Study for Psych test 3

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apes can speak

ASL

musical intelligence

Ability in performing, composing, or appreciating musical patterns

linguistic determinism hypothesis

states that our language determines our way of thinking and our perceptions of the world.

successful intelligence

sternberg defines as which he defines as an integrated set of information-processing and cognitive abilities needed for life success

One-word utterances

after the babbling stage, decended from prototype language, are one words like mama, dada

language learning

also occurs in the womb

people often make economic decisions based on intuition rather than ___.

rational choice

IQ

ignored advances in nueroscience for a long time

crystallized intelligence improves until

middle age

Do children learn words at the beginning or end of a sentence faster

end of a sentence

much of what we learn comes from

imitating family members

cognition

"to know," to refer to the mental processes involved in acquiring, processing, and storing knowledge.

by three childrens brains are about _____ of adults

80%

internal reliability

A second form of reliability exists when questions on a given subtest tend to correlate very highly with other items on the subtest, meaning that the test's internal reliability is very high

visual representation

. The visual system, located mostly in the occipital lobes (see the chapter "Sensing and Perceiving Our World", Figure 7), is older in evolutionary terms than the verbal system

two-word utterances

18 months, "my ball"

sentence phase

2.5 to 3 years, speaking full grammatical sentences

The sensitivity period

An important principle of language development is that, if children are not exposed to any human language before a certain age, their language abilities never fully develop. This sensitivity period, and optimal learning time for language acquisition, begins in the first years of life and ends at about age 12

intelligence quotient

IQ = mental age/chronological age x 100

nativist view of language

In this view, the brain is structured, or "wired," for language learning; as you have learned, Broca's and Wernicke's areas are dedicated to speech production and comprehension, respectively

category

Perceiving similar features in objects, ideas, or events and treating them as if they are the same

test-retest reliability

Reliability over time

concept

The abstract knowledge and understanding we have of a category

cultural test bias

The general public may use the term bias to refer to the notion that group differences in IQ scores are caused by different cultural and educational environments, not by real differences in intelligence.

linguistic relevatism

The influence of language on thought

stanford-binet test

The most significant changes Terman made were to establish national norms and to adopt and apply the ratio score of MA/CA to a widely used IQ test.

mental rotation

The process of imagining an object rotating in three-dimensional space is known as

creative intelligence

The second form of intelligence is creative intelligence, which involves coming up with fresh and useful ideas for solving problems.

triarchic theory of intelligence

Three interrelated but distinct abilities make up successful intelligence: analytic, creative, and practical intelligence

verbal representation

We call this "thinking." One way in which humans organize their environment is by naming things and giving them labels

innately guided learning

We learn to speak, but in doing so we are guided by our innate capacity for language learning.

intelligence

a set of cognitive skills that includes abstract thinking, reasoning, problem solving, and the ability to acquire knowledge.

predictive validity

addresses the question of whether the construct is related positively to real-world outcomes, such as school achievement or job success.

language acquisition device

an innate, biologically based capacity to acquire language.

human language

as an open and symbolic communication system that has rules of grammar and allows its users to express abstract and distant ideas. To be open is to have a dynamic system free to change, and to be symbolic is to have no real connection between a sound and the meaning or idea associated with it.

g-factor theory

because it describes intelligence as a single, general factor made up of specific components. This theory influenced intelligence test construction for most of the 20th century. G-factor theory implies that this single number accurately reflects a person's intelligence—the higher, the better. A person who scores 115 on an intelligence test is generally more intelligent than a person who scores 100, a perspective illustrated by the question, How intelligent are you?

Why is human language unique?

because it is the only system capable of transmitting abstract ideas

prototypes

better than does "ostrich," because ostriches cannot fly, are big, and have long legs. The best-fitting examples of a category

grammar

comprises the entire set of rules for combining symbols and sounds to speak and write a particular language and includes such things in English as subject-verb agreement, plurals, and the use of possessives.

visual imagery

consists of visual representations created by the brain after the original stimulus is no longer present

first speech sounds humans make

cooing- vowels, during first 6 months

Why cant bombos and chimps speak the human language

do not have a vocal apparatus that allows them to speak, so they are physically incapable of making the same range of sounds that humans can

inductive reasoning

draws general conclusions from specific evidence

Carroll-horn model of fluid and crystallized intelligence

hierarchy general intelligence broad intelligence narrow intelligence

multiple-factory theory of intelligence

holds that the different aspects of intelligence are distinct enough that multiple abilities must be considered, not just one. This perspective is illustrated by the question, How are you intelligent?

