TEFL Final Exam

Production activities must:

- Involve self-expression. The idea is that if students use the language to express themselves, the language would be deeply embedded. -Allow students to be creative -Reinforce the focus of that lesson

Adjustments of The 3 P's

- Teachers do not need to use the 3 P's in the order they are outlined here. - Teachers may also want to break the 3 P's approach into smaller units or chunks for beginners or youth

Lesson Plan Structure

- Warmer -Presentation -Practice -Production -Wrap up

Putting the Pizzazz in Practice

-1-3 minutes long, must be active and relevant to the topic -Teachers should include one Putting the Pizzazz in Practice activity for each speaking lesson developed for young learners

Visual cues with teaching dialogue

-Demonstrates that is is a conversation between two people -Illustrates whose turn it is to speak (Ask and answer sticks) -Helps garner student interest -Can tailor to lesson theme -Can build context for dialogue

Teaching Speaking to intermediate and advanced learners

-Discussion and debates -Pick topic or statement -Do your research before hand -Teacher as facilitator -Set the rules -Guide discussion -Ensured safe environment -Debate structure

Ways to introduce vocabulary

-Flash cards -Pictures -Mosaic

Student Motivation

-Obligation -Advancement -Survival -Culture -Tourism/travel -Fun

Teaching Scripts

-Scripts are statements -Work well in situations where dialogues don't fit -May also be a better fit for intermediate or advanced learners -Also helpful to deploy when focus is on phonics -Drilling happens just like in teaching dialogue -Teaching dialogue is an important part of teaching speaking to beginners, but dialogues don't always fit ideally with the lesson content

Practice activities with young learners

-Start to work with drilling and repetition -Facilitate practice with fun games and activities

Drilling and repetition are necessary, but

-Students can get bored -They can find the activity monotonous -They can act out with misbehavior *Especially for young learners and low proficiency learners*

What is the 4 step process to teaching dialogue and script?

-Teacher Teacher (TT) -Teacher Student (TS) -Student Teacher (ST) -Student Student (SS)

Benefits of The 3 P's

-The 3 P's framework provides structure and guidelines for a successful lesson in terms of presenting language and showing ho wit is used in context. - Focuses on accuracy as well as fluency, drawing from all three established schools of thought.

Examples of Intermediate Speaking Activities: Choice/Question

-The class can be divided by which answer they identify with. -I.e: Which phone is better, iPhone or Android? Which superhero is better, Superman or Batman?

Examples of Intermediate Speaking activities: Value Statement

-The teacher reads this to the class and asks the students to decide whether they agree or disagree with the statement, and then based on that, the class is divided into groups. -I.e: I think the drinking age should be ________ -I.e: Climate change is not as big of an issue as media portrays

Examples of Task-Based Approach

-You have $80 and are trying t o barter for $100 worth of clothes. Talk to seller -Visiting a doctor -Conducting an interview -Calling customer service for help

Three main approaches to teaching English

1. Direct Method 2. Communicative Approach 3. Task Based Approach

What are the 3 P's?

1. Presentation 2. Practice 3. Production

Topics vs themes

1. Topic: work, Theme: My Dream Job 2. Topic: Action Verbs, Theme: Batman Battles Crime 3. Topic: Weather, Theme: Giant Storms 4. Topic: Doctor, Theme: Spiderman Goes to The Hospital 5. Topic: Items in Bedroom, Theme: Superstar's Bedroom *You want to pick things your students are interested in*

The three main ways that people learn

1. Visually (They learn by watching) 2. Auditory (They learn by listening) 3. Tactile (Kinesthetic learners learn by doing)

When researching the debate topoc:

1. What are the different facets to the topic? 2. What will the pre-discussion assignment be for the students? 3. How is the discussion or debate likely to evolve in the classroom?

Early teens have how long of an attention span?

15 minutes

Students should speak how much of the time?

90%

What is very important in the Practice Phase?

Accuracy

What does written work focus on?

Accurate form and structure.

Strength of the Task-Based Approach

Builds fluency

Dialogue and sentence construction

By hearing natural correct English used with words that they understand, students can inherently begin to pick up on proper sentence structure.

How do you measure speaking competency?

