done on a unit volume of material as the force is gradually increased from O to P, in N•m/m3
Modulus of Toughness
The work done on a unit volume of material as the force is gradually increased from O to R, in N•m/m3
Centroid
Then center of mass of a geometric object of uniform density. Center of gravity of a plane area.
Howe Truss
Truss that is patented in 1840 by Massachusetts millwright William Howe, includes vertical members and diagonals that slope up towards the center.
Torsion
Twisting of an object due to an applied N•m
Wind-Tunnel Procedure
Wind-tunnel test or similar tests employing fluids other than air shall be used for the determination of design wind loads.