T&D Chapter 4

what happens in retention? (3)

-coding -organization -rehearsal

learning is a cycle of four steps

-concrete experience -reflective observation -abstract conceptualization -active experimentation

what are the four learning style types

-diverger -assimilator -converger -accommodator

for practice to be effective it needs to (6)

-involve the trainee actively -include overlearning -take appropriate amount of time -include the appropriate unit of learning -needs to be relevant to the training objectives -include examples

attention is influenced by (4)

-learners must be aware of skills or behavior they are supposed to observe -model must be clearly identifiable and credible -learner must have physical capability to observe the model -learner who successfully learned other skills by observing the model is more likely to attend to the model

what must happen in motor reproduction (3)

-must have physical capability to perform the skill -accuracy -learners must have opportunity to practice and receive feedback to modify their behaviors

goal setting theory definition

assumes that behavior results from a person's conscious goals and intentions

to create long term memory training program must

be explicit on content and elaborate on details

key behaviors definition

behaviors that can be used successfully in a wide variety of situations

instrumentality definition

belief that performing a given behavior is associated with a particular outcome

expectancies definition

beliefs about the link between trying to perform a behavior and actually performing well

learner instructor interaction should be used when?

best for in-depth topic exploration and to develop strengths in critical analysis and thinking

the need for affiliation involves concern for

building and maintaining relationships with other people and for being accepted by others

attitudes definition

combination of beliefs and feelings that predispose a person to behave a certain way, include cognitive, affective and intentional component

intellectual skills definition

concepts and rules, which are critical to solve problems, serve customers, and create products

the need for achievement is

concern for attaining and maintaining sself-set standards of excellence

overlearning definition

continue to practice even if they have been able to perform the objective several times

training administration definition

coordinating activities before, during, and after the program

motor skills definition

coordination of physical movements

need definition

deficiency that a person is experiencing at any point in time

overall task complexity definition

degree to which a task requires a number of distinct behaviors, the number of choices involved in performing the task, and the degree of uncertainty in performing the task

physical requirements definition

degree to which task requires the person to use or demonstrate physical skills and abilities to perform and complete the task

mental requirements definition

degree to which the task requires the subject to use or demonstrate mental skills or cognitive skills or abilities to perform the task

what are the external conditions for learning attitudes?

demonstration by a model, positive learning environment, strong message from credible source, reinforcement

implications of adult learning theory on the design issue of readiness

develop instruction based on the learner's interests and competencies

adult learning theory definition

developed out of a need for a specific theory of how adults learn

goals influence a person's behavior by (3)

directing energy and attention, sustaining effort over time, and motivating the person to develop strategies for goal attainment

transfer of training should be considered

during the design or purchase of training

for skill application, ___ is necessary

elaboration

reinforcement theory definition

emphasizes that people are motivated to perform or avoid certain behaviors because of past outcomes that have resulted from those behaviors

social learning theory definition

emphasizes that people learn by observing other persons whom they believe are credible and knowledgeable, behavior that is reinforced or rewarded tends to be repeated

fidelity definition

extent to which the training environment is similar to the work environment

stimulus generalization approach emphasize ___ transfer

far

gratifying definition

feedback that the learner receives as a result of sing learning content

transfer of training includes (2)

generalization of training to the job and maintenance of learned material

abstract conceptualization definition

generation of ideas of how to solve the problem

information processing theory definition

give more emphasis to the internal processes that occur when training content is learned and retained, propose information taken in by the learner undergo several transformations in the human brain

error management training definition

giving trainees opportunities to make errors during training, trainees are instructed that errors can help learning

goal orientation definition

goals held by a trainee in a learning situation

converger's learning characteristics

good at decisiveness, practical application aof ideas and hypothetical deductive reasoning

what are the diverger's learning characteristics

good at generalizing ideas, seeing a situation from multiple perspectives, and being aware of meaning and value

what are the assimilator's learning characteristics

good at inductive reasoning, creating theoretical models, and combining disparate observations into an integrated explanation

communities of practice definition

groups of employees who work together learn from each other, and develop a common understanding of how to get work accomplished

modeling definition

having employees who already have mastered the learning outcomes demonstrate them for trainees, likely to be motivated by confidence and success of their peers

people with performance orientation define success as

high performance relative to others, value high ability more than learning and find that errors and mistae cause anxiety and want to avoid them

retrieval definition

identifying learned material in long term memory and using it to influence performance

implications of adult learning theory on the design issue of time perspective

immediate application of content

metacognition definition

individual control over one's thinking

spaced practice definition

individuals are given rest intervals within practice sessions

massed practice definition

individuals practice a task continuously, without resisting, having trainees complete practice exercises at one time within a lesson rather than distributing the exercises within the lesson

learner learner interaction definition

interaction between learners with or without an instructor, observing and sharing experience with peers

learner instructor interaction definition

interaction between the learner and the expert

accommodator's learning characteristics

is good at implementing decisions, carrying out plans, and getting involved in new experience, tends to be at ease with people but may be seen as impatient or pushy

attention in social learning theory suggests that persons cannot

learn by observation unless they are aware of the important aspects of a model's performance

learner content interaction definition

learner interacts with the training content, reading tet on web or books

self regulation definition

learner's involvement with the training material and assessing their progress toward learning

performance orientation definition

learners who focus on task performance and how they compare to others

cognitive theory of transfer definition

likelihood of transfer depends on the trainee's ability to retrieve learned capabilities

what are external conditions for learning intellectual skills?

