Suppression test 1
Preconnected flat load
Adaptable for varying sizes of hose beds and is often used in transverse beds
Accordion load
Allows a shoulder stack to be carried by fire fighters during an emergency
Primary damage
Damage caused by a fire itself and not by actions taken to fight the fire.
Secondary damage
Damage caused by or resulting from actions taken to fight a fire and leaving the property unprotected.
Mechanical damage
Abrasions, cuts, and tears
Primary feeders
Large pipes, with relatively widespread spacing. Supply secondary feeders
Below grade fires
Most difficult and dangerous structure fires Ventilation is one floor above and opposite to the stairwell Use stairwells as a chimney to ventilate
Drying woven jacket hose
Must be dried throughly before being reloaded
Surface fuels
Needles, duff, twigs, grass, brush up to 6 feet, downed limbs, logging slash and small trees on or immediately adjacent to the ground
Direct Attack (Wildland)
Directly attacking the flames against the edge or closely parallel to it
Cant use on class c fires Susceptible to wind Heat inversion if used incorrectly
Disadvantages of broken stream nozzles
Doesn't have reach or penetration power Susceptible to wind and create heat inversion if used incorrectly
Disadvantages of fog nozzles
Low volume stream
Discharge less than 40 GPM Supplied by 3/4 or 1 or 1 1/2 inch booster lines
Master Stream
Discharges more than 350 GPM and is fed by one or more 2 1/2 or 3 inch hose lines or larger diameter hose lines connected to a master stream nozzle
Adapters
Double male/ double female, allow hoses to be connected together when both couplings are the same sex
Flat load
Easiest to load, it is suitable for any size of supply hose and is the best why to load large diameter hose Less subjected to wear from apparatus vibrations
Above grade fires
Fire attack in a multistory structure should be initiated from the floor below the fire door Staging area is 2 floors below the fire door
Internal and external communication
Fire department can be split into 2 parts of communication
SCBA tag system
Fire fighters give their tags to an AO who records time of entry and the expected time to exit
More than 300 feet apart in high value districts
Fire hydrants should not be placed...
Solid stream
Fire stream produced from a fixed orifice such as a smooth bore nozzle
Ground fire
Fire that burns decayed leaves or peat deep below the ground surface.
Accidental fires
Fires for which the proven cause does not involve an intentional human act to ignite or spread fire into an area where the fire should not be.
2 inch attack hose
Flows 100- 250 gpms Fair in mobility and damage control Good for directional control 2 to 3 people to operate effectively
1 1/2 attack hose
Flows between 40-125 gpms Good to fair in mobility Good in damage control and directional control One to two people
1 3/4 attack hose
Flows between 40-175 gpms Good and fair in mobility Good for damage control At least Two people for effectiveness
Computer based electronic accountability system
Greatest level of safety Use radio based tracking or radar
90 decibels
Hearing damage may occur in humans if they are excessively exposed to noise above:
Collapsible, round self supporting synthetic tank
The types of tanks are?
Spot fires
These are caused by flying sparks or embers landing outside the perimeter
Islands
These are patches of I burned fuel inside the fire perimeter.
Hydrant wrenches
These are primarily used to remove discharge caps from fire hydrant outlets and to open fire hydrant valves
Mobile radios
These are smaller than base station radios and are mounted in fire apparatus, ambulance, and staff vehicles with being powered by the vehicles electrical system
Fingers
These are strips of fire extending from the main fire
Rocker lugs
These are the most common lug They have a higbee cut and higbee cut indicator
Flanks
These are the sides of a ground cover fire
base station radio
These are used in fixed locations such as fire stations, telecommunication centers, training centers, or administrative offices
Inverters
These are utilized if small amounts of power are needed to operate lights and tools 110 or 220 AC Fuel efficient and minimal noise Constant exhaust, limited power supply and limited mobility
Required volume of water Distance between the water source and the fire scene Size of supply hose available Amount of hose available Pumper capacities
These factors decide the number of pumpers needed and the distance between pumpers
Reducers
These fittings are used to connect a smaller hose line to the end of a larger one
Hose ramps and bridges
These help to prevent damage to fire hose when vehicles must drive over them
Compactness
Tightly compacted fuels burn slower than those that are loosely pilled
The water supply must be capable of maintaining the required volume of water for the duration of the incident The relay must be established quickly enough to be worthwhile
Two important factors in considering the establishment of a relay operation
crown fire
a forest fire that spreads from treetop to treetop.
portable radio
a handheld two-way radio
Post Indicator Valve Assembly (PIVA)
does not use a plate with words open or shut. Uses circular disk inside a flat plate on top of the valve housing.
external communication
flows between people inside and outside the organization
heat inversion
Pushing the super heated gases from the ceiling to the floor
area of origin
The general location (room or area) where the ignition source and the material first ignited actually came together for the first time.
