TEAS IMMUNE SYSTEM

*Each T cell receptor Consists of ____different polypeptide chains*

2

*THERE ARE ++++ TYPES OF ANTIBODIES OR IMMUNOGLOBULINS*

5

*In a primary response to an antigen antibodies are produced by a T helper cells b Null cell c Memory cells d small lymphocytes e NK cells

A

*_______ THE TYPE OF IMMUNITY THAT DEVELOPES FROM ANTIGENS GIVEN AFTER VACCINATION THAT WILL HAVE IgG. DEVELOPE ANTIBODIES AFTERWARD*

ACTIVE ARTIFICIAL

*_________IMMUNITY IS EXPOSURE FOR THE FIRST TIME TO THE ANTIGEN. THEN DEVELOP OWN ANTIBODIES*

ACTIVE NATURAL

*ANTIBODY REPRESENTING SECONDARY EXPOSURE OF IMMUNE SYSTEM- ______ RESPONSE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM*

ANAMESTIC

*B CELLS ALSO KNOWN AS PLASMA CELLS, +++++++, AND IMMUNOGLOBULINS*

ANTIBODIES

*EVERYTIME WE ARE EXPOSED TO AN ANTIGEN, THE IMMUNE SYSTEM RESPONDS BY PRODUCING AN ______*

ANTIBODY

*Dendritic cells are mobile branched ____found in the epidermis, mucous membranes, and lymphatic organs.*

APCs

*T cells cannot recognize foreign antigens without _____ *

APCs

* IgM found in Blood Tissue fluid. Function is _______*

Agglutination

*Clonal Selection Clonal selection of ___cells Generates a clone of short-lived activated effector cells and a clone of long-lived memory cells 1. Antigen molecules bind to the antigen receptors of only one of the three B cells shown.2. The selected B cell proliferates, forming a clone of identical cells bearing receptors for the selecting antigen 3Some proliferating cells develop into short-lived plasma cells that secrete antibodies specific for the antigen. 4. Some proliferating cells develop into long-lived memory cells that can respond rapidly upon subsequent exposure to the same antigen*

B

*Newly formed lymphocytes are all alike But they later develop into ____cells or T cells, depending on where they continue their maturation*

B

*T4 SENDS MESSAGE TO BONE MARROW _____ CELLS AS TO TYPE OF ANTIBODIES TO BE RELEASED. *

B

*The clonal selection of____ cells Generates antibody-secreting plasma cells, the effector cells of humoral immunity*

B

*T CELLS SEND MESSAGES TO THE ++++++ MARROW AND B CELLS RELEASE ANTIBODIES*

BONE

*Cytolysis conglomeration of ___ proteins called membrane attack complex.*

C

*Helper T cells produce ------ a surface protein That enhances their binding to class II MHC molecule-antigen complexes on antigen-presenting cells Activation of the helper T cell then occurs*

CD4

*Regulation of the Immune response is due to a. B cells b. T helper cells c. T effector cells D T-suppressor cells*

D

*THE 3 SYSTEMS ALWAYS IN CHARGE OF THE METABOLISM ARE ______ AND NERVOUS SYSTEMS.*

ENDOCRINE

*ANTIGEN- ANYTHING ______ TO THE BODY*

FOREIGN

*In the respiratory tract diffuse lymphatic tissue called BALT and in digestive called _____*

GALT

*HIGH T CELL COUNT REPRESENTS GOOD IMMUNITY. IF EXPOSED TO THE FLU, YOU DON'T GET IT BECAUSE OF ++++++ IMMUNITY.*

GOOD

*Allergies ______ causes blood vessels to widen and become leaky. Fluid and white blood cells leave capillaries. The area of leakage becomes hot, red and inflamed*

Histamine

*T CELLS INCLUDE HELPER CELLS THAT ACTIVATE THE ______ SYSTEM. THEY ARE KNOWN AS HELPER CELLS, T4, AND CD4 CELLS.*

IMMUNE

*ANTIBODY ASSOCIATED WITH MUCUS MEMBRANE, SALIVA AND TEARS*

IgA

*UNKNOWN FUNCTION ANTIBODY*

IgD

*ANTIBODY FOR ALLERGIC REACTIONS AND PARASITIC INFECTIONS*

IgE

*ANTIBODY WITH THE LARGEST MOLECULE AND INTRAVASCULAR FOR VIRAL AND BACTERIAL INFECTION*

IgG

*Anamestic Response of immune system is IgM, IgA, IgG, IgD, IgE*

IgG

*IF UPON 2ND EXPOSURE YOU DON'T GET THE FLU FROM COWORKERS, RELEASE A LARGE AMOUNT OF WHICH ANTIBODY?*

IgG

*Natural Immunity is characteristic of IgM, IgE, IgA, IgD, or IgG.*

IgG

*Passive immunity, which provides immediate, short-term protection Is conferred naturally when ____ crosses the placenta from mother to fetus or when IgA passes from mother to infant in breast milk Can be conferred artificially by injecting antibodies into a nonimmune person*