link between new and previously learned knowledge

automatization definition

making performance of a task, recall of knowledge, or demonstration of a skill so automatic that it requires little thought or attention

when should you use learner content interaction

mastering a task that is completed alone, learn process of studying information and acting on it in a team context

what are the internal conditions for learning attitudes?

mastery of prerequisites, identification with model, cognitive dissonance

expectancy definition

mental state that the learner brings to the instructional process (readiness for training, understanding of the purpose of the instruction)

open skills definition

more general learning principles

implications of adult learning theory on the design issue of self-concept

mutual planning and collaboration in instruction

verbal information definition

names or labels, facts, and bodies of knowledge, includes specialized knowledge employees need in their jobs

identical elements have a ___ type of transfer

near

part practice definition

objective or task should be practiced individually as soon as each is introduced in the training program

need for power is a concern for

obtaining responsibility, influence, and reputation

verbal persuasion definition

offering words of encouragement to convince others they can learn

stimulus generalization focuses on ___ skills

open

__ skills are more difficult to train because they require

open, the trainee to not only acquire and recall general principles but to consider how they can be adapted and used to fit a wide range of circumstances

advance organizers definition

outlines, texts, diagrams, and graphs that help trainees organize the information that will be presented and practiced

task characteristics include (3)

overall task complexity, mental requirements, and physical requirements

logical verification definition

perceiving a relationship between a new task and a task already mastered, remind them that they have been successful at learning similar tasks

self management definition

person's attempt to control certain aspects of decision making and behavior

self efficacy definition

person's judgment about whether he or she can successfully learn knowledge and skills

attitudes are related to (3)

physical and mental withdrawal from work, turnover, and behaviors that affect the well being of the company

practice definition

physical or mental rehearsal of a task, knowledge, or skill to achieve proficiency in performing the task or skill or demonstrating the knowledge

training context definition

physical, intellectual and emotional environment in which training occurs

abraham maslow's and clayton alderfer's needs theories focused on (3)

physiological needs, relatedness needs, and growth needs

lapses definition

place when trainee uses previously learned, less effective capabilities instead of trying to apply the capability emphasized in the training program

positive reinforcement definition

pleasurable outcome resulting from a behavior

what are the external conditions needed to learn motor skills?

practice, demonstration, gradual decrease of external feedback

punishment definition

presenting an unpleasant outcome after a behavior, leading to a decrease in that behavior

what are the internal conditions for learning verbal information?

previously learned knowledge and verbal information, strategies for coding information into memory

implications of adult learning theory on the design issue of orientation to learning

problem-centered instead of subject-centered

maintenance definition

process of trainees continuing to use what they learned over time

external conditions for learning outcomes definition

processes in the learning environment that facilitate learning

internal conditions for learning outcomes definition

processes within the learner that must be present for learning to occur

theory of identical elements definition

proposes that transfer of training occurs when what is being learned in the training session is identical to what the trainee has to perform on the job

self efficacy is one determinant of

readiness to learn

what are the internal conditions needed to learn motor skills?

recall of part skills, coordination program

what are the internal conditions for learning cognitive strategies?

recall of prerequisites, similar tasks, and strategies

objective definition

refers to the purpose and expected outcome of training activities

cognitive strategies definition

regulate the process of learning, relate learner's decision regarding what information to attend to, how to remember, and how to solve problems

for knowledge outcomes, __ and __ are most appropriate

rehearsal and organization

working storage definition

rehearsal and repetition of information occur, allowing material to be coded for memory

learning strategies include (3)

rehearsal, organizing, and elaboration

what happens in motivational processes?

reinforcement in resulting in positive outcomes

learning definition

relatively permanent change in human capabilities that can include knowledge, skills, attitudes, behaviors, and competencies that are not the result of growth processes

retention definition social learning theory

remember the behaviors or skills that they observe

negative reinforcement definition

removal of an unpleasant outcome

what are the external conditions for learning verbal information?