TDD/TTY/text phone system
telecommunication device for the deaf
Surface fires
most common type of wildfires, move slowly and burn along the forest floor, killing and damaging vegetation
Combination Attack
A type of attack employing both direct attack and indirect attack methods
Triple layer load
Consists of 3 folds which are then folded into an S shape
Hose jacket
Consists of hinged two piece metal cylinder The rubber lining of each half of the cylinder seals the rupture to prevent the leakage
Aerial fuels
Fuels located more than 6 feet off the ground, usually part of or attached to trees.
Fuel moisture content
Fuels that have less moisture ignite faster than ones that have more moisture.
Water shuttle operations
This involves hauling water from a supply source to the incident scene
Barrel strainers
This is Commonly used when drafting from natural water resources
Fire stream
This is a stream of water or other extinguishing agent after it leaves the fire hose and nozzle until it reaches the desired target
Intake hose
This is also called suction hose and is used to connect the pumper to a hydrant or another water source
Telephone fire alarm box
This is equipped with a telephone for direct voice contact with the telecommunications center
Defensive Strategies
This is intended to isolate or stabilize an incident and keep it from expanding Usually an exterior operation
Black
This is opposite of the green This is the area in which the fire has consumed the fuels
Origin
This is the area where the fire started and the point from which the fire spreads
perimeter
This is the outer boundary, or distance around the outside edge of the burning area
Head
This is the part of a ground cover fire that spreads most rapidly
Heel
This is the side opposite of the head
Green
This is the unburned fuels next to the involved area
penciling
This is utilizing a shot burst with either a solid or straight stream aimed onto the burning fuels
painting
This is utilizing contrast flow to cool hot surfaces or stop the pyrolysis process by applying water and allowing it to run over the hot material
Water hammer
This is where the nozzle is closed quickly and suddenly. It creates a shockwave when the moving water reaches the closed nozzle and bounces back
Storage roll
This roll begins begins at the male coupling and leaves the female coupling exposed
Donut roll
This roll is used where hose is likely to be deployed for use directly from a roll
Twin donut rolls
This roll to create a compact roll that can be easily transported and carried for special applications such as high rise or standpipe operations Works best with 1 1/2 and 1 3/4 inch hoselines
offensive strategies
This usually means deploying resources for interior tactical operations to accomplish incident priorities
Damaged hose couplings Sharp bends or kinks in hose Number of adaptors Length of hose lay Hose diameters Nozzles and valves not kept fully open or closed
What are reasons that can cause friction loss?
Wind, temp, relative humidity, precipitation
What are some weather factors that influence fire behavior?
Portable and fixed
What are the 2 types of lighting equipment
Engine compartment Passenger compartment Undercarriage
What are the 3 categories of vehicle fires?
Ground, surface, and crown fires
What are the 3 types of Ground surface fires?
Passport system, SCBA tag system, computer based electronic accountability system
What are the 3 types of accountability systems?
Commercial vehicles, vehicles carrying hazardous materials, passenger vehicles
What are the most common types of vehicle fires you'll be called to?
Waterproof canvas, synthetic material (vinyl) or disposable plastic covers
What can salvage covers be made of?
Blue yellow or orange
What color cables do you never cut in a hybrid vehicle?
minimum 1 1/2 inch hose
What diameter of hose do you want to use for a vehicle fire?
sight, touch, sound, electronic sensors
What do you use to find hidden fires?
Taking out the trash
What does overhaul mean?
The volume of water in GPM
What does size refer to
Communication
What does the C in LCES stand for
Escape routes
What does the E in LCES stand for
Lookouts
What does the L in LCES stand for
Safety zones
What does the S in LCES stand for
The specific pattern or shape of the water after it leaves the nozzle
What does the type indicat
Date Time Name Callback number Message Your name
What info should you gather during non emergency calls
Type of Emergency Location Number and location of people involved Name and location of caller Callback number Cross street or building name
What info should you gather on emergency calls?
Compressed natural gas Has a flammability rate is 5 to 15 percent Odorless
What is CNG?
liquified petroleum gas 1.5 to 10 percent flammability rate Used in campers, manufactured homes, agricultural applications, rural homes, and businesses
What is LPG?
Good morning, Goodfellow fire department, fire fighter green speaking, how may I help you?