IgG

*THE HIGHEST ANTIBODY IN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND THE ONLY ANTIBODY TO CROSS THE PLACENTA. RESPONSIBLE FOR NATURAL IMMUNITY*

IgG

*ANTIBODY REPRESENTING PRIMARY RESPONSE, WHICH IS FIRST EXPOSURE TO ANTIGEN*

IgM

*Our first line of defense The ________System...Skin Mucous membranes Mucous provides a physical barrier preventing microbial access*

Integumentary

*About 30 proteins make up the complement system. Which can cause lysis of invading cells and help trigger inflammation. _______ Provide innate defense against viruses and help activate macrophages*

Interferons

*Ts or Tr ARE SUPPRESSOR CELLS. ALSO KNOWN AS THE _____ OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. AFTER T4 ACTIVATION, Ts TURNS ON OR OFF.*

KNOB

*EXPOSURE TO ANTIGEN OF CERTAIN MOLECULAR WEIGHT BRINGS _______ OR WBC.*

LYMPHOCYTES

*Pathogens are attached to antibodies and neutrophils have antibody receptors. Enodcytosis of neutrophil membrane phagocytic vacuole. ______ attach to phagocytic vacuole pathogen digested by proteases*

Lysosomes

*Class I MHC molecules, found on almost all nucleated cells of the body Display peptide antigens to cytotoxic T cells 1 A fragment of foreign protein (antigen) inside the cell associates with an MHC molecule and is transported to the cell surface.2The combination of ____ molecule and antigen is recognized by a T cell, alerting it to the infection.*

MHC

*Dentritic cells macrophages reticular cells and B cells function as APCs because they code for _____ proteins*

MHC

*Tc cells respond only to _____and Th cells respond only to MHC-II.*

MHC-1

* IgE is found in tissues and functions to Activate _____cells. HISTAMINE Worm response*

Mast

*If cells are under attack they release histamine.Histamine plus chemicals from pathogens mean ______are attracted to the site of attack.*

Neutrophils

*+++++++ TOXOID LIKE TETANUS GIVEN TO PROTECT YOU. CONTAINS ANTIBODIES.*

PASSIVE ARITIFICAL

*_______THE TYPE OF IMMUNITY THAT IS OBTAINED BY ANTIBODIES CROSSING THRU THE PLACENTA*

PASSIVE NATURAL

*Some activated B cells are called _______CELLS these produce lots of antibodies, < 1000/sec The antibodies travel to the blood, lymph, lining of gut and lungs. The number of plasma cells goes down after a few weeks Antibodies stay in the blood longer but eventually their numbers go down too.*

PLASMA

*Macrophages are P_____ cells - able to ingest small foreign invaders neutrophils monocyte*

Phagocytic

*IgG can be found in Blood, Tissue fluid CAN CROSS _______*

Placenta

* T cells are born in the red bone marrow as descendants of pluri____ stem cells. T cells mature in the t___ *

Pluripotent thymus

*Another red blood cell antigen, the Rh factor Creates difficulties when an Rh-negative mother carries successive Rh------- fetuses*

Positive

*FEVER is an abnormal elevation of body temperature. Also known as PY____*

Pyrexia

*IMMUNE CLEARANCE C3b binds Ag- Ab complexes to RBCs. As RBCs circulate thru liver and spleen, macrophages destroy Ag Ab complexes but do not harm ______Clear foreign antigens from blood*

RBCs

*MHC -1 proteins occur on every nucleated cells but not -------*

RBCs

*THE ANTIGEN + ANTIBODY= IMMUNE ______*

RESPONSE

*Rh positive blood indicates presence of Rh antigen, Rh antigen on the surfaces of erthrocytes, Rh antibody on erythrocyte surfaces, or Rh antibody in plasma*

Rh antigen on the surfaces of erythrocytes

*1A specific cytotoxic ____ cell binds to a class I MHC-antigen complex on a target cell via its TCR with the aid of CD8. This interaction, along with cytokines from helper T cells, leads to the activation of the cytotoxic cell.2 The activated T cell releases perforin molecules, which form pores in the target cell membrane, and proteolytic enzymes (granzymes), which enter the target cell by endocytosis 3The granzymes initiate apoptosis within the target cells, leading to fragmentation of the nucleus, release of small apoptotic bodies, and eventual cell death. The released cytotoxic T cell can attack other target cells. *

T

*Acquired immunity includes two branches The humoral immune response involves the activation and clonal selection of B cells, resulting in the production of secreted antibodies The cell-mediated immune response involves the activation and clonal selection of cytotoxic === cells*

T

*Activated helper ____ cells Secrete several different cytokines that stimulate other lymphocytes*

T

*Lymph nodes are the most numerous lymphatic organs. Function to cleanse the lymph and act as site of ____ and B cell activation.*

