Study for Psych test 3
apes can speak
ASL
musical intelligence
Ability in performing, composing, or appreciating musical patterns
linguistic determinism hypothesis
states that our language determines our way of thinking and our perceptions of the world.
successful intelligence
sternberg defines as which he defines as an integrated set of information-processing and cognitive abilities needed for life success
One-word utterances
after the babbling stage, decended from prototype language, are one words like mama, dada
language learning
also occurs in the womb
people often make economic decisions based on intuition rather than ___.
rational choice
IQ
ignored advances in nueroscience for a long time
crystallized intelligence improves until
middle age
Do children learn words at the beginning or end of a sentence faster
end of a sentence
much of what we learn comes from
imitating family members
cognition
"to know," to refer to the mental processes involved in acquiring, processing, and storing knowledge.
by three childrens brains are about _____ of adults
80%
internal reliability
A second form of reliability exists when questions on a given subtest tend to correlate very highly with other items on the subtest, meaning that the test's internal reliability is very high
visual representation
. The visual system, located mostly in the occipital lobes (see the chapter "Sensing and Perceiving Our World", Figure 7), is older in evolutionary terms than the verbal system
two-word utterances
18 months, "my ball"
sentence phase
2.5 to 3 years, speaking full grammatical sentences
The sensitivity period
An important principle of language development is that, if children are not exposed to any human language before a certain age, their language abilities never fully develop. This sensitivity period, and optimal learning time for language acquisition, begins in the first years of life and ends at about age 12
intelligence quotient
IQ = mental age/chronological age x 100
nativist view of language
In this view, the brain is structured, or "wired," for language learning; as you have learned, Broca's and Wernicke's areas are dedicated to speech production and comprehension, respectively
category
Perceiving similar features in objects, ideas, or events and treating them as if they are the same
test-retest reliability
Reliability over time
concept
The abstract knowledge and understanding we have of a category
cultural test bias
The general public may use the term bias to refer to the notion that group differences in IQ scores are caused by different cultural and educational environments, not by real differences in intelligence.
linguistic relevatism
The influence of language on thought
stanford-binet test
The most significant changes Terman made were to establish national norms and to adopt and apply the ratio score of MA/CA to a widely used IQ test.
mental rotation
The process of imagining an object rotating in three-dimensional space is known as
creative intelligence
The second form of intelligence is creative intelligence, which involves coming up with fresh and useful ideas for solving problems.
triarchic theory of intelligence
Three interrelated but distinct abilities make up successful intelligence: analytic, creative, and practical intelligence
verbal representation
We call this "thinking." One way in which humans organize their environment is by naming things and giving them labels
innately guided learning
We learn to speak, but in doing so we are guided by our innate capacity for language learning.
intelligence
a set of cognitive skills that includes abstract thinking, reasoning, problem solving, and the ability to acquire knowledge.
predictive validity
addresses the question of whether the construct is related positively to real-world outcomes, such as school achievement or job success.
language acquisition device
an innate, biologically based capacity to acquire language.
human language
as an open and symbolic communication system that has rules of grammar and allows its users to express abstract and distant ideas. To be open is to have a dynamic system free to change, and to be symbolic is to have no real connection between a sound and the meaning or idea associated with it.
g-factor theory
because it describes intelligence as a single, general factor made up of specific components. This theory influenced intelligence test construction for most of the 20th century. G-factor theory implies that this single number accurately reflects a person's intelligence—the higher, the better. A person who scores 115 on an intelligence test is generally more intelligent than a person who scores 100, a perspective illustrated by the question, How intelligent are you?
Why is human language unique?
because it is the only system capable of transmitting abstract ideas
prototypes
better than does "ostrich," because ostriches cannot fly, are big, and have long legs. The best-fitting examples of a category
grammar
comprises the entire set of rules for combining symbols and sounds to speak and write a particular language and includes such things in English as subject-verb agreement, plurals, and the use of possessives.
visual imagery
consists of visual representations created by the brain after the original stimulus is no longer present
first speech sounds humans make
cooing- vowels, during first 6 months
Why cant bombos and chimps speak the human language
do not have a vocal apparatus that allows them to speak, so they are physically incapable of making the same range of sounds that humans can
inductive reasoning
draws general conclusions from specific evidence
Carroll-horn model of fluid and crystallized intelligence
hierarchy general intelligence broad intelligence narrow intelligence
multiple-factory theory of intelligence
holds that the different aspects of intelligence are distinct enough that multiple abilities must be considered, not just one. This perspective is illustrated by the question, How are you intelligent?