What is a professional greeting over the phone
Can help with ventilation patterns
What is an advantage of fog nozzles
Station lights
What is considered a visual alarm
Vocal alarm Station bell or gong
What is considered an audible alarm
Radio Pager Telephones
What is considered an electric alarm
Units assigned Type of emergency Address Dispatch time Current conditions
What is the basic info to be broadcasted include?
Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE)
What is the danger with natural gas in a vehicle?
1 1/2 inch
What is the minimum hose diameter used for a structural fire
Loss of pressure in a hose line between a pumper and the nozzle
What is the most common example of friction loss
Leave them in the same room
What is the most common method to protect room contents
500 to 1500 watts
What is the wattage of fixed lights
300 to 1000 watts
What is the wattage of portable lights?
50-250 feet
What length are pre connected hoselines
Withdrawal Abandon Evacuate
What might the order to cease interior operations be referred as?
100 PSI
What psi do most fog nozzles operate at?
Room, degree of hazard, wind, weather, and topography
What should you look for while setting up a control boundary?
1 1/2 or 3/4 inch hose
What size hose line do you use to extinguish hidden fires
Solid streams
What stream should you not use against electric equipment?
Axes, pike poles, power saws, shovels
What tool would you use to complete overhaul
10 codes
What type of codes are not used anymore?
U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT)
Who's regulations require all personnel working at roadway incidents to wear high visibility vests
In case a SCBA pack malfunctions, firefighter becomes lost or trapped, or unexpected change in fire behavior
Why is an accountability system needed?
Assume all electrical wires, equipment, and devices are energized
You should always assume what with electrical hazards?
Fill site Dump site Mobile water supply apparatus
3 parts to a water shuttle operation
Straight roll, donut roll, twin donut roll
3 types of rolls
Fog Stream
A fine spray composed of tiny water droplets Used to have the maximum water surface for heat absorption
Incendiary fire
A fire that is deliberately set with the intent to cause the fire to occur in an area where the fire should not be.
chain of custody
A list of all people who came into possession of an item of evidence
Wall post indicator valve
A sprinkler control valve that is mounted on the outside wall of a building. The position of the indicator tells whether the valve is open or shut.
Outside Stem and Yoke (OS&Y) Valve
A sprinkler control valve with a valve stem that moves in and out as the valve is opened or closed.
Post Indicator Valve (PIV)
A type of valve used to control underground water mains that provides a visual means for indicating "open" or "shut" position; found on the supply main of installed fire protection systems.
Control of both couplings Hose rolls out easier Enables a quicker connection to other couplings
Advantages of a donut roll
Absorbed more heat than solid streams Greater reach than fog nozzles Effective on fires in confined spaces
Advantages of broken stream nozzles
Volume
Amount of fuel present in a given area influences the fires intensity and the amount of water needed to achieve extinguishment
1700
As water is applied to the fire, it is converted into steam which can expand up to ______ times its original volume
500 degrees
At what temperature is tensile strength affected?
Indirect attack
Attack is made through a window or other opening, directing steam towards the ceiling. Produces large amounts of steam and must be coordinated with ventilation Not ideal when victims are present
Internal communication
Between members of the same organisation
Minute man load
Can be carried on a shoulder Well suited for narrow hose beds Awkward to carry with SCBA
Undetermined fire
Classification of fire when the cause cannot be proven to an acceptable level of certainty.
two-way radio
Common way for fire or government workers to communicate during emergencies
Preconnected hoselines
Designed to be pulled and deployed by one person
The ground plug
Do not bypass this
Pump Hose Nozzle Water/agent
Four essential elements of a fire stream
Forcible entry tools, portable radio, hand light
Hose teams should bring...
Size and type
How are fire stream patterns identified
Up hill and up wind 45 degrees Announce all clear when all passengers are out
How do you attack a vehicle fire?
At an angle with the front wheels turned away from the scene so that the vehicle will not strike working personnel if it is hit from behind
How do you park an apparatus at a scene?
Hey you, it's me
How do you start over the radio
By increasing the hose diameter, adding additional parallel hose lines, or increasing the pump pressure
How is friction loss overcome?
Shut power off Use cleaning agents Fog stream 100 psi nozzle
How should you put out a class C fire?
Passport System
Personnel accountability system in which firefighters give their passport or tag to the designated Accountability Officer when entering the hot zone and take it back as they exit. AKA a tag system.
Subsurface fuels
Roots, peat, and other partially decomposed organic matter that lie under the surface of the ground.
Electric power
Should be turned off at the main panel only Never cut power lines
No, it causes unnecessary secondary damage
Should you blindly destroy walls and ceilings?
