Technology Final Exam

Explain the three different levels of data science.

1. Known unknown is something we don't know, and we know we don't know it. 2. Uknown unknown is something we don't know, and we don't realize we don't know it. 3. Known known is something we know, and we know that we know it.

· Explain the five key strategies companies can use to leverage social media?

1. Listening 2. Talking 3. Energizing 4. Supporting 5. Embracing

· What is big data? What are sources of big data?

Big data is a data set that is too large or complex to be analyzed using traditional data processing applications. Large diverse data sets may include structured, semi structured and unstructured data from various sources

· How has social media changed society?

Broad bandwidth which is internet access became faster. Sustainable business model enduring over time. New Web programming technology's ability to develop web pages that are dynamic and rich in feature.

· What is the triple bottom line?

Business concept that measures a firm's social and environmental impact in addition to their financial performance.

· Give an example of how geospatial data would be useful to an organization.

Can convert postal addresses to geospatial data that can be measured and analyzed, also by tapping into this resource decision-makers can use the geographic or spatial context to detect and respond to opportunities.

· Describe cognitive overload. How can one increase their ability to focus?

Cognitive Overload is interfering with our ability to focus and be productive.

· What are company's responsibilities and employee responsibilities with regards to providing a secure and respectful workplace?

Company's responsibilities are Being intolerant of disrespectful, untrustworthy, hostile, or bullying behavior. Setting clear boundaries, responding to idea, concerns, complaints and feedback with empathy. Employee responsibilities are treat each other with respect and consideration, act inclusively, value others, accept differences in other people and more.

· Define the words context, personalization and vertical search. Explain how they make for better search results.

Context: what is the intent of the user Personalization: What are the users personal characteristics Vertical search: Finding information in a specific area.

· Explain crowdsourcing and crowdfunding.

Crowdsourcing is a model of problem solving, production, and idea generation that marshals the collective talents of a large group of people that use the Web. Crowdfunding sites typically collect a percentage of the money raised.

· Explain the two biggest challenges associated with using big data.

Cultural and Technology-related

· What are the goals of big data?

Cut costs, gain market share, establish a data-driven culture, create new way to innovate and disrupt with technology, accelerate speed of offering new capabilities and services, launch new products and services, and improve processes.

What is data analytics? What are the three levels of data analytics?

Data analytics is the process and practice of analyzing data to answer questions, extract insights, and identify trends. The three levels are descriptive data analytics, predictive data analytics, and prescriptive data analytics.

· Explain why managers need data mashup technology. How do mashups add value?

Data mashups combine business data and applications from two or more sources. They enhance the interactive capabilities of dashboards, are quick cost-effective solution to a range of data analysis issues, filter down the data base on their needs, remain behind the scenes and are invisible.

· Give an example of a real-time search tool.

Google trends will help identify current and historical interest in the topic by reporting the volume of search activity over time.

· How can mobile apps provide retailers with a competitive advantage?

In-Store tracking which is tracking how a customers moves through a store, noting what displays the customers look at, or what departments the customer spends the most time in can be extremely helpful.

· Give examples of new in-store technologies that have made the in-store shopping experience more convenient or exciting.

In-store tracking, Nike speed shop, Auto Shopping Carts, increased use of in-store digital displays.

· How can today's organizations hold their employees accountable for ethical behavior?

Increases the prevention and detection of ethical infringements.

· What is the difference between morals and ethics?

Morals is a person's standards of behavior or beliefs concerning what is and is not acceptable for them to do. Ethics is moral principles that govern a person's behavior or the conducting of an activity.

· How has the web changed from Web 1.0 to Web 3.0?

Much new technologies.

· Describe one or two semantic search features that the semantic web provides.

Natural Language Processing and Artificial Intelligence.

· Explain why omnichannel retailing provides a better shopping experience for consumers.

Omnichannel retailing is a business strategy that provides customers with a seamless and integrated experience across multiple retail channels such as in-store, online, mobile and other sales and product distribution channels.

· How do businesses use blogs?

Online journal or informational web page or website featuring regularly updated articles or posts. Blogs that feature other types of media are called podcasts (audio), vlogs (videos), and plogs or photoblogs (images).

· How do organizations benefit from using optimization and rules-based decision-making?