base-rates
how common something is in the population as a whole
the brain size has also increased due to
increase in human social group size
pruning sounds
infants prune out sounds that are not native to their language
what two views dominate our views on intelligence
intelligence is a single, general ability; the other says that intelligence consists of multiple abilities
scientific thinking is
metacognitive thinking that is used to generate, test, reflect upon, and revise theories
analytical intelligence
involves judging, evaluating, or comparing and contrasting information
fluid intelligence
involves raw mental ability, pattern recognition, and abstract reasoning and is applied to a problem that you have never confronted before.
crystallized intelligence
involves using already learned skills, experience, and knowledge to solve problems
availability heuristic
is a strategy we use when we make decisions based on the ease with which estimates come to mind or how available they are to our awareness
mental representations
is a structure in the mind—such as an idea or image—that stands for something else, such as an external object or thing (
spatial intelligence
is defined as the ability or mental skill to solve spatial problems such as navigating and visualizing objects from different angles
quantitative intelligence
is the ability to reason and solve problems by carrying out mathematical operations and by using logic
verbal intelligence
is the ability to solve problems and analyze information using language-based reasoning
practical intelligence
is the ability to solve problems of everyday life efficiently.
reasoning
is the process of drawing inferences or conclusions from principles and evidence
Skinner argued language exists because
it is reinforced and shaped
casual influences
judgments about whether one thing causes another thing
Whorf-Sapir hypothesis
language creates thought as much as thought creates language
recency effect
learning last word of a sentence faster
concept hierarchy
lets us know that certain concepts are related in a particular way, with some being general and others specific. In so doing, it helps us order and understand our world
parameters
make clear why it is relatively easy for a child to learn a particular language.
intelligence ratio
mental age divided by actual age
men are better at ____ than women
mental rotation
Howard Gardener
multiple intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, intrapersonal, interpersonal, bodily-kinesthetic, naturalist intelligence
conjunction fallacy
occurs when people say that the combination of two events is more likely than either event alone
deductive reasoning
occurs when we reason from general statements of what is known to specific conclusions. goes from general to specific
Babbling
occurs within 5 to 6 months, is random consonants and vowels
frontal lobes became larger
people became capable of thinking and communicating more and more complex and abstract thoughts.
spatial intelligence
potential to recognize and use patterns
bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
potential to use mind and body to coordinate physical movement
proto-language
pre-language, very rudimentary language,
the newest version of the Stanford-Binet assesses
quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory.
reliability
refers to the consistency of results. If a test is reliable, a person who takes the same test on two different occasions will obtain very similar scores on both occasions.
syntax
refers to the rules for arranging words and symbols in sentences
construct validity
refers to what we have just discussed: that a test measures the concept, or construct, it claims to measure.
validity
requires that the tests really measure intelligence, not something else, and that test scores predict real-world outcomes.
logical-mathematical intelligence
skills in problem solving and scientific thinking
linguistic intelligence
skills involved in the production and use of language
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
the WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests
The fact that infants understand language before they start speaking suggests that
the Wernicke's area develops before the Broca's area.
naturalistic intelligence
the ability to observe, appreciate, and understand the natural world
interpersonal intelligence
the ability to read, empathize, and understand others
intrapersonal intelligence
the ability to understand oneself
mental age
the age a child has reached, regardless of chronological age, based on his or her performance on an intelligence test relative to other children
between the ages of 5 and 11 years,
the brain regions associated with language (Broca's area and Wernicke's area; see Figure 3) increase in activity during language processing.
social and learning theory of language
the importance of social input and stimulation
confirmation bias
the tendency to selectively attend to information that supports one's general beliefs while ignoring information or evidence that contradicts one's beliefs.
people are risk loving when
there is a prospect of losing
people are risk adverse when
there is a prospect of winning
what comes first, ability to understand words or produce
understand
what leads us to overestimate how common certain events are
vividness
how do we represent ideas in our minds
we represent ideas and thoughts in our minds with images (visually) and with words (verbally)
heuristics
we use mental shortcuts to make decisions. they are methods for making complex and uncertain decisions and judgments
rational choice theory
when given a choice between two or more options, humans will choose the one that is most likely to help them achieve their particular goals—that is, the rational choice.
representative heuristics
when we estimate the probability of one event based on how typical or representative it is of another event