T&D Chapter 4
what happens in retention? (3)
-coding -organization -rehearsal
learning is a cycle of four steps
-concrete experience -reflective observation -abstract conceptualization -active experimentation
what are the four learning style types
-diverger -assimilator -converger -accommodator
for practice to be effective it needs to (6)
-involve the trainee actively -include overlearning -take appropriate amount of time -include the appropriate unit of learning -needs to be relevant to the training objectives -include examples
attention is influenced by (4)
-learners must be aware of skills or behavior they are supposed to observe -model must be clearly identifiable and credible -learner must have physical capability to observe the model -learner who successfully learned other skills by observing the model is more likely to attend to the model
what must happen in motor reproduction (3)
-must have physical capability to perform the skill -accuracy -learners must have opportunity to practice and receive feedback to modify their behaviors
goal setting theory definition
assumes that behavior results from a person's conscious goals and intentions
to create long term memory training program must
be explicit on content and elaborate on details
key behaviors definition
behaviors that can be used successfully in a wide variety of situations
instrumentality definition
belief that performing a given behavior is associated with a particular outcome
expectancies definition
beliefs about the link between trying to perform a behavior and actually performing well
learner instructor interaction should be used when?
best for in-depth topic exploration and to develop strengths in critical analysis and thinking
the need for affiliation involves concern for
building and maintaining relationships with other people and for being accepted by others
attitudes definition
combination of beliefs and feelings that predispose a person to behave a certain way, include cognitive, affective and intentional component
intellectual skills definition
concepts and rules, which are critical to solve problems, serve customers, and create products
the need for achievement is
concern for attaining and maintaining sself-set standards of excellence
overlearning definition
continue to practice even if they have been able to perform the objective several times
training administration definition
coordinating activities before, during, and after the program
motor skills definition
coordination of physical movements
need definition
deficiency that a person is experiencing at any point in time
overall task complexity definition
degree to which a task requires a number of distinct behaviors, the number of choices involved in performing the task, and the degree of uncertainty in performing the task
physical requirements definition
degree to which task requires the person to use or demonstrate physical skills and abilities to perform and complete the task
mental requirements definition
degree to which the task requires the subject to use or demonstrate mental skills or cognitive skills or abilities to perform the task
what are the external conditions for learning attitudes?
demonstration by a model, positive learning environment, strong message from credible source, reinforcement
implications of adult learning theory on the design issue of readiness
develop instruction based on the learner's interests and competencies
adult learning theory definition
developed out of a need for a specific theory of how adults learn
goals influence a person's behavior by (3)
directing energy and attention, sustaining effort over time, and motivating the person to develop strategies for goal attainment
transfer of training should be considered
during the design or purchase of training
for skill application, ___ is necessary
elaboration
reinforcement theory definition
emphasizes that people are motivated to perform or avoid certain behaviors because of past outcomes that have resulted from those behaviors
social learning theory definition
emphasizes that people learn by observing other persons whom they believe are credible and knowledgeable, behavior that is reinforced or rewarded tends to be repeated
fidelity definition
extent to which the training environment is similar to the work environment
stimulus generalization approach emphasize ___ transfer
far
gratifying definition
feedback that the learner receives as a result of sing learning content
transfer of training includes (2)
generalization of training to the job and maintenance of learned material
abstract conceptualization definition
generation of ideas of how to solve the problem
information processing theory definition
give more emphasis to the internal processes that occur when training content is learned and retained, propose information taken in by the learner undergo several transformations in the human brain
error management training definition
giving trainees opportunities to make errors during training, trainees are instructed that errors can help learning
goal orientation definition
goals held by a trainee in a learning situation
converger's learning characteristics
good at decisiveness, practical application aof ideas and hypothetical deductive reasoning
what are the diverger's learning characteristics
good at generalizing ideas, seeing a situation from multiple perspectives, and being aware of meaning and value
what are the assimilator's learning characteristics
good at inductive reasoning, creating theoretical models, and combining disparate observations into an integrated explanation
communities of practice definition
groups of employees who work together learn from each other, and develop a common understanding of how to get work accomplished
modeling definition
having employees who already have mastered the learning outcomes demonstrate them for trainees, likely to be motivated by confidence and success of their peers
people with performance orientation define success as
high performance relative to others, value high ability more than learning and find that errors and mistae cause anxiety and want to avoid them
retrieval definition
identifying learned material in long term memory and using it to influence performance
implications of adult learning theory on the design issue of time perspective
immediate application of content
metacognition definition
individual control over one's thinking
spaced practice definition
individuals are given rest intervals within practice sessions
massed practice definition
individuals practice a task continuously, without resisting, having trainees complete practice exercises at one time within a lesson rather than distributing the exercises within the lesson
learner learner interaction definition
interaction between learners with or without an instructor, observing and sharing experience with peers
learner instructor interaction definition
interaction between the learner and the expert
accommodator's learning characteristics
is good at implementing decisions, carrying out plans, and getting involved in new experience, tends to be at ease with people but may be seen as impatient or pushy
attention in social learning theory suggests that persons cannot
learn by observation unless they are aware of the important aspects of a model's performance
learner content interaction definition
learner interacts with the training content, reading tet on web or books
self regulation definition
learner's involvement with the training material and assessing their progress toward learning
performance orientation definition
learners who focus on task performance and how they compare to others
cognitive theory of transfer definition
likelihood of transfer depends on the trainee's ability to retrieve learned capabilities
what are external conditions for learning intellectual skills?