Straight roll
Simplest roll and has 2 variations
Fuel size
Small or light fuels burn faster than heavier ones
NFPA 70E
Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace
NFPA 1977
Standard on Protective Clothing and Equipment for Wildland Fire Fighting
Hand lines stream
Supplied by 1 1/2 to 2 inch hose, with flows from 40 to 350 GPM
point of origin
The location where the fire started
Generators
The most common power source used for emergency services. Gas or diesel and have 110 to 220 volt capacity Noisy
Natural fires
These occur when humans are not involved in the ignition process
junction boxes
These provide multiple outlets or connections and are supplied through one inlet from the power source
Broken streams
This fire stream has been broken into coarsely divided water droplets by specialized nozzles such as cellar nozzles, rotary nozzles, piercing nozzles, and chimney nozzles
Solid stream nozzles
Type of nozzle that delivers an unbroken or solid stream of water to the fire. Also called solid tip, straight bore, or smooth bore. Have greater reach and penetration power Unable to select different patterns
Loss control
Used in the fire service to describe the activities preformed before, during, and after a fire has been extinguished to minimize loss to property
Continuity
When fuels are close together, the fire spreads faster because of heat transfer
Mounted on vehicles
Where are fixed lights located
Building interiors or remote areas of the scene
Where are portable lights used?
IC
Who determines the strategy for controlling the fire
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
Who regulates all radio communication in the United States?
Topography
lay of the land
Indirect attack (wildland)
used for large wildland and ground fires that are too dangerous to approach
Larger diameter hose appliances
Used when a larger volume of water is needed at the end of the main supply line Consists of one LDH inlet and 3 2 1/2 inch valve controlled male outlets
Lakes, ponds, rivers, and the ocean Swimming pools Farm stock tanks Rainwater collection cisterns and detention ponds
What are examples of alternative water supplies
Screw down, press down, hydraulic press
What are the 3 types of hose clamps
Gravity, direct pumping, and combination systems
What are the 3 ways to move water
Gravity dumping through large dump valves Jet dumps Apparatus mounted pumps Combination of these methods
What are the 4 basic methods by which mobile water supply unload water?
Damaged hydrant valves and connections Broken water mains Greater demand than the system can provide
What are the failures or reduction in water supply?
Spanner wrench, hydrant wrench, rubber mallet
What are the most common tools used to tighten or loose hose couplings?
Wells, rivers, springs, lakes, and ponds
What are water supply sources
Each diameter or size of attack hose
What can provide great benefit to fire suppression and effectiveness?
Small pegs
What do pin lugs resemble
Erosion around the base of the hydrant
What happens when a dry barrel hydrant is not completely shut or open?
15 feet
What is the Required amount for soft intake hose
400 feet of 1 1/2, 1 3/4, or 2 inches
What is the required amount and size of attack hose
800 feet of 2 1/2 to 6 inches
What is the required amount and size of supply hose?
20 feet
What is the required amount of hard intake hose?
Sedimentation and deposits within the water mains
What might decrease water flow in a wet barrel hydrant?
Obstructions Outlets facing wrong direction Insufficient clearance between outlets and the ground Hydrant damage Rust and corrosion Missing outlets or stuck in place with paint Miscolored
What should you look for while inspecting hydrants
Stand over the handle
What should you never do when applying or releasing a hose clamp?
1 1/2 inch
What type of discharge line does a jet siphon have?
Strainers
When drafting, you should always have what on the hard suction hose?
Distances greater than 1/2 miles away from the nearest hydrant/ water source or greater than the fire department's capability to lay supply hose lines
When is a water shuttle operation recommended?
Large diameter hoses (LDH)
Where are Storz couplings most commonly used with?
On couplings of old fire hose
Where are pin lugs usually found
They Snag and catch objects
Why aren't pin lugs not commonly used?
Swivel
Permits connecting two sections of hose without twisting the entire hose
1000 gallons
Portable tanks have capacities beginning at?
Hose roller
Protect hose from mechanical damage of dragging hose over sharp corners such as roof edges and windowsills
Organic damage
Attack from mold and mildew
Cleaning woven jacket hose
Brush off the hose throughly Wash with clear water while using a scrub with a stiff brush if not clean If exposed to oils it should be cleaned with a mild soap detergent using common scrubs brushes and rinsed with clear water
Drying hard rubber, hard intake, and synthetic jacket collapsible hose
Can be placed back on apparatus wet with no effects
Siamese
Connects 2 hoses into one Has 2 female connections on the intake side and one male connection on the discharge side
Age deterioration
Cracking at points where hose was consistently folded and separation of inner liner from exterior covering
Dry barrel hydrants
Designed for use in climates that are expected to have freezing temperatures
Wet barrel hydrant
Designed to have water in the hydrant at all times
Chemical damage
Deterioration due to solvent action on synthetic materials and natural fibers
Intake strainers
Devices attached to the drafting end of a hard intake hose to keep debris from entering the fire pump and damaging the firefighting system
Wye
Divided one hose line into 2 hoselines Consists of one 2 1/2 inch inlet and 2 1 1/2 inch oullets
Thermal damage
Exposure to fire, high heat, or freezing temperatures
Slight suction from the discharge opening
How can you tell if the hydrant is draining properly on a dry barrel hydrant?
