Survey of Biology - Exam 2
G1 checkpoint
Apoptosis can occur if DNA is damaged beyond repair
interphase parts:
G1, G0, S, G2,
The Centriole
Hold the sister chromatids and move to opposite sides of the nucleus to make the spindle
G0
If the cell doesn't need to replicate then it may stay in the interphase
M checkpoint
Mitosis stops until chromosomes are properly aligned
g2 checkpoint
Mitosis will not occur until DNA has replicated
Parts of mitotic phase:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis.
S (synthesis phase)
The DNA is replicated from a single chromosome, to a pair of identical chromosomes called sister chromatids
G2
The cell grows and makes the proteins that will be needed during Mitosis
The Metaphase
The chromosomes align at the spindle equator (middle of cell) and the spindle sends microtubules towards the centromeres of the sister chromatids
The Anaphase
The sister chromatids separate into daughter chromatids and the microtubules from the spindles pull the the daughter chromatids to opposite sides
Apoptosis
When the cell is no longer viable. The cell undergoes Apoptosis and is destroyed
extracellular matrix
a network of proteins and polysaccharides that connect animal cells
All cells have what in common?
a plasma membrane made out of phospholipids, a semifluid interior (cytoplasm -> where chemical reaction occur), Genetic material (DNA) that provides the information needed for cellular activities (including growth and reproduction)
cytoskeleton is mostly made up of ____
actin filaments
transport proteins
actively transport things that wouldn't normally be allowed to pass the membrane (transport things like sodium and potassium)
ribosomes
acts as a workbench in both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.
cell recognition proteins
allow our bodies to distinguish between our cells and foreign cells (example: glycoproteins on the outside of red blood cells)
junction proteins
allows cells to communicate and work together. This lets cells work together to make tissues (example: bladder cells working together to cold urine in the bladder)
receptor proteins
allows the body to signal for changes in cells using chemical reactions
Mitochondria is found in ____
animal cells
the difference between plant and animal cells in the cell cycle:
animals cells form a cleavage furrow and split, plant cells form a cell plate between the two new cells.
with the loss of telomeres, the DNA eventually becomes too short to be replicated and the cell dies via ____
apoptosis
What domains do prokaryotic cells typically fall into?
bacteria and archaea
the cell reproduces via ____
binary fission
lysosomes
break down/digest things for the cell
cellular reproduction: what does it do and why do we need it?
cells need to be able to reproduce so we can heal and mate.
The types of membrane proteins:
channel proteins, transport proteins, cell recognition proteins, receptor proteins, enzymatic proteins, junction proteins
cells can move with the help of specialized organelles called ____ and ____
cilia and flagella
centrioles
collections of microtubules the cell uses to make more complex structures for cell division and cellular movement
are eukaryotic cells simple or complex?
complex
The nucleus
contains chromatin, made of dna and rna
golgi apparatus
creates lysosomes, Vesicles, and Vacuoles
enzymatic proteins
directly participate in metabolic reactions (speeds them up)
smooth ER
does not have ribosomes, synthesizes lipids, for transport vesicles.
kinases
enzymes that move phosphate around and are need to increase the speed of getting energy from molecules
True or false?: eukaryotic cells do not contain organelles
false
channel proteins
form a tunnel which allow select molecules through the membrane (example: aquaporins allow in water)
The plasma membrane has _____ groups on the outside
hydrophilic
The plasma membrane has _____ groups on the inside
hydrophobic
Mitochondria
in charge of all energy generation for the cell known as cellular respiration.
chloroplast
in charge of photosynthesis in plants
Why are chromosomes made of zig-zag patterned looped chromatins?
in order to save space in the nucleus
cytoskeleton
interconnected protein filaments that provide structure inside the cells (a lot like bones in people)
The cell cycle parts:
interphase and mitotic phase
malignant tumors
invade other cells and may travel through the blood or lymphatic vessels to start new tumors elsewhere in the body
Chloroplast also has it's own ____
membrane
Mitochondria has it's own ____ and is ____ inherited
membrane and dna; maternally
the spindle is made out of ____
microtubules
cell wall
more rigid and provides extra protection for the cell at the cost of flexibility
vesicles get moved around the cell via _____ that walk along ____
motor proteins; actin filaments
flagella
move in undulating snakelike fashions
Cilia
move stiffly like an oar
vesicles and vacuoles
move things in the cell and allow for things to be secreted from the cell
do prokaryotic cells have a nucleus?
no, they have a nucleoid
mitotic phase
phase in which cell division actually occurs
Chloroplast is found in _____
plant cells
cell walls are in ____
plant cells
What are the two types of eukaryotic cells?
plant cells and animal cells
The plasma membrane has a _____ head and a ______ tail
polar head; non-polar tail
What are the two types of cells?
prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cyclins
proteins inside the cell that the cell needs to continue the cycle
what makes up the endomembrane system?
ribosomes, nuclear envelope, and Golgi apparatus
Are prokaryotic cells simple or complex?
simple
microtubules
small hollow cylinders that can be easily edited by the cell to all things to move around the cell without a vesicle
Endoplasmic reticulum
smooth ER and rough ER
Each time the DNA is replicated ____ are lost
telomeres
Before cellular reproduction can take place:
the cell goes through chemical reactions to duplicate the chromosome
G1
the cell hordes resources and grows, eventually doubling all of its organelles
unrestrained cellular reproduction leads to _____
the creation of a tumor
carcinogenesis
the development of cancer
telomeres
the last base sequences on the DNA strand
What is the nucleus' membrane called?
the nuclear envelope
The Prophase
the spindle assembles and the nuclear envelope fragments
Telophase and Cytokinesis
the spindles begin to disappear and the nuclear envelope begins to reappear around the daughter chromatids
There are _____ major checkpoints that the cell uses to make sure it is ready to move on to the next step in the cycle.
three
Sometimes phospholipids can be ____ tailed
two
the centriole is made out of ____
two centrioles
sister chromatids
two duplicates of chromosomes
cancers have what in common?
unrestrained cellular reproduction
The Spindle
used by animal cells to pull chromatids apart
benign tumors
usually contained within a capsule and therefore usually don't invade nearby cells
Rough ER
where the ribosomes sit, modifies polypeptides when they are created and forms transport vesicles