By their ability to speak to another English speaker and be understood

You should consider what in lesson planning?

Cultural values and topics like family, friends, festivals and fun tend to resonate more with the students

Weakness of Direct Method

Does not aid in building fluency and the ability to communicate in an unscripted way.

What is teaching dialogue?

During the Practice phase, we present students with pre-prepared sets of dialogue or scripts that illustrates the new vocab presented in the lesson within the context of a group of sentences.

What is the focus of teaching dialogue?

Familiarizing the students with accuracy in both structure and pronunciation

What does the Production stage focus on?

Fluency (teacher listens for mistakes, but corrects at the end)

What is the aim of The Communicative Approach

Fluency over accuracy

Intermediate Learners

Generally have a high level of intrinsic motivation but may find a steep learning curve and slower progress. The complexity of the language studied at higher levels may prove overwhelming for some students and the drop out rate is typically high at this level.

How can we adapt our dialogue/script practice to make it more appealing to students?

Include an exciting game (Putting the Pizzazz in Practice) within the dialogue couplets or script to keep the student's interest

Debates should...

Interest the students, and if possible, it should be a topic to divide the students in term of opinion/preference

Content must be

Interesting and relevant to students

Two types of Motivation

Intrinsic and Extrinsic

Strengths of Communicative Approach

It allows students to experiment with the new language and focuses on the communicative aspect of language.

Why are visual aids important?

It demonstrates that dialogues are conversations between two people and whose turn it is to speak. It should be made relevant and fun for the students

Strength of Direct Method

It helps the learners pronounce sentences correctly.

Generally speaking, what is the Direct Method?

It is basically drilling and memorizing the English language. Students develop word and sentence repertoires to use in real life situations.

Lesson Plan Details: Timetable

It is vital to know how long each activity will take. Be flexible and realistic with your timing.

Wrap-Up (Cooler)

It should be a short, simple activity that allows the students to leave class feeling positive with smiles on their faces

What's the easiest way to start learning a new language?

It's helpful to learn full phrases first that apply to a certain context, and then as you learn more, you'll slowly start to dissect words of that sentence and be able to use them in different contexts

What is Brevity?

Language should be brief and simple. We don't want long, convulated sentences.

Why should dialogue be easy to remember?

Language should be short enough that it could be memorized and used in a real world setting.

What is Natural Speech?

Language should be used in a natural form of English that could be heard in a conversation between two native speakers. This helps students model correct language

CultureRoute Methodology

Learners engage in interactive and meaningful communication. The teacher is a facilitator.

Time Planning Elements: Material and Aids

Materials that you will be using in class. Check and make sure you have everything you need BEFORE class!

Advanced Adults

Must be highly intrinsically motivated in order to continue studying. Students have highly specialized reasons for continuing. You should match your materials very closely to their needs.

Weakness of Communicative Approach

Not as much emphasis on grammar

What should form the basis of early lessons?

Numbers, time, days, months, colors, greetings and basic instruction.

What is Extrinsic Motivation?

Participating in an activity in order to obtain a reward or avoid a punishment. Performing an activity to gain something or to avoid a certain outcome. Outside factors

Production

Production involves self-expression and creativity. The activities should be as communicative as possible. I mainly reinforces focus of the lesson. Teachers talk 10/90

What does the Direct method focus on?

Pronunciation and Grammar (Structural Approach)

Dialogue makes language come alive

Reading words on a page and listening to a native speaker is much more different than actually successfully using language in a real world setting.

Weakness of the Task-Based Approach

Sacrifices accuracy

Warmer

Short, fun and relevant (to the overall theme) games and activities that pique the students' interest about the lesson. It helps them burn off excess energy and gives other students time to get to class if they're running late so they don't miss any of the lesson.

What is Relevance in Dialogue?

Should be relevant to the topic and use the vocab words introduced in the presentation section

Why do we write dialogue on the board?

So students can see visually correct sentence structure after hearing and saying it.

Having what to help you demonstrate who is asking vs who is answering the question

Some kind of visual aid, like an ask and answer stick, so the students know when and what to speak.