T

*THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF LYMPHOCYTES: ____ AND B CELLS. B CELLS REPRESENT HUMORAL IMMUNITY. T CELLS REPRESENT CELLULAR IMMUNITY OR T MEDIATED.*

T

*tHE FIRST CELLS TO RESPOND IN AN IMMUNE RESPONSE ARE ____ CELLS.*

T

*Active artifical immunity is the production of one's own antibodies or ____ cells as the result of vac______.*

T vaccination

*Natural active immunity is the production of one's own antibodies or ---- cells as a result of natural exposure to an antigen.*

T cells

*THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IS IMPORTANT FOR ACCEPTING OR REJECTING FOODS, ORGANS AS IN ORGAN _____, COSMETICS, CLOTHES, AND CREAMS.*

TRANSPLANTS

*ANTIBODIES Each ab has 2 identical ag binding sites - ______ regions. The order of amino acids in the variable region determines the shape of the binding site*

VARIABLE

*THE T8, TKILLER, OR TCYTOTOXIC CELLS ARE THE ONLY DEFENSE AGAINST _____ OR TUMORS*

VIRUSES

*Pus is made up of dead cells and debris. Forms a yellowish fluid in a tissue cavity called an ab++++*

abcess

*Cervical, axillary, thoracic, _____, intestinal and mesenteric, injuinal, and popliteal lymph nodes*

abdominal

*Hyperemia delivers oxygen, amino _____, and other essentials of protein synthesis.Fibrin clot may provide scaffold for tissue reconstruction*

acids

*Active immunity Lymphocytes are _____ by antigens on the surface of pathogens*

activated

*Passive immunity B and T cells are not ______ and plasma cells have not produced antibodies. The antigen doesn't have to be encountered for the body to make the antibodies. Antibodies appear immediately in blood but protection is only temporary.*

activated

*Vaccination is an example of active natural, active artificial, passive artificial, or passive artificial*

active artificial

*Acquired immunity, also called _____immunity. Develops only after exposure to inducing agents such as microbes, toxins, or other foreign substances. Involves a very specific response to pathogens*

adaptive

*Binding of antibodies to antigens inactivates antigens by: 1 Viral neutralization (blocks binding to host) and opsonization (increases phagocytosis) and 2 ______ of antigen-bearing particles, such as microbes and 3 Precipitation of soluble antigens which all enhance phagocytosis*

agglutination

*IgM First Ig class produced after initial exposure to antigen; then its concentration in the blood declines. Promotes neutralization and ++++++of antigens; very effective in complement activation *

agglutination

*The allergic response 1.IgE antibodies produced in response to initial exposure to an allergen bind to receptors or mast cells. 2. On subsequent exposure to the same allergen, IgE molecules attached to a mast cell recog- nize and bind the ______ 3 Degranulation of the cell, triggered by cross-linking of adjacent IgE molecules, releases histamine and other chemicals, leading to allergy symptoms.

allergen

*Allergies are exaggerated (hypersensitive) responses To certain antigens called _____*

allergens

*An acute allergic response sometimes leads to ______ shock A whole-body, life-threatening reaction that can occur within seconds of exposure to an allergen*

anaphylactic

*B cell receptors Bind to specific, intact antigens Are often called membrane _______or membrane immunoglobulins*

antibodies

*Natural passive immunity A mother's ______ pass across the placenta to the foetus and remain for several months. Colostrum (the first breast milk) contains lots of IgA which remain on surface of the baby's gut wall and pass into blood*

antibodies

*T lymphocytes Mature T-cells have T cell receptors which have a very similar structure to ______ and are specific to 1 antigen. They are activated when the receptor comes into contact with the Ag with another host cell (e.g. on a macrophage membrane or an invaded body cell)*

antibodies

*the alternative and lectin pathways require no anit___and so belong to nonspecific defenses. Cascade by C3. In lecithin pathway, lecithin binds to certain sugars and sets off cascades.*

antibodies

*There are c.10 million different B-lymphocytes, each of which make a different ______.The huge variety is caused by genes coding for abs changing slightly during development. There are a small group of clones of each type of B-lymphocyte*

antibody

*Pathways of Complement System: Classical Pathway= requires an anti___ to get started so part of specific immunity. Cascade reactions called complement fix____*

antibody fixation

*Infected cells produce MHC molecules Which bind to antigen fragments and then are transported to the cell surface in a process called -------- presentation A nearby T cell Can then detect the antigen fragment displayed on the cell's surface*

antigen

*Lymphadenitis - lymph node swollen and painful to the touch cause under challenge from foreign ______*

antigen

* B Lymphocytes At the clone stage antibodies do not leave the B-cells. The abs are embedded in the plasma membrane of the cell and are called antibody receptors. When the receptors in the membrane recognise and antigen on the surface of the pathogen the B-cell divides rapidly. The _____ are presented to the B-cells by macrophages*

