Structural

Live Loads

Usually specified as uniformly distributed surface loads in kilopascals.

Roofs

Shall be designed for the unit live loads.

24.0 kN/m3

Unit weight of reinforced concrete.

Strap Footing

Type of combined footing, consisting of two or more column footings connected by a concrete beam.

Shear

Unaligned forces pushing one part of a body in one direction and another part of the body in the opposite direction.

77.0 kN/m3

Unit weight of structural steel.

6.3 kN/m3

Unit weight of wood.

Frames

Used as supporting structures in airplanes, ships, aerospace vehicles and other aerospace and mechanical applications.

15 seconds (every 0.6m)

Used of concrete vibrator.

Dead Loads

Weights of frames, framing and bracing systems, floors, roofs, ceilings, walls, stairways, heating and air-conditioning systems, plumbing, electrical system, etc.

Beam-Column

When straight/vertical member is subjected to lateral loads and/or moments in addition to axial loads.

Elongate or Shorten

When the loads are applied to a truss only at joints, its members either __________.

0.50 kPa

Wind load used in design of the main wind-force resisting system shall not be less than __________.

Columns and Arches

Example of compression structures.

Cable structures

Example of tension structures.

Membrane structures such as tents

Example of tension structures.

Vertical Rod used as hangers such as support to balconies or tanks

Example of tension structures.

Projectile

Any object thrown into space by the exertion of a force. Although any object in motion through space (for example a thrown baseball)

Continuos

A beam extending over more than 2 supports in order to develop greater rigidity and smaller moments than a series of simple beams having similar spans and loading.

Moment Diagram

A bending moment that produces moment that produces a convex curvature at a section of a structure.

Bending Structures

A category of structures develop mainly bending stresses under action of external loads.

Compression Structures

A category of structures develop mainly compressive stresses under the action of external loads.

Shear Structures

A category of structures such as reinforced shear walls, are used in multi-storey buildings to reduce lateral movements due to wind loads and earthquake excitations.

Tension Structures

A category of structures that members are subjected to pure tension under the action of external loads.

Trusses

A category of structurses composed of straight members connected at their end s by hinged connections to form a stable configuration.

Arch

A curved and rigid structure, with a shape similar to an inverted cable. Frequently used to support bridges and long-span roofs.

Shear Diagram

A graphic representation of the variation in magnitude of external shears present in structure.

Positive Shear

A net resultant of shearfumes that acts vertically upward on the left part of the structure.

Flat Slab

A reinforced concrete slab supported directly by concrte columns without the use of beams.

Camber

A slight convex curvature intentionally built into beam, girder or truss to compemsate for an anticipated deflection.

Beam

A straight member that is loaded perpendicular to its longitudinal axis.

Tension

A stretching force pulling at both ends of a component or structure along its length.

Analytical Model

Accurately as practically possible, the behavioral characteristics of the structure of interest of the analyst, while discarding much of the detail about the mwmbers, connections, and so on.

Hydrostatic Pressure

Acts normal to the submerged surface of the steucture, with its magnitude varying linearly with height.

Middle

Allowable splicing of column.

Columns

Are vertical members subjected to axially compressove loads.

Rigid Body

Basic requirement for the study of the me hanics of deformable bodies and the mechanics of fluids (advanced courses).

Dead Loads

Consists of the weights of all permanently structural and nonstructural components of a building and of all other material and equipment permanently attacjed to the structural system.

Hinged Support

Can prevent translation but permit rotation

Roller or Link Support

Can prevent translation in only one direction.

Beams, Rigid Frames, Slabs and Plates

Classified as bending structures.

Long Column

Column with the ration of the effective length to its least lateral dimensikn exceeds 12.

Structural Steel and Reinforced Concrete Frames

Commonly used in multi-storey buildings, bridges and industrial plants.

Rigid Frames

Composed of straight members connected together either by rigid (moment-resisting) connections or by hinged connections to form stable configurations.

Arch

Example of compression structures.

1/3 to 1/4

Cut of column pouring.

