STUDY FOR A&P 2 PRETEST 5
Marissa is an avid marathon runner, and she trains incessantly. She has slimmed down so that she is now underweight for her height and has very little fat tissue. One would expect Marissa to
be amenorrheic (have no monthly menstrual flow).
Emission
begins with peristaltic contractions of the ductus deferens
Steroid hormones
bind to intracellular receptors
The release of parathyroid hormone is controlled by
blood calcium ion levels
The largest division of the uterus is the ________.
body
The small, paired glands at the base of the penis that produce a lubricating secretion are the
bulbourethral glands
An important second messenger in hormonal action is
cAMP
Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to decreased levels of calcium ions in the blood.
calcitonin
Generally, the actions of hormones
can produce complex changes in physical structure and physiological changes
The anterior enlargement of erectile tissue in females is known as the
clitoris
The female structure that is derived from the same embryonic structures as the penis in males is the
clitoris
Insulin causes
conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles.
The ________ is a layer of follicle cells that surrounds the oocyte on day 14 of a 28-day cycle.
corona radiata
The anterior surface of the flaccid (nonerect) penis covers two cylindrical columns of erectile tissues called (the)
corpora cavernosa
Unless fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum becomes scar tissue, which is known as the ________.
corpus albicans
The portion of erectile tissue that surrounds the urethra is the
corpus spongiosum
Cells of the adrenal cortex produce
corticosteroids
One adrenal hormone that affects glucose metabolism is
cortisol
Thyroid hormone insufficiency in infancy results in which of the following?
cretinism
_______ is characterized by failure of the testes to descend into the scrotum by the time of birth.
cryptorchidism
Which of the following could cause ineffective synthesis of calcitriol?
decreased availability of vitamin D3
This condition develops when the posterior pituitary no longer releases adequate amounts of ADH
diabetes insipidus
Oogenesis begins
during embryonic development
The hormone that dominates during the Alarm Phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) is
epinephrine
The hormone that is released by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in kidney tissues is
erythropoietin
"Hot flashes" in menopause typically begin while levels of ________ are declining
estrogen
The hormone responsible for the development and maintenance of female secondary sexual characteristics is
estrogen
Just prior to menses
estrogen and progesterone levels drop
Diabetes insipidus is caused by
failure of the kidneys to respond to ADH
Identify the notable risk factor associated with breast cancer.
family history of breast cancer
Which of the following primarily targets the gonads (ovaries and testes)?
follicle-stimulating hormone
The increase in FSH that occurs by day 5 of the ovarian cycle triggers
formation of a tertiary follicle
The shallow recess surrounding the cervical protrusion is known as the
fornix
The alpha cells of the pancreas produce
glucagon
When blood glucose levels fall,
glucagon is released
The hormones that dominate during the Resistance Phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) are the
glucocorticoids
During female sexual arousal, the ________, which resemble the male bulbo-urethral glands, discharge their secretions near the vaginal entrance.
greater vestibular glands
In the simplest case, endocrine activity may be controlled by changes in the extracellular fluid composition called ________ stimuli.
humoral
Hypothalamic signals reach the anterior pituitary through the
hypophyseal portal system
The chief cells of the parathyroid glands produce a hormone that
increases the level of calcium ions in body fluids
Male ejaculation occurs as powerful, rhythmic contractions appear in which of the following muscles?
ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus
Which of the following is(are) described as an adipose-containing, fleshy structure that encircles and partially conceals external genital structures?
labia majora
In the mammary glands, 15 to 30 of these expanded chambers open onto the surface of each nipple.
lactiferous sinuses
Pelvic inflammatory disease
may result from invasion of the region by bacteria normally found within the vagina
Which of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative?
melatonin
The first uterine cycle occurs with the
menarche
The time in which ovulation and menstruation cease is called ________.
menopause
Aldosterone is the principal ________.
mineralocorticoid
The outer zone of the adrenal cortex produces
mineralocorticoids
Marissa has had her thyroid gland removed because of a malignant tumor. She takes synthetic thyroid hormone to replace the thyroxine that her thyroid gland would have produced, but she is worried about her blood calcium. Does she need to worry about this problem?
no, as long as she still has functional parathyroid glands she will maintain proper levels of calcium
Capacitation
occurs after spermatozoa mix with secretions of the seminal glands
Contraction of the cremaster muscle
occurs when the testes are suddenly exposed to a cold environment
The female gonad is called a(n) ________.
ovary
The posterior pituitary gland secretes
oxytocin(OT)
In females, engorgement of the erectile tissues of the clitoris is due to ________.