antigens

*The binding of antibodies to ____Is also the basis of several antigen disposal mechanisms Leads to elimination of microbes by phagocytosis and complement-mediated lysis*

antigens

*The binding of antibodies to _____Is also the basis of several antigen disposal mechanisms Leads to elimination of microbes by phagocytosis and complement-mediated lysis*

antigens

*FUNCTIONS OF ANTIBODIES Some act as labels to identify antigens for phagocytes Some work as ______i.e. they block toxins for e.g. those causing diphtheria and tetanus Some attach to bacterial flagella making them less active and easier for phagocytes to engulf Some cause agglutination (clumping together) of bacteria making them less likely to spread&

antitoxins

*IgA functions to Stop ______adhering to host cells Prevents bacteria forming colonies on mucous membranes*

bacteria

*Neutrophils 60% of WBCs 'Patrol tissues' as they squeeze out of the capillaries. Large numbers are released during infections Short lived - die after digesting ______*

bacteria

*Role of T helper 1After a dendritic cell engulfs and degrades a bacterium, it displays bacterial antigen fragments (peptides) complexed with a class II MHC molecule on the cell surface. A specific helper T cell binds to the displayed complex via its TCR with the aid of CD4. This interaction promotes secretion of cytokines by the dendritic cell. 2 Proliferation of the T cell, stimulated by cytokines from both the dendritic cell and the T cell itself, gives rise to a clone of activated helper T cells (not shown), all with receptors for the same MHC-antigen complex 3The cells in this clone secrete other cytokines that help activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells.*

bacterium

*INFLAMMATION- C3A stimulates mast cells and baso+++ to secrete hist++++ . Also activates neutrophils and macrophages.*

basophil histamine

*HYPEREMIA achieved by basophils of bl---- and mast cells of connective tis------. They dilate blood vessels and increase capillary permeability by widening spaces thru histamine, leukotreines, and other cyto------*

blood tissue cytokines

*Lymphocytes in _____marrow transplants May cause a graft versus host reaction in recipients*

bone

*Macrophages Larger than neutrophils. Found in the organs, not the blood. Made in _____marrow as monocytes, called macrophages once they reach organs.Long lived Initiate immune responses as they display antigens from the pathogens to the lymphocytes.*

bone

*Natural killer (NK) cells Patrol the body and attack virus-infected body cells and ------- cells Trigger apoptosis in the cells they attack*

cancer

*The spleen is the ____ graveyard. Old RBCs rupture as they squeeze thru _____ walls into the sinuses. Macrophages phagocytize their remains. Helps to stabilize blood ____ by transferring excess plasma from bloodstream into lymphatic system.*

capillary volume

*3 main sets of tonsils: Pharygneal tonsil on the wall of the pharynx behind nasal _____, a pair of palantine tonsils at the posterior margin of the o ____cavity, and numerous _____ tonsils.*

cavity oral lingual

*Cellular immunity viruses parasites cancer. Attack the ____ directly*

cell

*Tc cells are the cytotoxic or killer T cells that carry otu attacks on enemy ____*

cells

*Inate Immunity injury & infection macrophages slip between ____[extravasation] to arrive cytokine chemicals attract other "troops" or c_______ histamine chemicals dilate _____ or vasodilation*

cells chemotaxis blood

*Acquired immunodeficiencies Range from temporary states to _____diseases*

chronic

*In a primary immune response Binding of antigen to a mature lymphocyte induces the lymphocyte's proliferation and differentiation, a process called ____selection*

clonal

*Fibrinogen A plasma clotting protein that filters into inflamed tissue and forms fibrin thus coag------ tissue fluid and sequestering pathogens and forming a temporary scaffold for tissue rebuilding.*

cogulating

*Macrophages are large phagocytic cells of the ____ tissue. Display antigenic fragments of foreign matter of it to certain T cells so alert the system to enemy and called ______presenting cells or APCs.*

connective antigen

*Activation of B cells Is aided by _____ and antigen binding to helper T cells*

cytokines

*3 Purposes of inflammation: 1. Limit the spread of pathogens and destroy them 2 Remove the debris of dam---- tissue 3 Initiate tiss___ repair.*

damaged tissue tissue repair

*Antibodies to nonself blood types Already exist in the body Transfusion with incompatible blood Leads to -------- of the transfused cells*

destruction

*Other examples of autoimmune diseases include Systemic lupus erythematosus Multiple sclerosis Insulin-dependent _____*

diabetes

*Spleen is largest lymphatic organ inferior to _____ and posterior lateral to stomach. *

diaphragm

*Humoral immunity- Antibodies tag for destruction. Extracellular and not a ___ attack*

direct

*TISSUE CLEAN UP and REPAIR Macrophages engulf and destroy bacteria and act as APCs. Edema promotes clean up by compressing veins, reducing venous drai____.*

drainage

*The chances of successful transplantation are increased If the donor and recipient MHC tissue types are well matched If the recipient is given immunosuppressive _____*

