STUDY FOR A&P 2 PRETEST 5

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Marissa is an avid marathon runner, and she trains incessantly. She has slimmed down so that she is now underweight for her height and has very little fat tissue. One would expect Marissa to

be amenorrheic (have no monthly menstrual flow).

Emission

begins with peristaltic contractions of the ductus deferens

Steroid hormones

bind to intracellular receptors

The release of parathyroid hormone is controlled by

blood calcium ion levels

The largest division of the uterus is the ________.

body

The small, paired glands at the base of the penis that produce a lubricating secretion are the

bulbourethral glands

An important second messenger in hormonal action is

cAMP

Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to decreased levels of calcium ions in the blood.

calcitonin

Generally, the actions of hormones

can produce complex changes in physical structure and physiological changes

The anterior enlargement of erectile tissue in females is known as the

clitoris

The female structure that is derived from the same embryonic structures as the penis in males is the

clitoris

Insulin causes

conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles.

The ________ is a layer of follicle cells that surrounds the oocyte on day 14 of a 28-day cycle.

corona radiata

The anterior surface of the flaccid (nonerect) penis covers two cylindrical columns of erectile tissues called (the)

corpora cavernosa

Unless fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum becomes scar tissue, which is known as the ________.

corpus albicans

The portion of erectile tissue that surrounds the urethra is the

corpus spongiosum

Cells of the adrenal cortex produce

corticosteroids

One adrenal hormone that affects glucose metabolism is

cortisol

Thyroid hormone insufficiency in infancy results in which of the following?

cretinism

_______ is characterized by failure of the testes to descend into the scrotum by the time of birth.

cryptorchidism

Which of the following could cause ineffective synthesis of calcitriol?

decreased availability of vitamin D3

This condition develops when the posterior pituitary no longer releases adequate amounts of ADH

diabetes insipidus

Oogenesis begins

during embryonic development

The hormone that dominates during the Alarm Phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) is

epinephrine

The hormone that is released by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in kidney tissues is

erythropoietin

"Hot flashes" in menopause typically begin while levels of ________ are declining

estrogen

The hormone responsible for the development and maintenance of female secondary sexual characteristics is

estrogen

Just prior to menses

estrogen and progesterone levels drop

Diabetes insipidus is caused by

failure of the kidneys to respond to ADH

Identify the notable risk factor associated with breast cancer.

family history of breast cancer

Which of the following primarily targets the gonads (ovaries and testes)?

follicle-stimulating hormone

The increase in FSH that occurs by day 5 of the ovarian cycle triggers

formation of a tertiary follicle

The shallow recess surrounding the cervical protrusion is known as the

fornix

The alpha cells of the pancreas produce

glucagon

When blood glucose levels fall,

glucagon is released

The hormones that dominate during the Resistance Phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) are the

glucocorticoids

During female sexual arousal, the ________, which resemble the male bulbo-urethral glands, discharge their secretions near the vaginal entrance.

greater vestibular glands

In the simplest case, endocrine activity may be controlled by changes in the extracellular fluid composition called ________ stimuli.

humoral

Hypothalamic signals reach the anterior pituitary through the

hypophyseal portal system

The chief cells of the parathyroid glands produce a hormone that

increases the level of calcium ions in body fluids

Male ejaculation occurs as powerful, rhythmic contractions appear in which of the following muscles?

ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus

Which of the following is(are) described as an adipose-containing, fleshy structure that encircles and partially conceals external genital structures?

labia majora

In the mammary glands, 15 to 30 of these expanded chambers open onto the surface of each nipple.

lactiferous sinuses

Pelvic inflammatory disease

may result from invasion of the region by bacteria normally found within the vagina

Which of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative?

melatonin

The first uterine cycle occurs with the

menarche

The time in which ovulation and menstruation cease is called ________.

menopause

Aldosterone is the principal ________.

mineralocorticoid

The outer zone of the adrenal cortex produces

mineralocorticoids

Marissa has had her thyroid gland removed because of a malignant tumor. She takes synthetic thyroid hormone to replace the thyroxine that her thyroid gland would have produced, but she is worried about her blood calcium. Does she need to worry about this problem?

no, as long as she still has functional parathyroid glands she will maintain proper levels of calcium

Capacitation

occurs after spermatozoa mix with secretions of the seminal glands

Contraction of the cremaster muscle

occurs when the testes are suddenly exposed to a cold environment

The female gonad is called a(n) ________.

ovary

The posterior pituitary gland secretes

oxytocin(OT)

In females, engorgement of the erectile tissues of the clitoris is due to ________.