parasympathetic activation
The process of arousal is under the control of
parasympathetic nervous system
The hormone that causes the activation of osteoclasts is
parathyroid hormone
The hormone that inhibits osteoblasts is
parathyroid hormone
Which of the following hormones bind to membrane receptors and activate G-proteins?
peptide hormones
Spermatozoa are moved along the ductus deferens by
peristaltic contractions
The fact that epinephrine has no apparent effect on energy consumption unless thyroid hormones are present in normal concentrations is an example of a(n)
permissive effect
Melatonin is the hormone produced by the ________.
pineal gland
Excessive urine production, which is a characteristic symptom of all forms of diabetes, is known as
polyuria
The phase of the uterine cycle that begins in the days following the completion of menses as the surviving epithelial cells multiply and spread across the surface of the endometrium is the ________ phase.
proliferative
Hypothalamic hormones that stimulate the synthesis and secretion of one or more hormones in the anterior lobe are called
releasing hormones
The endocrine system
relies on the release of chemicals that bind to target cells
Slender, tightly coiled tubules originate at the seminiferous tubules and form a maze of passageways called the
rete testis
The ovary does not release a mature gamete. Instead, a ________ is released.
secondary oocyte
Which of the following begins at ovulation and persists as long as the corpus luteum remains intact?
secretory phase
The ejaculatory duct in males is produced by the junction of the ductus deferens with the ________.
seminal gland duct
The tubular gland that produces a secretion that contains fructose, is slightly alkaline, and contributes about 60 percent to the volume of the semen is the
seminal vesicle
The vagina
serves as a passageway for the elimination of menstrual fluids
Undifferentiated spermatogenic stem cells are called
spermatogonia
The physical maturation of sperm is called ________.
spermiogenesis
Which of the following hormones enter a cell by diffusion?
steroid hormones
The role of the pituitary hormone LH in males is to
stimulate the interstitial cells to produce testosterone
The subsidence, known as detumescence in the male, is mediated by the ________.
sympathetic nervous system
Peripheral structures sensitive to the presence of hormones are called ________.
target cells
The primary organ(s) of the male reproductive system is(are) the ________.
testes
Hormone-producing cells of the testes produce
testosterone
Interstitial cells produce
testosterone
The hormone responsible for initiating a male's sexual maturation and the appearance of secondary sex characteristics is
testosterone
The most important androgen is ________.
testosterone
The following is a list of structures of the male reproductive tract. 1 - ductus deferens 2 - urethra 3 - ejaculatory duct 4 - epididymis The correct order in which spermatozoa pass through these structures from the testes to the penis is
....
The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids is
ACTH
The pituitary hormone that stimulates spermatogenesis is
FSH
Which of the following hormones requires a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus in order to be released?
FSH
As in males, ________ from the hypothalamus regulates reproductive function in females; however, its levels change throughout the ovarian cycle.
GnRH
A massive release, or surge, of ________ from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland triggers ovulation.
LH
The pituitary hormone that promotes testosterone release in males and ovulation in females is
LH
Which anterior pituitary lobe hormone targets the interstitial cells of the testes?
LH
Which of the following hormones is secreted by the human pituitary during fetal development in very young children and in pregnant women, but is not usually found in adults?
MSH
Choose the correct statement regarding semen.
NOT seminal fluid contains a prostatic enzyme, which functions in liquefying clotted semen
The average length of the uterine (menstrual) cycle is ________ days.
28
Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids causes
Cushing's disease
Regarding hormones and body temperature, which statement is true?
During the follicular phase, when estrogen is the dominant hormone, the resting body temperature is 0.3C lower than it is during the luteal phase.
Two hormones referred to as gonadotropins are
FSH and LH
The pituitary hormone that stimulates the breakdown of stored fats and the release of fatty acids into the bloods is
GH
Which statement regarding growth hormone (GH) is true?
GH stimulates the breakdown of stored fats and the release of fatty acids into the blood
Which statement is true regarding steroid hormones?
