Teaching Methodologies

Grammar-translation method What are the typical techniques used in this method?

Translation of a literary passage Reading comprehension questions Antonyms/synonyms Cognates Deductive application of rules Fill-in-the-blank exercises Memorization Use words in sentences Composition

Total Physical Response What are the typical techniques used in this method?

Using commands to direct behavior Role reversal Action sequence

What are the goals of teachers using the grammar-translation method?

A fundamental purpose of learning a language is to be able to read literature written in the target language. To do this, students need to learn about the grammar rules, and vocabulary. It is believed that studying another language provides students with good mental exercise, which helps develop their minds.

Audio-Lingual Method What are the characteristics of the teaching/learning process?

New vocabulary and structural patterns are presented through dialogues, which are learned through imitation and repetition. Different kind of drills are conducted based upon the patterns presented in the dialogue. Grammar is induced from the examples given. Explicit grammar rules are not provided. Cultural information is contextualized in the dialogues. Students' reading and written work is based upon the oral work they did earlier.

Audio-Lingual Method What are the typical techniques used in this method?

1. Dialogue memorization 2. Backward build-up(expansion) drill 3. Repetition drill 4. Single-slot substitution drill 5. Multiple-slot substitution drill 6. Transformation drill 7. Question-and-answer drill 8. Use of minimal pairs 9. Complete the dialogue 10. Grammar game

What are the 10 popular teaching methodologies?

1. Grammar-Translation 2. The silent way 3. Total physical response 4. Task-based Language Teaching 5. Direct method 6. (De) Suggestopedia 7. Communicative Language Teaching 8. Audiolingualism 9. Community Language Learning 10. Content-based instruction

Grammar-translation method What is the nature of student-teacher interaction? Student-student interaction?

1. Most of the interaction in the classroom is from the teacher to the students. 2. There is little student initiation and little student-student interaction.

Grammar-Translation Activity Example

1. Read the following paragraph and translate each of the sentences one by one. 2. Answer the following questions about the reading. 3. Vocal: Read & translate the words 4. Provide the opposite words 5. Change word to past tense

Grammar-translation method What are the characteristics of the teaching/learning process?

1. Translate from one language into the other 2. Translate readings in target language about some aspect of the culture of the target language community 3. Study grammar deductively 4. Memorize native language equivalent for target language vocabulary words

Task-based Language Teaching What are the characteristics of the teaching/learning process?

A pre-task phrase typically begins a task sequence. In this phase, the teacher can introduce the students to the language they will need to complete the task. The tasks are meaningful, and relevant so that the students see the reason for doing the task and can see how the task relates to possible situation in their lives outside the classroom. Student actively engaged in the task and teacher monitor their performance and intervening when necessary. The task has clear outcomes so that both students and teachers can tell if they task has been successfully completed. A post-task phase takes place to reinforce students' learning or to address any problems that may arise.

Grammar-Translation

An approach to second language teaching characterized by the explicit teaching of grammar rules and the use of translation exercises.

Communicative Language Teaching What are the typical techniques used in this method?

Authentic materials Scrambled sentences Language games Picture strip story Information gap activities Role-play

Audio-Lingual Method What is the nature of student-teacher interaction? Student-student interaction?

Most interaction is between teacher and students and is initiated by the teacher, choral repetition. Student-student interactions are in chain drills or mechanical role play.

Content-based instruction What are the typical techniques used in this method?

Dictogloss Graphic organizers-diagrams, tables, symbols, and arrows to map knowledge Language experience approach-student take turns dictating a story about their life experience to the teacher who write it down in the target language Process writing-brainstorming as pre-writing phase, write, collect and evaluate what students have written, or have repeated conference with the teacher and receive feedback, and carry on writing Dialogue journals

Audio-Lingual Method How is language viewed? How is culture viewed?

Everyday speech is emphasized in the Audio-lingual Method. The level of complexity of the speech is graded. Beginning students are presented with only simply patterns. Culture consists of the everyday behavior and lifestyle of the target language speakers, not just literature, and the arts.

Content-based instruction What are the goals of teachers using this method?

In a CBI class, teachers want the students to master both language and content. The content can be themes of general interest to students, such as current event, academic subject. In this method, teachers encourage the development of content and language simultaneously.

Task-based Language Teaching What are the typical techniques used in this method?

Information-gap task Opinion-gap task Reasoning-gap task, students drive some new information by inferring it from information they have already been given eg: given a railroad schedule and asked to work out the best route to get from one particular city to another, use survey to find out the most popular subject, Unfocused task eg: plan an itinerary Focused task-completing tasks using specific linguistic items, a grammar structure

Total Physical Response How is language viewed? How is culture viewed?

Just as with the acquisition of the native language. Oral modality is the primary. Culture is the lifestyle of people who speak the language natively.

Task-based Language Teaching How is language viewed? How is culture viewed?

Language is for communicating and for "doing". Culture is not explicitly dealt with although certain tasks might have a cultural focus, such as when students prepare different ethnic food to share.

Communicative Language Teaching How is language viewed? How is culture viewed?

Language is learned through communication. Linguistic competence is not enough. It is just part of communicative competence, which should be the ultimate goal of language learning. Culture is everyday lifestyle of people who use the language.

Content-based instruction How is language viewed? How is culture viewed?

Language is meaningful and a medium through which content is conveyed. Culture is addressed in teaching to the extent that it is present in the content area being studied.

Grammar-translation method How is language viewed? How is culture viewed?