parasympathetic activation

The process of arousal is under the control of

parasympathetic nervous system

The hormone that causes the activation of osteoclasts is

parathyroid hormone

The hormone that inhibits osteoblasts is

parathyroid hormone

Which of the following hormones bind to membrane receptors and activate G-proteins?

peptide hormones

Spermatozoa are moved along the ductus deferens by

peristaltic contractions

The fact that epinephrine has no apparent effect on energy consumption unless thyroid hormones are present in normal concentrations is an example of a(n)

permissive effect

Melatonin is the hormone produced by the ________.

pineal gland

Excessive urine production, which is a characteristic symptom of all forms of diabetes, is known as

polyuria

The phase of the uterine cycle that begins in the days following the completion of menses as the surviving epithelial cells multiply and spread across the surface of the endometrium is the ________ phase.

proliferative

Hypothalamic hormones that stimulate the synthesis and secretion of one or more hormones in the anterior lobe are called

releasing hormones

The endocrine system

relies on the release of chemicals that bind to target cells

Slender, tightly coiled tubules originate at the seminiferous tubules and form a maze of passageways called the

rete testis

The ovary does not release a mature gamete. Instead, a ________ is released.

secondary oocyte

Which of the following begins at ovulation and persists as long as the corpus luteum remains intact?

secretory phase

The ejaculatory duct in males is produced by the junction of the ductus deferens with the ________.

seminal gland duct

The tubular gland that produces a secretion that contains fructose, is slightly alkaline, and contributes about 60 percent to the volume of the semen is the

seminal vesicle

The vagina

serves as a passageway for the elimination of menstrual fluids

Undifferentiated spermatogenic stem cells are called

spermatogonia

The physical maturation of sperm is called ________.

spermiogenesis

Which of the following hormones enter a cell by diffusion?

steroid hormones

The role of the pituitary hormone LH in males is to

stimulate the interstitial cells to produce testosterone

The subsidence, known as detumescence in the male, is mediated by the ________.

sympathetic nervous system

Peripheral structures sensitive to the presence of hormones are called ________.

target cells

The primary organ(s) of the male reproductive system is(are) the ________.

testes

Hormone-producing cells of the testes produce

testosterone

Interstitial cells produce

testosterone

The hormone responsible for initiating a male's sexual maturation and the appearance of secondary sex characteristics is

testosterone

The most important androgen is ________.

testosterone

The following is a list of structures of the male reproductive tract. 1 - ductus deferens 2 - urethra 3 - ejaculatory duct 4 - epididymis The correct order in which spermatozoa pass through these structures from the testes to the penis is

....

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids is

ACTH

The pituitary hormone that stimulates spermatogenesis is

FSH

Which of the following hormones requires a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus in order to be released?

FSH

As in males, ________ from the hypothalamus regulates reproductive function in females; however, its levels change throughout the ovarian cycle.

GnRH

A massive release, or surge, of ________ from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland triggers ovulation.

LH

The pituitary hormone that promotes testosterone release in males and ovulation in females is

LH

Which anterior pituitary lobe hormone targets the interstitial cells of the testes?

LH

Which of the following hormones is secreted by the human pituitary during fetal development in very young children and in pregnant women, but is not usually found in adults?

MSH

Choose the correct statement regarding semen.

NOT seminal fluid contains a prostatic enzyme, which functions in liquefying clotted semen

The average length of the uterine (menstrual) cycle is ________ days.

28

Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids causes

Cushing's disease

Regarding hormones and body temperature, which statement is true?

During the follicular phase, when estrogen is the dominant hormone, the resting body temperature is 0.3C lower than it is during the luteal phase.

Two hormones referred to as gonadotropins are

FSH and LH

The pituitary hormone that stimulates the breakdown of stored fats and the release of fatty acids into the bloods is

GH

Which statement regarding growth hormone (GH) is true?

GH stimulates the breakdown of stored fats and the release of fatty acids into the blood

Which statement is true regarding steroid hormones?

