Terrorism

How many FTO's have been taken off the list so far?

12

Narcoterrorism

A term coined by former President Belaunde Terry of Peru in 1983 when describing terrorist-type attacks against his nation's anti-narcotics police. Financing activities by participation in the drug trade. The term has become a subject of controversy, largely due to its frequent and inconsistent use in the advertising campaigns of the US Government's War on Drugs.

Unabomber (Ted Kaczynski)

An example of a mentally unstable individual who committed a terror act. Targeted universities and airlines.

A terrorist act has the goal of?

Change through fear/intimidation. - The intent to have a psychological impact broader than the immediate victims

Army of God is an example of?

Dissident terrorism- attack abortion clinics

Example of International Terrorism?

Mumbai Attacks of 2008.

Is assassination terrorism?

No

unerability based approach?

No terrorist scenario is too far fetched for the study.

What changed because of the 1998 bombings?

Operation Infinite Reach. Cruise missiles to attack sites in Sudan and Afganistan. America responds to terrorism with military force

4th floor? 5th floor?

Person has fully joined. Person prepares to carry out attack.

A criminal act is done for?

Profit

3 paths to radicalization?

Rational choices, physiological models, cultural and organizational.

What changed after the WTC Bombing?

Roof access closed, revamped evacuation plans, but nothing on a national scale.

The Jewish Sicarii used hidden blades called?

Sicae

psuedo-terrorism (criminal terrorism)

Terrorism motivated by sheer profit Organized crime is crime carried out

Laquer was the Grandfather of?

Terrorism research.

top-down(state) terrorism

Top down terrorism is when a government or a ruling group terrorizes it's citizens or people under their control

Goal of Terrorism

the intent to have a psychological impact broader than the immediate victims

Assassination

- Is not terrorism -The act of assassination may be part of a larger terrorist plot but the terms should not be lumped together to mean the same thing

Types of Terrorism

-Statesponsored - Dissident -International -Transnational - Religious - Pseudo Terrorism (Criminal Terrorism) Narcoterrorism

Robspierre said?

"virtue without which terror is fatal; terror without virtue is powerless"

Robespierre's Great Terror (Reign of Terror)

- 1793-1794 - Popularized the term terrorism for the first time - recommended the definition of terrorism as systematic application in reaching the goals of a state

The Terrorist Organization

- A structure committed to a defined terror cause or purpose - This is a dark network - the organization's details are secret - The organization provides support - The organization gets credit for the attack

1998 Embassy Bombings

- August 7th - Truck bombs exploded outside of the American embassies in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Nairobi,and Kenya -223 killed, over 4,000 wounded - Committed by the Egyptian Islamic Jihad

What changed 1993 WTO Bombing

- Basically nothing on a national scale - Security guards were posted at the garage entrances and car barriers were erected to prevent cars from reaching some areas - The Center and many businesses revamped their evacuation plans (this saved many lives during 9/11) - A new fire alarm system was installed

Nativism

- Dissident Terrorism - Combining xenophobia, or a fear of outsiders, or a belief in the superiority of one's homeland, is a potent ideology that has found roots in various societies around the globe.

The Supporters

- Patrons or persons who provide a supportive environment or apparatus - This includes material and immaterial support - The supporter stops short of carrying out or directly enabling the attack - Refer to terrorists as "freedom fighters" - The labels are for identification purposes and may differ in legal domains

Common criminals are

- Personally motivated - Opportunistic - Uncommited - Self centered -Undisciplined -Untrained - Escpae oriented

What changed after 1998 Embassy Bombings

- President Clinton ordered Operation Infinite Reach that used cruise missiles to attack sites in Sudan and Afghanistan. - The Sudan attack destroyed the al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory which the Americans incorrectly believed was producing chemical weapons. - Embassies were rebuilt in new locations and Kenya started receiving anti-terrorism aid.

State Sponsored Terrorism

- Terrorism "from above" committed by the government against perceived enemies. - State-sponsored terrorism refers to hostile actions outside of the context of a declared war

International Terrorism

- Terrorist acts directed by foreign groups* who transcend national boundaries -Terrorism practiced in a foreign country by terrorists who are not native to that country

What changed after USS Cole 2001

- The Navy reevaluated its rules of engagement and its anti-terrorism efforts - The sailors at the time were not allowed to open fire at the small boat w/o any proof of threat -FYI, stay the hell away from Navy vessels now • There was no military response until 2002 • The Cole was repaired and is still in service • Relations with the Yemini government became very strained

Participants in Terrorist Environment

- The Terrorist Actor - The Terrorist Organization - The Supporters - Ideological Supporters - Financial Supporters - Logistical or Material Supporters - The Victim - The Facilitators

Defining Terrorism...