Literary language is considered superior to spoken language and is there for the language the student studies. Culture is viewed as consisting of literature and the fine arts.

Community Language Learning

METHODOLOGY Also called counseling learning, a teaching method developed by Charles Curran in the 70s in the US. The learners (clients) sit in a circle having a conversation. They consult with the teacher-knower, who is outside the circle, to help formulate each utterance. The conversation is recorded, played back, translated, transcribed, boarded and read aloud.

Total Physical Response What are the characteristics of the teaching/learning process?

Phase one is modeling, In the second phase students demonstrate that they can understand the command by performing them alone. Phase three, recombine the elements of the command to have the students develop flexibility in understanding. Phase four, students say together with the teacher. Phase five, students make command to the other students.

(De) Suggestopedia

Physical surroundings and atmosphere in classroom are the vital factors to make sure that "the students feel comfortable and confident",[2] and various techniques, including art and music, are used by the trained teachers. The lesson of Suggestopedia consisted of three phases at first: deciphering, concert session (memorization séance), and elaboration.[1][3]

The Silent Way

Students take responsibility for their own learning. Teacher is silent most of the time. Speaks to give clues, not model language.

Content-based instruction What are the characteristics of the teaching/learning process?

Teachers must help learners understand authentic texts. Teachers make meaning clear through the use of visuals, realia, repeating, and by giving a lot of examples, building on students' previous experiences. Teachers also design activities that address both language and content, and the discourse organization of the content with specific language activities, highlighting how language is used in a particular subject. Eg: language for math differs from language for history. Graphic organizer is one tool used to assist this process.

Audio-Lingual Method What are the goals of teachers using this method?

Teachers want their students to be able to use the target language communicatively. In order to do this, they believe students need to over pratice the target language so that they can use it automatically without stopping to think. In this way, the students can form new habits in the target language and overcoming the old habits of their native language.

Communicative Language Teaching What are the goals of teachers using this method?

The goal is to enable students to communicate in the target language. To do this, students need knowledge of the linguistic forms, meanings and functions. They need to know that many different forms can be used to perform a function. They must also be able to manage the process of negotiating meaning with their interlocutors.

Task-based Language Teaching What are the goals of teachers using this method?

The goal of the teachers is to facilitate students' language learning by engaging them in a variety of tasks that have a clear outcome.

Communicative Language Teaching What are the characteristics of the teaching/learning process?

The most obvious characteristic of CLT is that almost everything that is done is done with a communicative intent. Students use the language a great deal through truly communicative activities.

Grammar-translation method What is the role of the teacher and the students?

The roles are very traditional. The teacher is the authority in the classroom. The students do as the teacher says so they can learn what s/he knows.

Communicative Language Teaching What is the role of the teacher and the students?

The teacher facilitates communication in the classroom and establishes situations likely to promote communication. During the activity, he acts as an advisor, answering questions, monitoring their performance, and co-communicator engaging in the activity.

Content-based instruction What is the nature of student-teacher interaction? Student-student interaction?

The teacher guides student learning and supports them by having students pay attention to how language is used to deliver content and by scaffolding their language development. Students often work collaboratively to understand content while actively using the language they are studying.

Total Physical Response What is the nature of student-teacher interaction? Student-student interaction?

The teacher interacts with the whole group of students and with individual students. First, interaction is characterized by the teacher speaking and the students responding nonverbally. Later on, the student become more verbal and the teacher respond nonverbally.

Audio-Lingual Method What are the goals of the teacher and students?

The teacher is like an orchestra leader, or military sergeant, directing and controlling the language behavior of the students. Also, the teacher provides good model for imitation. The students are imitators of the teacher's model.

Total Physical Response What is the role of the teacher and the students?

The teacher is the director of all student behavior. The students are imitators of her nonverbal model. At some point, some students will be "ready to speak".

Task-based Language Teaching What is the nature of student-teacher interaction? Student-student interaction?

The teacher is the input provider during the initial phase of the lesson. He also set the tasks, pay attention during the tasks. Students often work closely together to help each other accomplish the task and to problem-solve.

Communicative Language Teaching What is the nature of student-teacher interaction? Student-student interaction?

The teacher may present some parts of the lesson. At other times, he is the facilitator of the activities, but he does not always interact with the students. Sometimes he is the co-communicator in the activities, but more often he establishes situations that prompt communication between and among the students. Students interact a great deal with one another, they do this in various configurations: pairs, small group, and whole group.

Content-based instruction What is the role of the teacher and the students?

The teacher needs to set clear learning objectives for both content and language. Then s/he creates activities to teach both, scaffolding the language needed for study the content. The student's role is to engage actively with both content and language, using each to learn the other.

Task-based Language Teaching What is the role of the teacher and the students?

The teacher's role is to choose tasks based on the analysis of students' needs, that are appropriate to the level of the students and to create pre-task and task follow-up phases that are in line with the abilities and needs of the students. During the activity, the teacher also monitors the students' performance. The role of students is to communicate with their peers to complete a task.

Total Physical Response What are the goals of teachers using this method?

What are the goals of teachers using this method? Teachers who use TPR believe in the importance of having their students enjoy their experience of learning to communicate in another language. They believe that language is learned through action. TPR was developed in order to reduce the stress people feel when they are studying, particularly to teach young learners.

Content-based instruction

acquire language while using context of subject matter

Direct Method

emphasis on oral language acquisition; involves demonstrations by teacher and use of pictures, films; other visuals; stress on total immersion in L2 with no use of L1.