drugs

*A lymphocyte actually recognizes and binds To just a small, accessible portion of the antigen called an ______*

epitope

*Immune system learns to dinstinguish non-self from self antigens prior to birth. Thereafter attacks only nonself. Only certain regions of an antigen called epi___ stimulate immune responses. One antigen has several different epi+++ that can stimulate the production of different antibodies.*

epitope epitope

*APC internalizes antigen by endocytosis and displays its epi____ in the grooves of MHC proteins.*

epitopes

*Basophils secrete leukotrines that activate and attract neutrophils and e++++++, also activates histamine which increases _____ flow and speeds the delivery of leukocytes to the areas, the anticoagulant h+++++, which inhibits the formation of blood clots that would inhibit leukocyte mobility. Also produce mast cells, a type of connective tissue cell similar to basinophil*

esonophils blood heparin

*Blood platelets secrete platelet-derived growth ____, that stimulates fibroblasts to multiply and synthesize collagen.*

factor

*Exaggerated, self-directed, or diminished immune responses can cause disease If the delicate balance of the immune system is disrupted The effects on the individual can range from minor to often ____consequences*

fatal

*Inflammatory Response In local inflammation, histamine and other chemicals released from injured cells Promote changes in blood vessels that allow more _____, more phagocytes, and antimicrobial proteins to enter the tissues*

fluid

*An antigen is any ______ molecule That is specifically recognized by lymphocytes and elicits a response from them*

foreign

*MHC II proteins occur on APCs and display only ____ antigens*

foreign

*Early in development, random, permanent gene rearrangement Forms functional ____ encoding the B or T cell antigen receptor chains*

genes

*FEVER is typically initiated by exogenous pyrogens such as the surface glycol---- of bacteria and viruses. As neutrophils and macrophages attack pathogens they create a variety of chemicals interl____, interferons and others that act as endogenous py_____.*

glycolipids interleukins endogenous pyrogens

*Basophils and mast cells secrete histamine hep----, leukotrienes and kinins*

heparin

* Local inflammatory response In local inflammation, _____ and other chemicals released from injured cells Promote changes in blood vessels that allow more fluid, more phagocytes, and antimicrobial proteins to enter the tissues*

histamine

*Mast cells /basophils release ______ that dilates blood vessels causes redness [erythrema], swelling [edema], and heat [fever]*

histamine

*FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE- Defensins are peptides that kill pathogens by creating _____ in their membranes. Produced by neutrophils and the skin is coated with a thin film of acid called lactic ____ or acid ____ which inhibit bacterial growth.*

holes acid mantle

* severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) Both the _____and cell-mediated branches of acquired immunity fail to function*

humoral

*An inborn or primary immunodeficiency Results from hereditary or congenital defects that prevent proper functioning of innate, _____, and/or cell-mediated defenses*

humoral

*Cardinal Signs: The heat of inflammation and the redness results from Hyper___ . Edema or swelling is due to increased filtration from capillaries. Pain results from pressure on nerves from ed+++ and simtulation of pain receptors by bradykinin and prostaglandins.*

hyperemia edema

* A vaccine consists of dead or weakened pathogens that can stimulate and _____ response but not disease or discomfort.*

immune

*An antigen Ag is any molecule that triggers an _____ response.*

immune

*Macrophages release cytokines that enhace the _____ response*

immune

*Thymus is member of endocrine, lymphatic and _____ systems*

immune

*cytokines (sīˑ·tō·kīnz), n.pl regulatory proteins, such as lymphokines and interleukins that are produced by immune system cells and act as intercellular mediators in the modulation of _____ response. Cytokines produced by recombinant DNA technology are administered to people to affect immune status.They are a category of signaling molecules that are used extensively in cellular communication. They are proteins, peptides, or glycoproteins. The term cytokine encompasses a large and diverse family of polypeptide regulators that are produced widely throughout the body by cells of diverse embryological origin. Basically, the term "cytokine" has been used to refer to the immunomodulating agents (interleukins, interferons, etc.).*

immune

*Memory t cells or Tm are descended from Tc cells and are responsible for memory in cellular _____*

immunity

*The ability to recognize foreign antigens is immun++++++. T cells that are not immunocompetent are eliminated thru neg____ selection. There are 2 forms: clonal deletion in which self-reactive T cells die and are phagocytized (self tolerance surviving t cells respond to foreign but not own) and anergy in which the t cells remain _____ but are unresponsive.*

immunocompetent negative selection alive

* ANTIBODIES-Also known as ________ Globular glycoproteins The heavy and light chains are polypeptides The chains are held together by disulphide bridges*

immunoglobulins

*Numerous proteins function in _____ defense By attacking microbes directly of by impeding their reproduction *

inate

*Palatine tonsils largest and most often _____*

infected

*Natural active immunity - acquired due to ______*

infection

*Rheumatoid arthritis Is an autoimmune disease that leads to damage and painful _____ of the cartilage and bone of joints*