Optimization is the process of calculating value of variables that lead to an optimal value of the event under investigation. Rule-based decision-making is decision-making that helps novices make decisions like an expert.

· What is predictive analytics? How are predictive analytics adding value in organizations?

Predictive analytics anticipates WHAT will happen next. Predictive model is based on several factors likely to influence future behavior and predict at some confidence level the outcome of an event. Predictive modeling is a process that uses data mining and probabilities to forecast outcomes to create statistical model to predict outcomes.

How is social media depriving protected classes of their civil rights?

Protected class information such as age, marital status, political affiliation or religion is often unwittingly shared through message and photos on social media sites and char room apps like Facebook, LinkedIn.

· What is an RSS feed?

RSS technology allows users to subscribe to multiple sources (blogs, news, headlines, social media feeds, videos, and podcasts)

What are some challenges that e-commerce retailers face?

Resolving channel conflict, which is a conflict between an online selling channel and physical selling channel. Resolving conflict within clock and mortar organizations when an established company sells online directly to customers, it creates conflict with its own offline operations.

· What is the difference between SEO and PPC advertising?

SEO involves designing a webpage to satisfy an ever-evolving list of user experience criteria set by search engines and programmed into an algorithm that determines how a company's website will appear in the SERP organic. PPC is paid search listings are often referred to as pay-per-check.

· How is semantic technology enhancing the search experience? How do metadata tags facilitate more accurate search results?

Semantic Web is one in which computers can interpret the meaning of connect (data) by using metadata and natural language processing to support search, retrieval, analysis, and information amalgamation from both structured and unstructured sources. Metadata is data that provides information about other data but not the content of the data.

· What is sentiment analysis? Give an example.

Sentiment analysis is an automated process capable of understanding the feelings or opinions that underlie a text. For example, social media monitoring, brand monitoring, customer support analysis, customer feedback analysis.

· Describe showrooming. Why are retailers likely to view mobile technology as both a blessing and a curse?

Showrooming are consumers visit a store to look at merchandise, seek information, and advice from salespeople, maybe even try on clothes and then leave the store to, make their purchases from an online retailer that offers lower prices.

· List some ways that travelers and travel-related businesses are using mobile technology.

Smart rooms, mobile keys,

· Why do you think dashboards must be in real time and customized for an executive or manager?

So, you can have an appropriate business. That way people will be more intrigued to look at the website.

· Why are social bookmarking services superior to the traditional method of saving website links to a list of "favorites" or "bookmarks" in a Web browser? What is folksonomy?

Social bookmarking tools allow users to tag Web content with keywords of their choosing. Folksonomy is a system of classifying and organizing online content into categories based on user-generated metadata such as keywords.

· What is the difference between social media discrimination and negligent hiring?

Social media discrimination is engaging in unethical and illegal social media snooping that results in bias when recruiting new hires. Negligent hiring is the hiring of an employee when the employer knew or should have known about the employee's background which, if known indicated a dangerous or untrustworthy character.

· What are the six aspects of quality of life?

The six aspects are communications, relationships, work-life balance, healthcare, education and travel.

What is BI and why is it important in an organization? What are some areas in BI?

The strategies and technologies use by enterprises for the data analysis of past and current data. Areas in business intelligence• Reporting, Dashboard development, Datamining, Business performance management, Text mining, Predictive and Prescriptive analytics

· Why are human expertise and judgment important to data analytics? Give an example.

They are important because it must be added into the mix when analyzing big data. Data are worthless if they cannot be easily analyzed, interpreted, understood and the results applied effectively in context.

· Why would a business want to create a private SNS? What are some of the challenges associated with doing so?

They might want to keep their important information hidden.

Explain the three types of decisions that organizations make and who makes them.

Three types: 1. Strategic 2. Tactical 3. Operational Herbert Simon proposed that managers often make the decisions that are satisficing rather than optimizing that is "good enough" but not optimal.

· How do today's companies use social media to their advantage?

To get their business known. Have more people apply for the company.

How is modern BI different from traditional BI?

Traditional BI provides managers with an easy understand "snapshot" of what is happening now and what happened in the past. Uses dashboards, data mashups and data visualization. Modern BI is more flexible and accessible than traditional BI. visual interactive self-service analytics to allow managers to perform queries and generate reports on their own.

Describe two business models for B2B applications.