Lesson Plan Details: Lesson Type

Speaking, Reading, or Listening. Despite the lesson type, you should try to incorporate all four necessary skills for fluency and proficiency (speaking, reading, writing, listening)

What do students struggle with when learning dialoge?

Staying focused

What is special that we can learn with dialoge?

Stress, intonation and rhythm in words

Young learners love what kind of environment?

Tactile Environment: drawing, models, arts and crafts

What is Intrinsic Motivation?

Taking part in an activity because it is personally rewarding. Doing an activity because the person enjoys it.

Practice

Teachers introduce new sentence structures and practice those structures. Students practice using words or structures in a controlled way. Teachers talk 40/60

Develop what kind of lessons for young learners?

That are consistent with the lifestyle, aspirations and interest of teenage learners. Lessons should be planned around themes like music, movies, best friends and vacations, even if the vocab or topic isn't specifically related.

Production Phase draws heavily from what method?

The Communicative and Task-Based Approach, encouraging use of the language in a freer, more natural way.

Generally speaking, what is the Communicative Approach?

The Communicative approach is more student centric and the teacher acts more as a facilitator. Lots of group work, and encourages individuality and self expression.

Presentation and Practice phases draw heavily from what method?

The Direct Method, which is focused on accuracy and pronunciation

Generally speaking, what is the Task-Based Approach?

The Task-Based Approach is a subsection of the Communicative Approach. You usually use the Communicative Approach to complete tasks. Usually done with older students.

Lesson Plan Details: Age Group

The age range of the students who will be receiving the lesson

What is the aim of The Direct Method

The aim is for accuracy and to sound as much as possible like a native English speaker.

Lesson Plan Details: Theme

The context in which the instructor will present the topic

Lesson Plan Details: Students Level of Proficiency

The level of ability the class has with the English language

Time Planning Elements: Anticipated Problems

The possible problems and their solutions

Lesson Plan Details: Topic

The specific content that will be covered

Older teen range of proficiency and motivation

These classes contain a wide variety

Benefits of teaching intermediate learnersw

They already know some English already, so it makes lesson planning easier

Adult beginners

They are perhaps the easiest to teach. They usually have high levels of intrinsic motivation and often succeed quickly

Older teens and confidence

They tend to have low confidence, causing: -shyness to participate -peer pressure

Teaching older teens

They value peer approval over teacher approval. Therefore, the teacher can be viewed in a negative light

Lesson Plan Details: Date and Time

This allows you to keep a historical record of what you've done with a class and when

Student Teacher (ST)

This is when the students ask the teacher the question, and the teacher answers (Also give lots of opportunity)

Presentation

This is where teachers introduce the new vocabulary and grammar point via flash card or real item, and goes through drilling exercises with students. The teacher speaks about 75% of the time, demonstrating the words. Accuracy is very important

Grammar and Dialogue

This is where we can start to introduce grammar (grammar: future tense. So our Q&A's are all talking about what the students "will be" doing.

Time Planning Elements: Homework

This outlines and homework plans you give with the lesson

In intermediate speaking activities, there can be more than

Two sides (Strongly/somewhat agree or disagree)

Time Planning Elements: Presumed Knowledge

What you expect your students to know going into a lesson.

Time Planning Elements: Teaching Aims

What you want your students to learn in the lesson. Be clear and concise

Student Student (SS)

When the students ask and answer the question amongst themselves. -During this time, you can write the couplets on the board. This will allow you to demonstrate the dialogue in a written way so the students can see and read it.

Teacher Teacher (TT)

When the teacher asks and answers the question. This is the first step of teaching dialogue.

Teacher Student (TS)

When the teacher asks the question to the class, and they answer it. (let a ton of students answer)

Lesson Plan Details: Number of Students

You should anticipate how many students will attend to make sure your activities are suitable for the class size and that you have the required a mount of resources and supplies.

Are young learners more intrinsically or extrinsically motivated?

Young learners tend to be more extrinsically motivated, so the attitude of the teacher is paramount.

What is the importance of knowing different learning styles?

Your activities should incorporate all 3 learning styles for maximum effort. One example of catering to different learning styles would be in the introduction of vocab during the presentation phase of the lesson

Young learners still seek approval from ______________, but...

teacher, but prone to misbehavior