base-rates

how common something is in the population as a whole

the brain size has also increased due to

increase in human social group size

pruning sounds

infants prune out sounds that are not native to their language

what two views dominate our views on intelligence

intelligence is a single, general ability; the other says that intelligence consists of multiple abilities

scientific thinking is

metacognitive thinking that is used to generate, test, reflect upon, and revise theories

analytical intelligence

involves judging, evaluating, or comparing and contrasting information

fluid intelligence

involves raw mental ability, pattern recognition, and abstract reasoning and is applied to a problem that you have never confronted before.

crystallized intelligence

involves using already learned skills, experience, and knowledge to solve problems

availability heuristic

is a strategy we use when we make decisions based on the ease with which estimates come to mind or how available they are to our awareness

mental representations

is a structure in the mind—such as an idea or image—that stands for something else, such as an external object or thing (

spatial intelligence

is defined as the ability or mental skill to solve spatial problems such as navigating and visualizing objects from different angles

quantitative intelligence

is the ability to reason and solve problems by carrying out mathematical operations and by using logic

verbal intelligence

is the ability to solve problems and analyze information using language-based reasoning

practical intelligence

is the ability to solve problems of everyday life efficiently.

reasoning

is the process of drawing inferences or conclusions from principles and evidence

Skinner argued language exists because

it is reinforced and shaped

casual influences

judgments about whether one thing causes another thing

Whorf-Sapir hypothesis

language creates thought as much as thought creates language

recency effect

learning last word of a sentence faster

concept hierarchy

lets us know that certain concepts are related in a particular way, with some being general and others specific. In so doing, it helps us order and understand our world

parameters

make clear why it is relatively easy for a child to learn a particular language.

intelligence ratio

mental age divided by actual age

men are better at ____ than women

mental rotation

Howard Gardener

multiple intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, intrapersonal, interpersonal, bodily-kinesthetic, naturalist intelligence

conjunction fallacy

occurs when people say that the combination of two events is more likely than either event alone

deductive reasoning

occurs when we reason from general statements of what is known to specific conclusions. goes from general to specific

Babbling

occurs within 5 to 6 months, is random consonants and vowels

frontal lobes became larger

people became capable of thinking and communicating more and more complex and abstract thoughts.

spatial intelligence

potential to recognize and use patterns

bodily-kinesthetic intelligence

potential to use mind and body to coordinate physical movement

proto-language

pre-language, very rudimentary language,

the newest version of the Stanford-Binet assesses

quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory.

reliability

refers to the consistency of results. If a test is reliable, a person who takes the same test on two different occasions will obtain very similar scores on both occasions.

syntax

refers to the rules for arranging words and symbols in sentences

construct validity

refers to what we have just discussed: that a test measures the concept, or construct, it claims to measure.

validity

requires that the tests really measure intelligence, not something else, and that test scores predict real-world outcomes.

logical-mathematical intelligence

skills in problem solving and scientific thinking

linguistic intelligence

skills involved in the production and use of language

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

the WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests

The fact that infants understand language before they start speaking suggests that

the Wernicke's area develops before the Broca's area.

naturalistic intelligence

the ability to observe, appreciate, and understand the natural world

interpersonal intelligence

the ability to read, empathize, and understand others

intrapersonal intelligence

the ability to understand oneself

mental age

the age a child has reached, regardless of chronological age, based on his or her performance on an intelligence test relative to other children

between the ages of 5 and 11 years,

the brain regions associated with language (Broca's area and Wernicke's area; see Figure 3) increase in activity during language processing.

social and learning theory of language

the importance of social input and stimulation

confirmation bias

the tendency to selectively attend to information that supports one's general beliefs while ignoring information or evidence that contradicts one's beliefs.

people are risk loving when

there is a prospect of losing

people are risk adverse when

there is a prospect of winning

what comes first, ability to understand words or produce

understand

what leads us to overestimate how common certain events are

vividness

how do we represent ideas in our minds

we represent ideas and thoughts in our minds with images (visually) and with words (verbally)

heuristics

we use mental shortcuts to make decisions. they are methods for making complex and uncertain decisions and judgments

rational choice theory

when given a choice between two or more options, humans will choose the one that is most likely to help them achieve their particular goals—that is, the rational choice.

representative heuristics

when we estimate the probability of one event based on how typical or representative it is of another event


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