Two types are direct e-commerce model which is when the buyer organization is expected to come to a single seller's site to view catalogs and place an order. Marketplace e-commerce is the product of multiple companies are offered for purchase by one marketplace operator.

· What are three ways in which the production, development and use of IT is causing unethical behavior? How can unethical behavior harm an organization?

Unethical behavior is an action that is not considered morally right or proper carried out by a person, a profession, or an industry. It can harm an organization by damaging reputations, deplete employee morale, and increase regulatory costs,

· What makes an effective dashboard valuable?

Visibility, continuous improvement, single sign-on, deviations from what was budgeted or planned, and accountability.

What is the primary difference between a Web directory and a crawler-based search engine?

Web directories are useful tools for knowledge workers in business. Crawler search engines rely on sophisticated computer programs called spiders, crawlers or bots that surf the internet, locating webpages, links and other content that are then stored in the search engine.

· How could a company use a wiki?

Wiki is a social media content management application that allows teams to collaborate on the creation of webpages. Some organizations offer free software programs for creating, maintaining, and managing wikis.

What are the four phases of decision making?

intelligence, design, choice, review

· How is augmented reality used today?

is the use of more contemporary 3D visualization methods and techniques to illustrate the relationship within data including smart mapping, smart routines, machine learning, and natural language processing.

· Why do should you understand web technology?

it evolves helping managers identify strategic opportunities and threats as well as the ways in which a company might develop sustainable competitive advantage in the marketplace.

· How do heat maps convey information?

most-used tool for representing complex statistical data use a warm-to-cool color spectrum to show differences in classes of data.

What is one of the barriers to creating the Semantic web?

tagging process

Why would an organization choose to satisfice instead of optimizing when making a decision?

•the tractability of the decision •cognitive limitations of the mind •time available to make the decision

· Why is data mining valuable to organizations?

1. Ability to make more informed decisions at the time they need to be made 2. Discovering unknown insights, patterns or relationships 3. Automating and streamlining or digitizing business processes.

· How can a company benefit from a sustainable development program?

1. Acquisition and retention of sustainability-conscious customers. 2. Attraction and retention of socially responsible investors 3. More dedicated sustainability-conscious employees 4. Attractions and retention of sustainability-conscious talent 5. Short-term and long-term cost savings 6. Increase in market share through building a brand image based on sustainability.

· Name three protected classes.

1. Age Discrimination in Employment Act 2. Americans with Disabilities Act 3. Genetic Information Nondiscrimination

· List some examples of things that retailers (online or in-store) do to increase convenience for their customers.

1. Being able to find just the right product without spending a long time searching. 2. Being able to pick up or return a product with little or no hassle. 3. Being able to checkout or purchase products easily.

· Describe some of the new e-commerce trends designed to improve service, convenience and user experience.

1. Build the marketing plan around the customer, rather than on products. 2. Monitor progress toward the one-year vision for the business in order to identify when adjustments are needed. 3. Identify all key assumptions in the marketing plan. When there is evidence that those assumptions are wrong, identify the new assumptions and adjust the plan. 4. Make data-driven, fact-based decisions and plans.

· Explain some of the limitations or challenges that recommendation systems sometimes face.

1. Cold start or new user 2. Sparsity 3. Limited feature content 4. Overspecialization

· Describe the three widely used types of recommendation engines used today?

1. Content-based filtering 2. Collaborative filtering 3. Hybrid strategies

· What are the four pillars of an ethical culture?

1. Explicit values 2. Thoughts during judgement 3. Incentives 4. Cultural norms

· What are the three facets of sustainability interactions?

1. Fair trade which is meaning pricing products and services in an affordable and equitable manner, providing employees with decent working conditions. 2. Eco-efficiency involving the creation of more and better goods and services while using fewer resources and creating less waste and pollution. 3. Environment justice focuses on the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect.

· Describe the three factors that are most likely to influence consumer shopping behavior.

1. Price 2. Product selection 3. Convenience

Describe the three tenets of ethical behavior.

1. Responsibility which anticipates and accept the consequences of your decisions and actions. 2. Accountability which determines who is responsible for actions taken. 3. Liability which has the right to recover damages for actions committed by other individuals, organizations, or systems.

· List some of the characteristics that differentiate an SNS from other types of online communities.