repeated practice, meaningful chunks, advance organizers, recall cues

when should learner learner interaction be used

requires mastering a task that is completed in a group, learners will discuss content with peers

organizing definition

requires the learner to find similarities and themses in the training material

elaboration definition

requires the trainee to relate the training material to other, more familiar knoowledge, skills, or behaviors

people with learning orientation believe that training success is defined as

showing improvements and making progress, prefer trainers who are more interested in how trainees are learning than in how they are performing and view errors and mistakes as part of the learning process

rehearsal definition

simplest learning strategy, focuses on learning through repetition

stimulus generalization approach can be seen in the design of some

skill training programs, which are based on social learning theory

andragogy definition

theory of adult learning

near transfer definition

trainee's ability to apply learned capabilities exactly to the work situation

far transfer definition

trainee's ability to apply learned capabilities to the work environment, even though the work environment is not identical to that of the training session

generalization definition

trainee's ability to apply what they learned to on the job work problems and situations that are similar but necessarily identical to those problems and situations encountered in the learning environment

climate for transfer definition

trainee's perceptions about a wide variety of characteristics of the work environment that facilitate or inhibit the use of trained skills or behavior

transfer of training definition

trainees effectively and continually applying what they have learned in training to their jobs

instruction definition

trainer's manipulation of the environment in order to help trainees learn

closed skills definition

training objectives that are linked to learning specific skills that are to be identically produced by the trainee on their job

motor reproduction definition

trying out observed behaviors to see if they result in the same reinforcement that the model received

learning orientation definition

trying to increase ability or competence in a task

implications of adult learning theory on the design issue of experience

use learner experience as basis for examples and applications

valence definition

value that a person places on a noutcome

what are the external conditions for learning cognitive strategies?

verbal description of strategy, strategy demonstration, practice with feedback, variety of tasks that provide opportunity to apply strategy

stimulus generalization approach definition

way to understand the transfer of training issues is to construct training so that the most important features or general principles are emphasized

extinction definition

withdrawing positive or negative reinforcers to eliminate a behavior

whole practice definition

all tasks or objectives should be practiced at the same time

past accomplishments definition

allowing employees to build a history of successful accomplishments

before practice, trainers can (6)

-provide information about the process or strategy that will result in greatest learning -encourage trainees to develop a strategy to reflect on their own learning process -provide advance organizers -help trainees set challenging mastery or learning goals -create realistic expectations by communicating what will occur in training -when training employees in teams, communicate performance expectations and clarify the roles and responsibilities of team members

ways to create a learning orientation in trainees (4)

-setting goals around learning and experimenting with new ways of trainees performing tasks -deemphasizing competition among trainees -creating a community of learning -allowing trainees to make errors and to experiment with new knowledge, skills, and behaviors during training

three theories of transfer of training have implications for training design

-theory of identical elements -stimulus generalization approach -cognitive theory of transfer

appropriate conditions of use of identical elements theory

-training focuses on closed skills -work environment features are predictable and stable -training to use equipment

self efficacy can be increased using (4)

-verbal persuasion -logical verification -observation of others -past accomplishments

social learning theory suggests that four processes are involved in learning

1) attention 2) retention 3) motor reproduction 4) motivational processes

self management involves (5)

1) determining the degree of support and negative consequences in the work setting for using newly acquired capabilities 2) setting goals for using learned capabilities 3) applying learned capabilities to the job 4) monitoring use of learned capabilities on the job 5) engaging in self reinforcement

according to social learning theory learning new skills comes from (2)

1) directly experiencing the consequences of using that behavior or skill 2) process of observing others and seeing the consequences of their behavior

what are the steps in the process of learning (8)

1) expectancy 2) perception 3) working storage 4) semantic encoding 5) long term storage 6) retrieval 7) generalizing 8) gratifying

what's important in the cognitive theory of transfer? (2)

1) increased by providing trainees with meaningful material that enhances the chances tha they will link what they encounter in the work environment to the learned capability 2) providing the trainee with cognitive strategies for coding the learning capabilities in memory so that they are easily retrievable

4 things needs to be present for learning to occur and employees to use what they learned on their jobs

1) providing opportunities for training to practice and receive feedback 2) offering meaningful training content 3) identifying any prerequisites that trainees need to complete the program successfully 4) allowing trainees to learn through observation and experience and ensuring the work environment support learning

training objective has three components

1) statement of what the employee is expected to do 2) statement of quality or level of performance that is acceptable 3) statement of the condition under which the trainee is expected to perform the desired outcome

what is the information processing steps (6)

1) stimulus or message goes in 2) receptors (eyes, nose, ears, skin) take in message 3) sensory register picks up these sensory things 4) goes into short term memory 5) goes into long term emmory and response generato 6) effectors react to what to do related to one of five learning outcomes

not more than __ messages can be prepared for storage at the same time

5

semantic encoding definition

actual coding process of incoming messages

generalizing definition

adapt to learning for use in similar but not identical situations

expectancy theory definition

a person's behavior is based on 3 factors: expectancy, instrumentality, and valence

perception definition

ability to organize the message from the environment so that it can be processed and acted upon

david mcclelland's need for theory focused primarily on needs for

achievement, affiliation, and power