They can alter the rate of mRNA transcription

Increased sodium ion concentrations in the body can be caused by which adrenal hormone?

aldosterone

In adult males, the testes secrete ________.

androgens

The interstitial cells of the testes secrete which reproductive hormone(s)?

androgens

To become active, motile, and fully functional, sperm cells must undergo the process of ________.

capacitation

The tubular structure of the uterus that projects a short distance into the vagina is called the

cervix

All hormones are

chemical messengers

Peptide hormones are

composed of chains of amino acids

The muscle in the wall of the scrotum is the

dartos muscle

The inner lining of the uterus is called the ________.

endometrium

Which uterine layer consists of a superficial functional zone and a deeper basilar zone?

endometrium

Maturing spermatozoa are stored primarily in the

epididymis

One hormone that is released from the adrenal medulla is

epinephrine

Menopause is accompanied by a decline in ________.

estrogen and progesterone

The secretion of the seminal vesicles contains ________, which forms a temporary semen clot within the vagina after ejaculation.

fibrinogen

The ________ are finger-like projections at the end of the uterine tube.

fimbriae

Hormones from the ________, which travel in the hypophyseal portal vessels, alter the activity of the anterior pituitary.

hypothalamus

The highest level of endocrine control is provided by the

hypothalamus

Where are the hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary made?

hypothalamus

The hormone secreted by the pancreatic alpha cells would result in ________.

increased synthesis and release of glucose by the liver

As secondary follicles develop, FSH levels decline due to the negative feedback effects of which hormone?

inhibin

Which of the following hormones is/are produced by both the testes and the ovaries?

inhibin

Which of the following is the pancreatic hormone that is released when blood glucose levels rise?

insulin

In females, mammary glands are specialized organs of the ________ system that are controlled by hormones of the reproductive system

integumentary

The nervous system

is ideal for crisis management

The hormone oxytocin

is involved in the milk "letdown" reflex

Menstruation

is the process of shedding of tissue until the entire functional zone has been lost

Female orgasm is accompanied by peristaltic contractions of the uterine and vaginal walls and by rhythmic contractions of which of the following muscles?

ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus

Cyclic AMP often causes activation of

kinase enzymes

During the Resistance Phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome, which hormones are responsible for maintaining blood volume and the conservation of salts and water?

mineralocorticoids (with ADH)

Both centrioles of the spermatid are found in the ________.

neck

Hormone concentration levels are most commonly controlled by

negative feedback

The hypothalamus transports hormones to the posterior pituitary by way of

neural axons, directly

Parasympathetic innervation of the penile arteries involves neurons that release ________ at their synaptic terminals.

nitric oxide

What is the function of the gonads?

produce gametes and produce hormones

Preparation of the uterus for implantation results from stimulation by

progesterone

The most commonly prescribed oral contraceptives use small amounts of estrogen, or only

progesterone

The principal hormone secreted by the corpus luteum, which prepares the uterus for pregnancy, is

progesterone

The proliferative phase of the uterine cycle continues until rising ________ levels mark the arrival of the secretory phase.

progesterone

Seminalplasmin, an antibiotic that may help prevent urinary tract infections in males, is present in fluid secretions from the ________.

prostate gland

Sperm production occurs in the

seminiferous tubules

The process of emission is under the control of

the sympathetic nervous system

Which hormone(s) play(s) a key role in the development and maintenance of normal immune defenses?

thymosins

Normal production of hormones from which gland establishes the background notes of cellular metabolism?

thyroid

Which endocrine gland stores its hormone in follicle cavities?

thyroid

Hormones from which of the following glands are responsible for the calorigenic effect?

thyroid gland

Hormones produced by the ________ are derived from molecules to which iodine atoms have been attached.

thyroid gland

Triiodothyronine is a hormone secreted by the

thyroid gland

Each testis is wrapped in a dense fibrous capsule called the ________.

tunica albuginea

Thyroid hormones are derived from the amino acid

tyrosine

During the secretory phase of the uterine (menstrual) cycle,

uterine glands enlarge

The organ that provides mechanical protection and nutritional support for the developing embryo is the

uterus

Another name for antidiuretic hormone is

vasopressin

The zone of the adrenal cortex closest to the capsule is the

zona glomerulosa

The hormone leptin is secreted by (the) ________.

adipose tissue

Cessation of the normal adult menstrual cycle for six months or more is termed

amenorrhea

Which of the following are sex hormones that are produced by the adrenal cortex?

androgens

Target cells of hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones are located in the

anterior pituitary

Which of the following is released by the posterior pituitary?

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Steroid hormones

are structurally similar to cholesterol

The reddish brown skin that surrounds the nipple is called the

areola

Spermatogenesis begins

at puberty

Which hormone's secretion promotes the loss of sodium ions and water by the kidneys and inhibits renin release?

atrial natriuretic peptide

During the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle, LH levels remain elevated for ________, long enough to stimulate the formation of a functional corpus luteum.

2 days

The fluids contributed by the seminiferous tubules and epididymis account for about how much of the volume of semen?

5%

The vestibule is

a central space surrounded by the labia minora

When a protein or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell,

a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm


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