- The use or threat of extraordinary violence -Political or religious in aims and motives -The choice of victims for their symbolic, rather than their instrumental, value -Perpetrated by a subnational group or non- state entity

Laqueur (1978)

- The word terrorism is used with carelessness - Terrorism is used as a synonym for rebellion, street fights, civil strife, and other things - The improper use inflates statistics, makes understanding the characteristics and coping much difficult

What made Jewish Sicarii terrorsits

- fact that they killed random Roman citizens on the streets with a larger purpose. - The sicarri were also assassins who were paid to do targeted killing of figure heads

Terrorists are

- purpose-driven - deliberate - committed to a cause - Oriented to a group - Disciplined - Trained - Target or attack-oriented

Dissident Terrorism

- sometimes called vigilante or homegrown - Terrorism "from below" committed by non-state movements and groups - The action was taken against ethnonational groups, religious groups, governments, and other perceived enemies. - Ex. (ARMY OF GOD) Racist, nativist (favoring the interests of established inhabitants over those of immigrants), anti-Semitic, pro-life, animal rights, etc. - Most dissident terrorism is domestic - actors and victims are from the same country

Who conducts terrorism

- that they killed random Roman citizens on the streets with a larger purpose. - The sicarri were also assassins who were paid to do targeted killing of figure heads

Characteristics of Terrorism

-Use or threat of violence -Goal-oriented or rational behavior - May be politically motivated but also religiously, criminally, or even economically motivated

2001 9/11 Attacks

19 islamic militant hijackers took control of 4 planes, 3 of which reached their intended targets:- Pentagon: 125 killed-WTC: 2,606 killed- Shanksville, PA: 40 killed

The Branch Davidians are a breakoff of?

7th day adventisits. And Doomsday preppers.

Offical Defintion of terrorism

A form of political violence in which terrorists have specific objectives that they are attempting to achieve and have chosen symbolic to draw attention to their cause

The Sons of Liberty??

A nativist terrorist group that helped do the boston tea party.

USS Cole 2001

Al-Qaeda attacked a Navy destroyer; retaliated with force. - The Navy's guided-missile destroyer was docked at the port of Aden, Yemen for a routine fuel stop - A small boat driven by members of al- Qaeda approached the port side of the ship and detonated ~500 lbs of shaped explosive

Religious Terrorism example?

Aum Shinrikyo-cult

Dissident Terrorism comes from..?

Below

What are facilitators?

Communication channels for delivering info.

Rajneeshees

Cult that used bioterrorism at a salad bar to tried to sway a local election. (Oregon)

Jewish Sicarii

Decades prior to the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 Ce a group of zealots attacked, kidnapped, and killed Romans using small hidden blades called Sicae - Beginning with the Jewish Revolt of 68 CE the sicarii became leaders of the war and following the destruction of Jerusalem engaged in a guerilla war for three years

State Sponsored External Terrorism

Directed at a target group outside of the country • Often includes government support of a terrorist group • Allows for government support of a political agenda that would not be acceptable to the world stage

State Sponspored Internal Terrorism

Directed at people or a specific population inside the country • Often done covertly by a secret state group or branch of secret police • Gives leadership public deniability • Allows for the eradication of an "undesirable" population • Example: North Korea sending complainers to work camps - which are in essence a death sentence • Example: Mugabe killing citizens in Zimbabwe who voted for his opponent

What changed after RR and Waco?

EVERYTHING about how Federal Agencies respond to standoffs has changed because of these two events ie the Cliven Bundy ranch standoff in Texas, and the Oregon standoff - No longer engage with entrenched separatists - just monitor, report, and wait

Most legal and political definitions of terrorism include?

Extraordinary violence, political or religious aims, goal-directed or national behavior, psychological impact, symbolic, non state entity.

The sicarri were assassins who were paid to kill who?

Figure heads- they killed random Romans for a larger purpose. This made them terrorists.

Gus Martin did?

Focused on the structure of terrorism.

State-sponsored terrorism comes ...?

From above.

how to determines what type of terrorism it is?

Goal and home of the attacker and the target

What are some characteristics of terrorism?

Goal-directed, rational behavior. May be politically motivated

Threat based approach?

Goals, methods to predict future attacks.

Ideological supporters

Hold beliefs and views that align with the terrorist organizationterm-11 -It does not have to be an exact match of beliefs -The repeat the official message of the terror organization - lend weight and importance to the organization

. Ruby Ridge Incident-1992

In Idaho ;Deadly confrontation when Randy Weaver was suspected of being affiliated with a white supremacist group and of hoarding weapons.