link between new and previously learned knowledge
automatization definition
making performance of a task, recall of knowledge, or demonstration of a skill so automatic that it requires little thought or attention
when should you use learner content interaction
mastering a task that is completed alone, learn process of studying information and acting on it in a team context
what are the internal conditions for learning attitudes?
mastery of prerequisites, identification with model, cognitive dissonance
expectancy definition
mental state that the learner brings to the instructional process (readiness for training, understanding of the purpose of the instruction)
open skills definition
more general learning principles
implications of adult learning theory on the design issue of self-concept
mutual planning and collaboration in instruction
verbal information definition
names or labels, facts, and bodies of knowledge, includes specialized knowledge employees need in their jobs
identical elements have a ___ type of transfer
near
part practice definition
objective or task should be practiced individually as soon as each is introduced in the training program
need for power is a concern for
obtaining responsibility, influence, and reputation
verbal persuasion definition
offering words of encouragement to convince others they can learn
stimulus generalization focuses on ___ skills
open
__ skills are more difficult to train because they require
open, the trainee to not only acquire and recall general principles but to consider how they can be adapted and used to fit a wide range of circumstances
advance organizers definition
outlines, texts, diagrams, and graphs that help trainees organize the information that will be presented and practiced
task characteristics include (3)
overall task complexity, mental requirements, and physical requirements
logical verification definition
perceiving a relationship between a new task and a task already mastered, remind them that they have been successful at learning similar tasks
self management definition
person's attempt to control certain aspects of decision making and behavior
self efficacy definition
person's judgment about whether he or she can successfully learn knowledge and skills
attitudes are related to (3)
physical and mental withdrawal from work, turnover, and behaviors that affect the well being of the company
practice definition
physical or mental rehearsal of a task, knowledge, or skill to achieve proficiency in performing the task or skill or demonstrating the knowledge
training context definition
physical, intellectual and emotional environment in which training occurs
abraham maslow's and clayton alderfer's needs theories focused on (3)
physiological needs, relatedness needs, and growth needs
lapses definition
place when trainee uses previously learned, less effective capabilities instead of trying to apply the capability emphasized in the training program
positive reinforcement definition
pleasurable outcome resulting from a behavior
what are the external conditions needed to learn motor skills?
practice, demonstration, gradual decrease of external feedback
punishment definition
presenting an unpleasant outcome after a behavior, leading to a decrease in that behavior
what are the internal conditions for learning verbal information?
previously learned knowledge and verbal information, strategies for coding information into memory
implications of adult learning theory on the design issue of orientation to learning
problem-centered instead of subject-centered
maintenance definition
process of trainees continuing to use what they learned over time
external conditions for learning outcomes definition
processes in the learning environment that facilitate learning
internal conditions for learning outcomes definition
processes within the learner that must be present for learning to occur
theory of identical elements definition
proposes that transfer of training occurs when what is being learned in the training session is identical to what the trainee has to perform on the job
self efficacy is one determinant of
readiness to learn
what are the internal conditions needed to learn motor skills?
recall of part skills, coordination program
what are the internal conditions for learning cognitive strategies?
recall of prerequisites, similar tasks, and strategies
objective definition
refers to the purpose and expected outcome of training activities
cognitive strategies definition
regulate the process of learning, relate learner's decision regarding what information to attend to, how to remember, and how to solve problems
for knowledge outcomes, __ and __ are most appropriate
rehearsal and organization
working storage definition
rehearsal and repetition of information occur, allowing material to be coded for memory
learning strategies include (3)
rehearsal, organizing, and elaboration
what happens in motivational processes?
reinforcement in resulting in positive outcomes
learning definition
relatively permanent change in human capabilities that can include knowledge, skills, attitudes, behaviors, and competencies that are not the result of growth processes
retention definition social learning theory
remember the behaviors or skills that they observe
negative reinforcement definition
removal of an unpleasant outcome
what are the external conditions for learning verbal information?