Shear Structures

Develop mainly in-plane shear, with relatively small bending stresses under the action of external loads.

Isolated

Footings that are most commonly used footing for reinforced cement concrete columns because it is simple and most economical.

Structural Analysis

Is the prediction of the performance of a given structure under prescribed loads and/or external effects.

Structural Enginnering

Is the science and.art of planning, designing and construcring safe and economical structures that will serve their intended purposes.

Inflection Point

It is a point in a beam or column where there is no or zero moment developed.

Reaction

Reactive force devwloped by a body on which a force or system of force acts.

Roof Live Load

Load of structures that are determined by roof slope and tributary area.

Dead Loads

Load of structures that gravity loads of constant magnitudes and fixed positions that act permanently on the structure.

Earthquake Loads

Load of structures that is a sudden undulation of a portion of the earth's surface.

Hydrostatic and Soil Pressures

Load of structures that used to retain water, such as dams and tanks, as well as coastal structures partially of fully submerged in water must be designed to resist hydrostatic pressure.

Live Loads

Load of structures that varying magnitudes and/or positions caused by the uss of the structure.

Wind Loads

Loads of structures that produced by the flow of wind around the structure.

1.5 metres

Maximum allowable height of concrete mix without using machine.

2 1/2 minutes

Maximum operation of slump test.

100mm

Maximum slump for beams and reinforced walls.

100mm

Maximum slump for building columns.

75mm

Maximum slump for mass concrete mix.

75mm

Maximum slump for pavements and slabs.

75mm

Maximum slump for plain footings, caissons and substructure walls.

75mm

Maximum slump for reinforced foundation walls and footings.

Curing of Concrete

Meet its desired strength and defined as providing adequate moisture.

Ideal Truss

Members are always either in uniform tension or in uniform compression.

25mm

Minimum slump for beams and reinforced walls.

25mm

Minimum slump for building columns.

25mm

Minimum slump for mass concrete mix.

25mm

Minimum slump for pavements and slabs.

25mm

Minimum slump for plain footings, caissons and substructure walls.

25mm

Minimum slump for reinforced foundation walls and footings.

Frames (e.g. trusses)

Most commonly used types of structures.

Water

Most important component in determining the strength of concrete.

Bracing

Necessary to provide to avoid failures whreas compression structures are susceptible to buckling or instability, the possibility of such failure should be considered to the design.

3

Number of reactions in a fixed end support.

1

Number of reactions on a roller support.

Analytical Model

One of the most important steps of the analysis process.

Elasticity

Property that enables deformity upon the force applied and recivers after removing such force.

Analytical Model

Simplified representation of a real structure for the purpose of analysis.

One-Way Slab

Slab is supported kn two opposite side only thus structural action is only at one direction.

4"x8"x12" 102mm x 204mm x 305mm

Slump test dimension.

Staggered

Splicing should be __________, and not be in one area.

Fixed Support

Support for plane structures which do not allow any movement.

Malleability

The ability to deform under compressive strength.

Strain

The deformation of a body under the action of applied force. It is the ratio of the change in size and shape to the original size and shape of the body.

Ultimate Strength

The maximum ordinate in the stress-strain diagram or also called as the tensile strength.

Yield Point

The point that which the material will have an appreciable elongation or yielding without any increase in load.

Elastic Range

The region from O to P.

Plastic Range

The region from P to R.

Modulus of Resilience

The work done on a unit volume of material as the force is gradually increased from O to P, in N•m/m3

Modulus of Toughness

The work done on a unit volume of material as the force is gradually increased from O to R, in N•m/m3

Centroid

Then center of mass of a geometric object of uniform density. Center of gravity of a plane area.

Howe Truss

Truss that is patented in 1840 by Massachusetts millwright William Howe, includes vertical members and diagonals that slope up towards the center.

Torsion

Twisting of an object due to an applied N•m

Wind-Tunnel Procedure

Wind-tunnel test or similar tests employing fluids other than air shall be used for the determination of design wind loads.