inflammation

*Internal cellular defenses Depend mainly on phagocytosis Phagocytes, types of white blood cells Ingest invading microorganisms Initiate the i______ response*

inflammatory

*Artificial passive immunity Used when a very rapid immune response is needed e.g. after infection with tetanus. Human antibodies are ______ In the case of tetanus these are antitoxin antibodies. Antibodies come from blood donors who have recently had the tetanus vaccination. Only provides short term protection as abs destroyed by phagocytes in spleen and liver.*

injected

*Active passive immunity ____ of a serum. Emergency treatment of snakebite or tetanus.*

injection

*FEVER is beneficial in that it promotes promotes inter____ activity, elevates metabolic rate and accelerates tis____ repair, and inhibits reproduction of viruses and bac_____*

interferon tissue bacteria

*When certain cells especially leukocytes are infected with viruses they secrete proteins called in______. Alert neighboring cells and protect them from becoming infected. Bind to receptors on cells and activate se++++ messenger systems. Also activate NK cells and macrophages. Important in viruses, c_____, and destroy malignant cells.*

interferons second cancer

*Immunoglobulin gene rearrangement 1.Deletion of DNA between a V segment and J segment and joining of the segments 2. Transcription of resulting permanently rearranged,functional gene 3. RNA processing (removal of ____addition of cap and poly (A) tail)*

intron

*After activation the cell divides to form: T-helper cells - secrete CYTOKINES help B cells divide stimulate macrophages. Cytotoxic T cells (killer T cells) ____body cells displaying antigen Memory T cells remain in body*

kill

*Cytotoxic T cells Bind to infected cells, cancer cells, and transplanted tissues Binding to a class I MHC complex on an infected body cell Activates a cytotoxic T cell and differentiates it into an active ____*

killer

*Lymphocytes NK or natural ____cells, T cells, and B cells. Most are T cells, then B, then ____cells.*

killer NK

*Functions of lymphatic system: immunity, fluid recovery, and ____ absorption*

lipid

*The complement system is a group of 30 or more globulins synthesized by the l_____. 4 methods of pathogen destruction: in______, immune clearance, phagocytosis, and cytolysis.*

liver inflammation

*Why aren't they always effective? Natural infections persist within the body for a l____time so the immune system has time to develop an effective response, vaccinations from dead m-os do not do this. Less effective vaccines need booster injections to stimulate secondary responses*

long

*Because AIDS arises from the ++++ of helper T cells. Both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses are impaired*

loss

*First Line of Defense In the trachea, ciliated epithelial cells Sweep mucus and any entrapped microbes upward, preventing the microbes from entering the _____*

lungs

*Lymphocytes Produce antibodies B-cells mature in bone marrow then concentrate in _____ nodes and spleen*

lymph

*T-cells mature in thymus. B and T cells mature then circulate in the blood and _____. Circulation ensures they come into contact with pathogens and each other*

lymph

*B cells also undergo clonal deletion and anergy. Immune cells abundant in lymph n___, spleen, bone marrow, and mucous membranes.*

lymph nodes

*Interstitial fluid bathing the tissues, along with the white blood cells in it, continually enters _______ capillaries.Fluid inside the lymphatic capillaries, called lymph, flows through lymphatic vessels throughout the body.Within lymph nodes, microbes and foreign particles present in the circulating lymph encounter macro- phages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes, which carry out various defensive actions.*

lymphatic

*Acquired immunity Is the body's second major kind of defense Involves the activity of l______*

lymphocytes

* First Line of Defense Secretions of the skin and mucous membranes Provide an environment that is often hostile to microbes Secretions from the skin Give the skin a pH between 3 and 5, which is acidic enough to prevent colonization of many microbes except acidophiles Also include proteins such as ______ an enzyme that digests the cell walls of many bacteria *

lysozyme,

*IgG is associated with Increase ______ activity Antitoxins Agglutination*

macrophage

* Steps in Inflammatory Response 1. Chemical signals released by activated _______and mast cells at the injury site cause nearby capillaries to widen and become more permeable. 2. Fluid, antimicrobial proteins, and clotting elements move from the blood to the site. Clotting begins. 3. Chemokines released by various kinds of cells attract more phagocytic cells from the blood to the injury site. 4. Neutrophils and macrophages phagocytose pathogens and cell debris at the site, and the tissue heals.*

macrophages

*If microbes get past the skin, they encounter phagocytes, macro++++, an leukocytes.*

macrophages

*PHAGOCYTOSIS C3b assists with opsionization which makes foreign cells more appetizing. Digested by neutrophils and mac---------*

macrophages

*Monocytes are leukocytes that emigrate from the blood in connective tissues and transform into m______. Macrophages and dendritic cells in this category and employ receptor mediated e________ instead of phagocytosis. Phagocytic cells wander but macrophages ____. Types of macrophages: microglia in ____, alveolar macrophages in lungs, and heapatic marcrophages in liver.*