repeated practice, meaningful chunks, advance organizers, recall cues
when should learner learner interaction be used
requires mastering a task that is completed in a group, learners will discuss content with peers
organizing definition
requires the learner to find similarities and themses in the training material
elaboration definition
requires the trainee to relate the training material to other, more familiar knoowledge, skills, or behaviors
people with learning orientation believe that training success is defined as
showing improvements and making progress, prefer trainers who are more interested in how trainees are learning than in how they are performing and view errors and mistakes as part of the learning process
rehearsal definition
simplest learning strategy, focuses on learning through repetition
stimulus generalization approach can be seen in the design of some
skill training programs, which are based on social learning theory
andragogy definition
theory of adult learning
near transfer definition
trainee's ability to apply learned capabilities exactly to the work situation
far transfer definition
trainee's ability to apply learned capabilities to the work environment, even though the work environment is not identical to that of the training session
generalization definition
trainee's ability to apply what they learned to on the job work problems and situations that are similar but necessarily identical to those problems and situations encountered in the learning environment
climate for transfer definition
trainee's perceptions about a wide variety of characteristics of the work environment that facilitate or inhibit the use of trained skills or behavior
transfer of training definition
trainees effectively and continually applying what they have learned in training to their jobs
instruction definition
trainer's manipulation of the environment in order to help trainees learn
closed skills definition
training objectives that are linked to learning specific skills that are to be identically produced by the trainee on their job
motor reproduction definition
trying out observed behaviors to see if they result in the same reinforcement that the model received
learning orientation definition
trying to increase ability or competence in a task
implications of adult learning theory on the design issue of experience
use learner experience as basis for examples and applications
valence definition
value that a person places on a noutcome
what are the external conditions for learning cognitive strategies?
verbal description of strategy, strategy demonstration, practice with feedback, variety of tasks that provide opportunity to apply strategy
stimulus generalization approach definition
way to understand the transfer of training issues is to construct training so that the most important features or general principles are emphasized
extinction definition
withdrawing positive or negative reinforcers to eliminate a behavior
whole practice definition
all tasks or objectives should be practiced at the same time
past accomplishments definition
allowing employees to build a history of successful accomplishments
before practice, trainers can (6)
-provide information about the process or strategy that will result in greatest learning -encourage trainees to develop a strategy to reflect on their own learning process -provide advance organizers -help trainees set challenging mastery or learning goals -create realistic expectations by communicating what will occur in training -when training employees in teams, communicate performance expectations and clarify the roles and responsibilities of team members
ways to create a learning orientation in trainees (4)
-setting goals around learning and experimenting with new ways of trainees performing tasks -deemphasizing competition among trainees -creating a community of learning -allowing trainees to make errors and to experiment with new knowledge, skills, and behaviors during training
three theories of transfer of training have implications for training design
-theory of identical elements -stimulus generalization approach -cognitive theory of transfer
appropriate conditions of use of identical elements theory
-training focuses on closed skills -work environment features are predictable and stable -training to use equipment
self efficacy can be increased using (4)
-verbal persuasion -logical verification -observation of others -past accomplishments
social learning theory suggests that four processes are involved in learning
1) attention 2) retention 3) motor reproduction 4) motivational processes
self management involves (5)
1) determining the degree of support and negative consequences in the work setting for using newly acquired capabilities 2) setting goals for using learned capabilities 3) applying learned capabilities to the job 4) monitoring use of learned capabilities on the job 5) engaging in self reinforcement
according to social learning theory learning new skills comes from (2)
1) directly experiencing the consequences of using that behavior or skill 2) process of observing others and seeing the consequences of their behavior
what are the steps in the process of learning (8)
1) expectancy 2) perception 3) working storage 4) semantic encoding 5) long term storage 6) retrieval 7) generalizing 8) gratifying
what's important in the cognitive theory of transfer? (2)
1) increased by providing trainees with meaningful material that enhances the chances tha they will link what they encounter in the work environment to the learned capability 2) providing the trainee with cognitive strategies for coding the learning capabilities in memory so that they are easily retrievable
4 things needs to be present for learning to occur and employees to use what they learned on their jobs
1) providing opportunities for training to practice and receive feedback 2) offering meaningful training content 3) identifying any prerequisites that trainees need to complete the program successfully 4) allowing trainees to learn through observation and experience and ensuring the work environment support learning
training objective has three components
1) statement of what the employee is expected to do 2) statement of quality or level of performance that is acceptable 3) statement of the condition under which the trainee is expected to perform the desired outcome
what is the information processing steps (6)
1) stimulus or message goes in 2) receptors (eyes, nose, ears, skin) take in message 3) sensory register picks up these sensory things 4) goes into short term memory 5) goes into long term emmory and response generato 6) effectors react to what to do related to one of five learning outcomes
not more than __ messages can be prepared for storage at the same time
5
semantic encoding definition
actual coding process of incoming messages
generalizing definition
adapt to learning for use in similar but not identical situations
expectancy theory definition
a person's behavior is based on 3 factors: expectancy, instrumentality, and valence
perception definition
ability to organize the message from the environment so that it can be processed and acted upon
david mcclelland's need for theory focused primarily on needs for
achievement, affiliation, and power