Distances between intersections exceed 350 to 400 feet
Intermediate hydrants my be required if...
Secondary feeders
Intermediate pipes that interconnect with the primary feeder lines to create a grid
Water treatment facilities
Most water must be processed to remove impurities and minerals that can be harmful to humans, animals, and plants. Water must first go through this
Threaded couplings
Oldest designs involves the casting of machining of a spiral thread into the face of two distinctly different parts
Wildland water thief
One type of water thief variation that usually consists of a 1 1/2 inlet and outlet and one valve controlled 1 inch male outlet
Cleaning hard rubber booster hose
Rinse with clear water Mild detergent if necessary
Cleaning jacket collapsible hose
Rinse with clear water Mild detergent if necessary
Cleaning hard intake hose
Rinse with clear water Mild detergent is necessary
Corrosion
Rusting of metal couplings
Water thief
Similar to the wye, however there is an inlet and outlet of matching size combined with smaller outlets that "steal" water from the main line
Spanner wrenches
Small tool primarily used to tighten or loosen hose couplings Can also be used as a prying tool or a gas key
Distributors
Smaller than water mains in diameter, these serve individual fire hydrants and commercial and residential consumers
Portable tanks
Storage tanks used during a relay or shuttle operation to hold water from water tanks or hydrants
1000 GPM
Tankers/tenders must be capable of dumping or filling at rates of?
Shank
The portion of the coupling that serves as the point of attachment to the hose
Non threaded couplings
These are connected with locks or cams rather than screw threads Called Storz or sexless couplings Use a 1/4 turn to lock into position
Chafing blocks
These are devices used to protect fire hose from abrasions caused by vibrating and rubbing
Pin, recessed, rocker lugs, and extended handles
These are different lugs that are found today
Extended handle lugs
These are located on the swivels of large intake supply or suction hoses
Hose straps, ropes, and chains
These are used to carry, pull, or handle charged hose lines
Fill fast, dump fast
These capabilities are critical to an efficient water shuttle operation
Booster lines
These normally have couplings with recessed lugs that are simply shallow hole drilled into the coupling
Combination system
This consists of both gravity tanks and the direct pumping process to provide adequate pressure
Gravity system
This delivers water from the source or the treatment facility to the distribution system without pumping equipment
Low level strainers
This is Commonly used when drafting from portable water tanks Can be used as a jet siphon by removing the plug and attaching a 1 1/2 or 1 3/4 inch hose
Rubber mallet
This is sometimes used to strike the extended handle lugs on large diameter hose to tighten or loosen intake hose couplings
Direct pumping systems
This is where a pump is placed near the water source or treatment facility to create the required pressure within the distribution system
Floating strainers
This keeps the hard suction hose away from the bottom of a natural water source, reducing the amount of debris
Salvage roll
This roll is begun at the female coupling so that when the role is completed the male coupling is exposed
Clapper valve
Used in Siamese appliances to allow water flow in one direction only Prevent water from flowing out of an unused outlet when one intake hose is connected and charged before the addition of more hose
Hard intake hose
Used in drafting operations but can be used with hydrants Can be used to connect portable drafting tanks Sizes rang from 2 1/2 to 6 inches
Ball valves
Used in pumper discharges and gated wyes The valve is open when the handle is in line with the nose
Butterfly valve
Used on large pump intakes and incorporate a flat baffle that turns 90 degrees Most are operated by a quarter turn handle
Elbows
Used to change the angle of the hose coming off the truck discharge
Hose plug
Used to close off a female coupling
Hose caps
Used to close off a male coupling
Gate valves
Used to control flow from hydrant side discharges, this valve has a screw battle configuration that works by opening or closing the valve
Hose clamp
Used to prevent charging the hose bed during a forward lay operation Allows replacement of a burst section of hose without stopping the water supply To allow extension of a hose line without stopping the water supply
Soft intake hose
Used to transfer water from pressurized water source to the pump intake Size can range from 2 1/2 to 6 inches