macrophages endocytosis don't CNS

*IgE Triggers release from ----- cells and basophils of histamine and other chemicals that cause allergic reactions*

mast

*In localized allergies such as hay fever IgE antibodies produced after first exposure to an allergen attach to receptors on _____cells*

mast

*The next time the allergen enters the body It binds to mast cell-associated IgE molecules The ____cells then release histamine and other mediators That cause vascular changes and typical symptoms*

mast

*THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE Defeats a pathogen and leaves a --------. Can cause no illness.*

memory

*Vaccination Why aren't they always effective? Antigenic variation caused by mutation Antigenic drift - small changes (still recognised by ______ cells) Antigenic shift - large changes (no longer recognised)*

memory

*Most fevers beneficial but excessively high temperature because it speeds up different enzymatic pathways to different degrees causing metabolic disorie+++++ and cellular dysfunction.*

metabolic disorientation

Lymph nodes often associated with ______ cancer cells*

metastacizing

*In immunization A nonpathogenic form of a _______ or part of a microbe elicits an immune response to an immunological memory for that microbe*

microbe

*Steps in Phagocytosis 1. Chemotaxis and adherence of _____ to phagocytic cell 2. Ingestion by phagocytic cell of microbe 3. Formation of a phagosome 4. Fusion of the phagosome with a lysosome to form phagolysosome 5. Digestion of ingested microbe by enzymes 6. Formation of residual microbe body containing indigestible microbe material 7. discharge of waste materials

microbe

*IgM has the ____ binding sites. *

most

*MALT or ____ associated lymphatic tissue diffuse lympatic tissue in the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts.*

mucosa

* First Line of Defense Intact skin and mucous membranes Form physical barriers that bar the entry of microorganisms and viruses Certain cells of the ______membranes produce mucus A viscous fluid that traps microbes and other particles *

mucous

*Eosinophils found in _____ membranes standing guard against parasites and a______. Also easily concentrated at site of inflammation, allergy, or parasitic infection. Kill parasites with superoxide and hyrogen p______. Promote the action of basophils and mast cellls. Limit the action of histamine and other inflammatory chemicals.*

mucous allergens peroxide

*The first line of defense is the skin and _____ membranes which are inpenetrateable to most pathogens.*

mucus

*Positive selection of t cells in medulla of thymus. Mulitply and form clones. Are n____ because have not yet encountered foreign antigens.*

naive

*IgA is associated with Secretions (saliva, tears, small intestine, vaginal, prostate, _____, breast milk)*

nasal

*Exposure to an antigen for the first time is an example of ______*

natural active

*Chief killers of bacteria are neut+++. They exhibit chemotaxis or attraction to chemicals such as bradykinins and leukotrines that guide them to the site of injury or infection.*

neutrophils

*Complement - proteins that promote phagocytosis and cytolosis of pathogens and attract neut---- and macro++++ and stimulate basophils and mast cells.*

neutrophils macrophages

*Lymphocytes and macrophages congregate in dense masses in lymphatic n_____ (follicles). constant feature of the lymph nodes, tonsils, and a_____. In the Ileum form clusters called Peyer's _____.*

nodules appendix patches

*FIRST AND SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE are called ______ defense because they guard against broad range of pathogens and their effectiveness does not depend upon prior ______.*

nonspecific exposure

*the red bone marrow and thymus are primary lymphatic ______because they are the sites where T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes become ________ because able to respond to and recognize antigens. *

organs immunocompetent

*Why aren't they always effective? Antigenic concealment ______ live inside body cells Plasmodium - liver and blood cells Parasitic worms - cover themselves in host proteins HIV - live inside T-helper cells*

parasites

*Heparin prevents clotting in the area of the injury so path___ are trapped.*

pathogen

*2 characteriestics distinguish immunity from nonsepcific resistance: 1. Immunity to one pathogen does not give immunity to another ______2. Memory reexposure to same pathogen gives quicker _____ response so no illness.*

pathogen illness

*Innate immunity Is present before any exposure to ______ and is effective from the time of birth. Involves nonspecific responses to pathogens*

pathogens

*IMMUNE SURVEILLANCE NK cells patrol the body and binds to enemy cell to release proteins called per----- which create a hole in plasma membrane of enemy cell.Also release granzymes in the pore and destroy enemy cellular enzymes*

perforins

*Macrophages, a specific type of _______ Can be found migrating through the body Can be found in various organs of the lymphatic system *

phagocyte

*Respiratory mucus ensnares microbes and cilia moves to _____where it is swallowed and destroyed by stomach acid. Flushed by urine and saliva. Mucus, tears, and saliva also contains ______an enzyme that destroys bacteria by killing their cell walls.*