1. User-generated content 2. Content control 3. Conversation 4. Community 5. Categorization by users

· Why is Web 2.0 referred to as the social web?

A term used to describe a phase of World Wide Web evolution characterized by dynamic webpages, social media, mashup applications, broadband connectivity and user-generated content.

What is the difference between BI and data science?

BI helps interpret past data, it provides historical and current views of business operations, used for reporting or descriptive analytics. Data science Analyzes past data (trends or patterns) to make future predictions. Used in predictive analytics or prescriptive analytics.

· What are two types of electronic payment systems used by today's retailers?

Apple Pay, Venmo, Zelle and more

What is the purpose of an API? And SDK? How do businesses make use of both?

Application Programming interface (API) is a set of commands and programming standards used by developers to write applications that can communicate with other applications. Software Development Kit (SDK) a collection of software tools used by developers for writing applications that run on a specific device or platform. Together APIs and SDKs have fundamentally changed the degree to which businesses share their information resulting in a vastly improved and more useful World Wide Web.

· What is a pure play e-commerce retailer?

Are retailers that only operate online (the web) and do not use other channels such as mobile or in-store retailing

· Name some IT related unethical behaviors.

Artificial Intelligence, company produced mobile apps

· Describe several tools used in descriptive data analytics.

Data mining, is the process of using software to analyze unstructured, semi-structured and structured data from various perspectives, categorize them, and derive correlations or patterns among fields in the data. Data visualization is the presentation of data in a graphical format to make it easier for decision-makers to grasp difficult concept. Digital dashboard: is a static or interactive electronic interface used to acquire and consolidate data across an organization. Mashups: Data mashups combine business data and applications from two or more sources.

What is data science? What is the goal of data science? How can data science add value to an organization?

Data science goes BEYOND reporting. It predicts future behavior, prescribes action to optimize processes. It is based on unstructured, as well as structured and semi-structured data. Their goal is to find patterns and trends in big data sets that lead to practical solutions to problems. Data science methods and techniques also develop "data products" like those created by recommendation engines that utilize user data to make personalized suggestions.

· What is the difference between data science and data analytics?

Data science is an umbrella terms that encompasses data analytics, data mining and machine learning. Data Analytics is a part of data science, extracts meaning insights from various data sources.

What is data science? How are business intelligence and data analytics different?

Data science uses domain expertise, scientific methods, programming skills, algorithms and statistics to extract knowledge and insights from structured, semi-structured and unstructured big data sets to predict the future behavior and prescribe. ' Business intelligence provides historical and current views of business operations. Data analytics is the process and practice of analyzing data to answer questions, extract insights and identify trends to predict the future.

· What makes each of the three levels of data analytics unique?

Descriptive data analytics which describe, shows, or summarizes historical data to yield useful patterns/trends. Predictive data analytics is the process of using data analytics methods and techniques to model and make predictions about unknown events from data. Prescriptive data analytics is dedicated to finding the best course of action among various choices given the known parameters.

· Aside from B2B and B2C markets, describe two other e-commerce markets.

Direct to consumer (D2C) which is composed of businesses that ship their products directly to consumers without using wholesalers, distributors or other middlemen. Peer to Peer (P2P) which exchanges that occur between two individuals examples are eBay and Craigslist.

· How is e-sourcing different from e-procurement?

E-sourcing refers to many different procurement methods that make use of an electronic venue for identifying, evaluating, selecting, negotiating and collaborating with suppliers. E-procurement refers to the reengineering procurement process using e-business technologies and strategies.

· How has communication in our culture changed?

Mass communication has shifted from a broadcast model to a conversation model.

· What is insider fraud? Why does it occur? What four factors increase the risk of fraud? How can companies protect against fraud?

Insider fraud is a term that refers to a variety of criminal behaviors perpetrated by an organization's employee or contractors against an employer. It occurs because internal controls to prevent insider fraud no matter how strong will fail on occasion. The increase of fraud is cost mindset, range of duties, to much trust and informal processes. How to prevent fraud is internal controls to prevent segregation of duties, job rotation, oversight management, safeguarding of assets and IT policies understanding your IS.

· What is the difference between "the Internet" and the "World Wide Web"?