What did Netanyahu change about his version of terrorism?

Introduced the word ''civilians" instead of "innocents"

The moral frame states that?

Killing in self defense is okay.

If force is implied by a state it makes it?

Legitimate.

What changed after the OCB?

Limit on amount of fertilizer you can buy at once.

Terrorism is a group activity... even in the case of ...?

Lone wolf attacks

The UN's efforts against terrorism focus on?

Moral aspects; hypernationalistic and xenophobic messages that glorify mass murder.

What allows someone to reach the 3rd floor?

Moral engagement.

If force is implied by a non states it makes it?

Non legitimate.

What are the 4 countries who are state sponsored terrorists?

North Korea, Iran, Sudan, Syria.

Best example of narcoterrorism

Pablo Escobar's ruthless dealings with the Colombian government

The Terrorist Actor

Perpetrators of a politically violent incident -This includes people who assist with carrying out the attack -Never terrorists from their point of view

During the Reign of Terror terrorism had a ______ connotation.

Positive

The CIA definition of Terrorism?

Premeditated, politcally motivated, clandestine agents.

What are single large impact events called?

Punctuated events.

Robspierre Related to Terrorism?

Reign of Terror; popularized the term terrorism

What changed after the USS Cole 2001?

Stay the hell away from Navy vessels. Relations with Yemini govt became strained.

Waco-1993

Suspected of weapons violations. FBI/ATF invaved and killed 76 who took refuge in a building.

Religious Terrorism

Terrorism motivated by an absolute belief that an otherworldly power has sanctioned and commanded the application of terrorist violence for the greater glory of the faith. Is particularly dangerous due to the fanaticism of those who practice it and their willingness to sacrifice themselves for the cause.

Robspierre coined what term?

Terrorism.

The person who carries out or helped plan an attack is the?

Terrorist actor

1993 WTC Bombing

Terrorist attack on the WTC in 1993 when a truck bomb detonated below the North Tower.

Obrien states?

The force used by a democratic state is legitimate while the violence of the terrorist is not

What are dissident terrorists trying to change?

The political scheme of the society.

Laqueur wrote about?

The vagueness and carelessness of the word terrorism

Just because one supports a terrorist org ideologies does not mean?

They support their violent actions.

1992 - Ruby Ridge 1993 - Waco

Two cases where anti-government separatists had standoffs with Federal Agencies

Terrorists hope

Violence or the threat of violence will convey both a threat to a target audience and a political message

What Didn't Change? after 9/11

Wars- Operation Enduring Freedom: Afghanistan 10/7/2001-Current • 2,384 American soldiers killed (as of 9/8/2016) • Over 30,000 Afghans killed (civilians, and this number is hard to pin down) • ~$1 trillion has been spent as of 2/2015 in direct costs- That's about $3,100 per American - Operation Iraqi Freedom: 4/3/2003-12/15/2011 • 4,486 Americans killed•~30,000 Iraqis killed • ~$817.8 billion has been spent as of FY 2015 • USA PATRIOT Act and all its goodies • Department of Homeland Security-TSA • Complete overhaul of the Intelligence System•Fear

Waco

a group of Branch Davidian's * (who were also doomsday preppers) were suspected of weapons violations - The FBI/ATF's subsequent raid with VERY heavy artillery killed 76 people - including quite a few women and children who had taken refuge in a building that caught on fire

1995 Oklahoma City Bombing

an anti-government terrorist, Timothy Mc.Veigh and Nichols set off a bomb from within a truck in Murrah Federal government building killing 168 people . This is an example of domestic terrorism.

Any global defintion of terrorism would

apply to all countries and would be one that both adherents and ahbhorrers of terroism could agree upon

Jewish Sicarii's actions were disisnged to accomplish multiple

scare romans into leaving (doubtful) - Force romans to overreact with would cause discontent in the Jewish population (Likely) - Encourage Jewish popualation to rise up (bad idea)

Terrorists often choose to target ?

symbolic targets to draw attention to their cause

(Reign of Terror)

terrorism during this era had a positive meaning it was used to define counter revolutionaries

The FBI definition of Terrorism?

the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.

Religious terrorist

use violence to further what they see as divinely commanded purposes.

bottom up (group) terrorism

when lower class citizens rebel or attack higher up rulers/the government.

the Organized Crime Control Act (US - 1970) defines organized crime as:

"The unlawful activities of...a highly organized, disciplined association..."