pharynx lysozyme

*Natural passive immunity acquire antibodies thru plac+++ or breastfeeding.*

placenta

*Cytotoxic T cells make CD8 A surface _____ that greatly enhances the interaction between a target cell and a cytotoxic T cell*

protein

*FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE- Keratin a tough _____ that few pathogens can penetrate.*

protein

*Why aren't they always effective? Some people don't respond well/at all to vaccinations Defective immune systems Malnutrition particularly______*

protein

*Cytokines are small pro---- involved in inflammation and immunity . Produced by WBCs. Include interleukins, interferons, chemotactic factors*

proteins

*T cells bind to small fragments of antigens That are bound to normal cell-surface ______ called MHC molecules MHC molecules Are encoded by a family of genes called the major istocompatibility complex*

proteins

*Phagocytes attach to their prey via surface receptors. a temporary ++++++or retractile process of the cytoplasm of a cell (as a unicellular organism or a white blood cell of a higher organism) that functions especially as an organ of locomotion or in taking up food And engulf them, forming a vacuole that fuses with a lysosome *

protrusion

*Colony stimulating factors promote the production of more leukocytes by ___ bone marrow.*

red

*MHC molecules Are responsible for stimulating the ______ of tissue grafts and organ transplants*

rejection

*Th cells or helper cells are the only ones that are involved in humoral immunity as well as cellular and nonspecific ________*

resistance

*An acquired or ______immunodeficiency Results from exposure to various chemical and biological agents*

secondary

*Adhesion to the vessel wall is called margination. Cell adhesion molceules are called selec-----. Leukocytes crawl thru the gaps between cells, an action called diaped____ or emigration.*

selectins diapedesis

*Interleukins are chemical _____ or cytokines signal from one APC or lymphocyte to another.*

signals

*Second line of defense several nonspecific defense mechanisms when -------or mucous membranes are broken thru*

skin

*INNATE IMMUNITY Rapid responses to a broad range of microbes ACQUIRED IMMUNITY _____ responses to specific microbes*

slower

*Haptens are too ____ to be antigenic themselves, but can stimulate an immune response by binding to a macromolecules and creating a complex the body sees as foreign.*

small

*Lymphocytes Arise from ____ cells in the bone marrow*

stem

*Growing evidence shows That physical and emotional _____can harm immunity*

stress

*SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE includes leukocytes, macrophages, antimicrobial proteins, inflammation, fever, and immune ________*

surveillance

*4 cardinal signs of INFLAMMATION redness, swe____, heat, and pain Words ending in itis indicate inflammation.*

swelling

*The activated cytotoxic T cell Secretes proteins that destroy the infected ------ cell*

target

*Other lines of defense Physiological variables pH of our environment _______ of our environment chemical defenses nitric oxide, enzymes, proteins, complement AND the IMMUNE SYSTEM...*

temperature

*As B and T cells are maturing in the bone and thymus. T matures in ____. Their antigen receptors are tested for possible self-reactivity. Lymphocytes bearing receptors for antigens already present in the body Are destroyed by apoptosis or rendered nonfunctional*

thymus

*Areolar _____ below epithelia and mucus membrane, ground areolar tissue contains hyaluronic acid presents barrier to microbes.*

tissue

*Reticular cells are branched stationary cells that contribute to the stroma or connective ____ framework of the lymphatic organs and act as A___ in the thymus>*

tissue APCs

*Neutrophils wander in connective _____ killling bacteria. Method is phagocytosis. Its lysosomes migrate to cell surface and degranulate or discharge enzymes to cell surface. Enzymes catalyse a reaction called respiratory ______. Absorbs oxygen and superoxide and reacts with H+ to form Hydrogen P=====. Hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, and hypochlorite and form a killing zone around bacteria.*

tissue burst Peroxide

*Tonsils are patches of lymphatic _____located at the entrance to the pharynx. Covered by an epithelium and has deep pits called ______ crypts.*

tissue tonsillar

*A preparation containing antigenic material: Whole live microorganism Dead microorganism Attenuated (harmless) microorganism _____harmless form of toxin) Preparation of harmless ags*

toxoid

*Active immunity Develops naturally in response to an infection Can also develop following immunization, also called _____*

vaccination

*Artificial active immunity - ________*

vaccination

*Process of Phagocytosis 1. Pseudopodia surround microbes. 2. Microbes are engulfed into cell. 3. Vacuole containing microbes forms. 4. ______and lysosome fuse. 5. Toxic compounds and lysosomal enzymes destroy microbes. Microbial debris is released by exocytosis.*

vacuole

*HYPEREMIA is increasing blood flow beyond its normal rate. Gets defensive leukocytes to the site of injury. Acheived by vaso-------*

vasodilation

*Histamine an amino acid produced by basophils and mast cells. Stimulates vasod____ and capillary permeability.*

vasodilation

*Natural killer cells or NK are large lymphocytes that destroy bacteria and host cells that have become infected with _____ and cancer. Responsible for immune surveillance*

viruses