Internet is a massive network or networks. It connects millions of computers together globally, forming a network in which any computer as long as both are connect to the internet. World Wide Web is the system we use to access the internet. Makes use of HTTP to access the various forms of information available on the world's different networks.

· Why does it make sense to offer free in-store WiFi connections given the way people like to shop these days?

It allows store to collect useful data from consumers that connect to their in-store network. Retailers can track customers behavior across all channels.

· Explain prescriptive data analytics. How does it differ from predictive analytics?

It is the third level of data analytics and the most powerful. Goes one step further to advise organizations HOW to react in the best way possible based on the prediction.

· Why are companies increasingly interested in enterprise search tools capable of handling unstructured data?

It is used by employees to search for and retrieve information related to their work in a manner that complies with the organization's information-sharing and access control policies.

· How does data visualization contribute to organizational learning? Give two examples of data visualization.

It makes it easier for decision-makers to grasp difficult concepts or identity new patterns in the data. Two examples are charts and graphs

· What should an effective code of ethics accomplish?

It should show employees the company operates in a responsible way, show customers that the company values integrity, prevent unintentional violations of ethical behavior and provide a clear point of reference if enforcement of corrective action is necessary.

· Besides e-commerce websites that sell products, what are some other ways that recommendation engines are being used today?

Knowledge-based systems and Demographic systems

· How might an organization analyze the results of a regression analysis? Give an example of regression analysis.

Linear regression modeling is used to predict the value of a variable that is dependent on the value of one or more other variables.

· Define and give examples of the following: M-commerce, mobile E-commerce, mobile retailing and mobile marketing.

M-commerce is Mobile Commerce which is using wireless handheld devices like cellphones and tablets to conduct commercial transactions online, including the purchase and sale of products, online banking and paying bills. E-commerce is Electronic Commerce is buying and selling of goods and services over the internet. Mobile Retailing is the use of mobile technology to promote, enhance, and add value to the in-store shopping experience. Mobile Marketing is a variety of activities used by organizations to engage, communicate, and interact over Wi-Fi and telecommunications networks with consumers using wireless, and handheld devices.

· What is machine learning and why do organizations use it?

Machine learning is scientific algorithms that identify patterns in big data to learn from the data and create insights based on the data. Categorizes people of things, predicting likely outcomes or actions based on identified patterns, identifying previously unknown patterns and relationship and detects unexpected behaviors.

· What is the Sarbanes Oxley Act?

Mandates more accurate business reporting and disclosure of violations and advocates "an organizational culture that encourages ethical conduct and commitment to compliance with the law"

· What is subscription-based retailing? List a couple of examples of how difference companies are applying this concept.

Subscription-based retailing is where a customer subscribes to receive a regular parcel of goods, usually on a monthly or quarterly basis. Examples are Amazon, Target, Boxed, Stitch Fix and more.

· What sustainability? What are the three facets of sustainability?

Sustainability is the ability to create and maintain conditions that enable humans and nature to exist in productive harmony to support present and future generations. Three facets are. profit, people and environment.

· How does text mining provide value? Give an example.

Text mining is a specialized form of data mining. While data mining primarily focuses on analyzing structured numerical data, text mining interprets words and concepts in context.

· How are the methods and techniques used in predictive and prescriptive data analytics different from those used in descriptive data analytics?

Text mining, Spatial data mining, regression, optimization and rule-based decision-making and machine learning.

· What is E-procurement? Give examples of direct and indirect procurement. What are the goals of e-procurement?

The buyers, sellers and transactions involve only organization. Direct e-commerce model is organizations procure materials to produce finished good. Indirect procurement is products for daily operational needs. The goals are control costs, and simplify processes.

· What are the four Vs of big data?

The four Vs are Volume, Variety, Velocity and Veracity

· Name the most common types of mobile banking activities consumers perform. What are risks associated with mobile banking?

The most common is smartphone users that download dedicated apps to conduct banking transactions. Short codes work like a telephone number, except that it is only five or six characters long and easier to remember. Some of banking security risks are cloning, phishing, smishing, vishing and/or lost or stolen phones.

· Describe the metrics a social monitoring service uses to provide feedback to organizations?

The most comprehensive social media monitoring tools require the user to pay a subscription or licensing fee. It not only monitors the social media environment for mentions of you brand or company name but also provide analytics and tools for measuring trends in the amount of conversation.