They can alter the rate of mRNA transcription
Increased sodium ion concentrations in the body can be caused by which adrenal hormone?
aldosterone
In adult males, the testes secrete ________.
androgens
The interstitial cells of the testes secrete which reproductive hormone(s)?
androgens
To become active, motile, and fully functional, sperm cells must undergo the process of ________.
capacitation
The tubular structure of the uterus that projects a short distance into the vagina is called the
cervix
All hormones are
chemical messengers
Peptide hormones are
composed of chains of amino acids
The muscle in the wall of the scrotum is the
dartos muscle
The inner lining of the uterus is called the ________.
endometrium
Which uterine layer consists of a superficial functional zone and a deeper basilar zone?
endometrium
Maturing spermatozoa are stored primarily in the
epididymis
One hormone that is released from the adrenal medulla is
epinephrine
Menopause is accompanied by a decline in ________.
estrogen and progesterone
The secretion of the seminal vesicles contains ________, which forms a temporary semen clot within the vagina after ejaculation.
fibrinogen
The ________ are finger-like projections at the end of the uterine tube.
fimbriae
Hormones from the ________, which travel in the hypophyseal portal vessels, alter the activity of the anterior pituitary.
hypothalamus
The highest level of endocrine control is provided by the
hypothalamus
Where are the hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary made?
hypothalamus
The hormone secreted by the pancreatic alpha cells would result in ________.
increased synthesis and release of glucose by the liver
As secondary follicles develop, FSH levels decline due to the negative feedback effects of which hormone?
inhibin
Which of the following hormones is/are produced by both the testes and the ovaries?
inhibin
Which of the following is the pancreatic hormone that is released when blood glucose levels rise?
insulin
In females, mammary glands are specialized organs of the ________ system that are controlled by hormones of the reproductive system
integumentary
The nervous system
is ideal for crisis management
The hormone oxytocin
is involved in the milk "letdown" reflex
Menstruation
is the process of shedding of tissue until the entire functional zone has been lost
Female orgasm is accompanied by peristaltic contractions of the uterine and vaginal walls and by rhythmic contractions of which of the following muscles?
ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus
Cyclic AMP often causes activation of
kinase enzymes
During the Resistance Phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome, which hormones are responsible for maintaining blood volume and the conservation of salts and water?
mineralocorticoids (with ADH)
Both centrioles of the spermatid are found in the ________.
neck
Hormone concentration levels are most commonly controlled by
negative feedback
The hypothalamus transports hormones to the posterior pituitary by way of
neural axons, directly
Parasympathetic innervation of the penile arteries involves neurons that release ________ at their synaptic terminals.
nitric oxide
What is the function of the gonads?
produce gametes and produce hormones
Preparation of the uterus for implantation results from stimulation by
progesterone
The most commonly prescribed oral contraceptives use small amounts of estrogen, or only
progesterone
The principal hormone secreted by the corpus luteum, which prepares the uterus for pregnancy, is
progesterone
The proliferative phase of the uterine cycle continues until rising ________ levels mark the arrival of the secretory phase.
progesterone
Seminalplasmin, an antibiotic that may help prevent urinary tract infections in males, is present in fluid secretions from the ________.
prostate gland
Sperm production occurs in the
seminiferous tubules
The process of emission is under the control of
the sympathetic nervous system
Which hormone(s) play(s) a key role in the development and maintenance of normal immune defenses?
thymosins
Normal production of hormones from which gland establishes the background notes of cellular metabolism?
thyroid
Which endocrine gland stores its hormone in follicle cavities?
thyroid
Hormones from which of the following glands are responsible for the calorigenic effect?
thyroid gland
Hormones produced by the ________ are derived from molecules to which iodine atoms have been attached.
thyroid gland
Triiodothyronine is a hormone secreted by the
thyroid gland
Each testis is wrapped in a dense fibrous capsule called the ________.
tunica albuginea
Thyroid hormones are derived from the amino acid
tyrosine
During the secretory phase of the uterine (menstrual) cycle,
uterine glands enlarge
The organ that provides mechanical protection and nutritional support for the developing embryo is the
uterus
Another name for antidiuretic hormone is
vasopressin
The zone of the adrenal cortex closest to the capsule is the
zona glomerulosa
The hormone leptin is secreted by (the) ________.
adipose tissue
Cessation of the normal adult menstrual cycle for six months or more is termed
amenorrhea
Which of the following are sex hormones that are produced by the adrenal cortex?
androgens
Target cells of hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones are located in the
anterior pituitary
Which of the following is released by the posterior pituitary?
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Steroid hormones
are structurally similar to cholesterol
The reddish brown skin that surrounds the nipple is called the
areola
Spermatogenesis begins
at puberty
Which hormone's secretion promotes the loss of sodium ions and water by the kidneys and inhibits renin release?
atrial natriuretic peptide
During the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle, LH levels remain elevated for ________, long enough to stimulate the formation of a functional corpus luteum.
2 days
The fluids contributed by the seminiferous tubules and epididymis account for about how much of the volume of semen?
5%
The vestibule is
a central space surrounded by the labia minora
When a protein or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell,
a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm