Test 1: Chapter 1-5: Criminal investigations
The mid 1800s to the early 1900s in American policing has been characterized as the: A) Political era of policing B) Reform era of policing C) Community problem-solving era of policing D) The modern era of policing
A
What era of policing used investigative tactics like the dragnet roundup of suspects and the third degree? A) Political era of policing B) Reform era of policing C) Community problem-solving era of policing
A
What is the best part of the hair to test for DNA? A) Root B) Shaft C) Cuticle D) Cortex
A
What is the ultimate goal of the criminal investigation process? A) To reduce crime B) To solve a crime C) To convict a perpetrator D) To satisfy the victim
A
Which of the following is not an example of indirect (circumstantial) evidence? A) Eyewitness testimony identifying the suspect as the one who committed the crime B) The physical ability of a perpetrator to commit a crime C) The presence of a motive D) Possession of the fruits of the crime
A
Which of the following is not an exception to the hearsay rule: A) Recorded testimony not provided under oath B) Dying declarations C) Previous admission and confession of the defendant D) Statements regarding one's physical condition
A
With regard to the thieftaker system, which of the following is true? A) A thieftaker was a private system B) A thief taker was usually a thief C) Everyone benefited equally in this system, including the victim D) All crimes were investigated equally within the theiftaker system
A
______ is an electronic database that allows federal, state, and local crime laboratories to electronically exchange and share DNA prints. A) Codis B) Afis C) MtDNA D) PCR
A
__________ is evidence that is admissible in court, and it meets the rules of evidence A) Judicial evidence B) Extrajudicial evidence C) Valid evidence D) Invalid evidence
A
A broken window found on a burglary scene is best considered: A) Testimonial evidence B) Real evidence C) Demonstrative evidence D) Documentary evidence
B
A statement of a fifth witness that provides the same details as four other witnesses is an example of ______: A) Corpus delicti evidence B) Cumulative evidence C) Identification evidence D) Associative evidence
B
Crime-related information in which inferences and probabilities are needed in order to draw an associative conclusion is: A) Direct evidence B) Indirect evidence C) Exculpatory evidence D) Inculpatory evidence
B
During an investigation for murder, a police officer tests a suspect's hands for gunshot residue. The test is positive, and the police arrest the suspect. Later, the police find that the suspect shook hands with the actual murderer. This is an example of a ______ transfer. A) Rapid B) Secondary C) Mitochondrial D) Biological
B
Jake previously threatened to kill Amy. This threat represents _______ evidence that Jake killed Amy A) Direct B) Indirect C) Demonstrative D) Motivational
B
Police are collecting evidence of a stolen car. They take samples from the burned rubber on the asphalt. The rubber collected is forensic evidence and has ______ characteristics. A) Associative B) Class C) Testimonial D) Individual
B
Police are investigating the time and cause of death of a body discovered in a river. Dental evidence is available for the body. The police would most likely call in an expert in forensic ______. A) Pathology B) Odontology C) Entomology D) Anthropology
B
Police interrogate a suspect illegally. The suspect tells police the location of the body of a murder victim, which was in a location where police were planning to search. The court may allow the body to be admitted as evidence under the ______ exception. A) Good faith B) Inevitable discovery C) Independent source D) Purged taint
B
The Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution relates to ______ A) Freedom of religion B) Self incrimination C) Unreasonable searches and seizures D) Cruel and unusual punishment
B
The chain of custody refers to ______. A) The procedural rights of the accused before they can be arrested B) The record of all individuals who had control over the evidence since its acquisition C) A document that contains a description of the offense for which the individual Is being held D) Period of time in which a person can be held for questioning
B
The exception to the exclusionary rule that states that the suspect's voluntary actions outweigh the illegality of the search or seizure is the ______ exception. A) Good faith B) Purged taint C) Independent source D) Inevitable discovery
B
The fact that a defendant had a motive for committing the crime is _______ evidence of his/her guilt A) Direct B) Indirect C) Reliable D) Unreliable
B
The standard of proof needed in trial in order to conclude that a defendant is guilty of a crime is: A) Probable cause B) Beyond a reasonable doubt C) Reasonable suspicion D) Preponderance of evidence
B
In the course of a murder investigation, police take samples of a suspect's DNA. The DNA collected is forensic evidence that has ______ characteristics. A) Testimonial B) Class C) Individual D) Associative
C
Officers witness a suspect running into their house with stolen property. The officers follow them, obtain the stolen property, and arrest the suspect. The police did not have a warrant. What exception would allow for the police to enter the house to get the stolen property? A) Other places B) Stop and frisk C) Hot pursuit D) Plain view
C
The London Metropolitan Police Department was established in the: A) 1600s B) 1700s C) 1800s D) 1900s
C
The first step in a crime scene operation, and one of the most important, is ______. A) Neutralizing dangerous person or threats B) Determining officer safety C) Securing the crime scene D) Searching the crime scene
C
The police are required to provide a Miranda warning after the suspect is in custody and before ______. A) Being arrested B) Booking C) Interrogation D) Going to the police station
C
The primary function of the exclusionary rule is to ______. A) Support the truth-finding function of the judge and jury B) Provide compensation to persons whose Fourth Amendment rights have been violated C) Deter unlawful police conduct in search-and-seizure cases D) Underscore the societal costs of releasing guilty persons
C
Under which step in the 7 S's of crime scene management should an officer render medical aid to an injured person A) Scanning the scene B) Seeing the scene C) Securing the scene D) Separate people
C
Under which step in the 7 S's of crime scene management should an officer take video of the scene A) Separate people B) Securing the scene C) Seeing the scene D) Scanning the scene
C
What is the process of collecting crime-related information in order to reach certain goals? A) Solvability factors B) Proactive process C) Criminal investigation D) Case screening
C
With regard to the Miranda Supreme Court decision, police ______. A) Widely supported the new requirements B) Have been severely hampered in investigations C) Believed suspects would no longer confess D) Have been unable to convict several suspects
C
______ bite marks would be left on a victim by a perpetrator. A) Justifiable B) Malicious C) Offensive D) Defensive
C
In order to justify an arrest, police always require ______. A) Arrest warrant B) Reasonable suspicion C) A preponderance of evidence D) Probable cause
D
One of the biggest mental mistakes made in an investigation is: A) Too much evidence B) The existence of coincidences C) The investigators planting evidence D) The difficulty of changing ones mind once its been made E) All of the above
D
The legal question, Is it more likely than not that a particular circumstance exists, relates to __________ A) Civil cases B) Common sense C) Associative evidence D) Probable cause
D
The police have an arrest warrant but not a search warrant. When the officers arrest the suspect during a valid traffic stop, the suspect is in the back seat. The police then search the car for any evidence, find several incriminating items. What exception allows the police to search the car? A) Other places B) Hot pursuit C) Stop nd frisk D) Search incident to lawful arrest
D
The premise of ___________ was the bone structures of an adult did not change over the course of a lifetime A) Brundage B) Wacthcomzule C) Windage D) Bertillonage
D
Under which step in the 7 S's of crime scene management should an officer, if possible, attempt to deal with a piece of evidence that might be destroyed? A) Secure and collect evidence B) Sketch and measure C) Separate people D) Secure the scene
D
What are the 7 S's of crime scene management in the order in which they should occur? A) Securing the scene, separating the witnesses, scanning the scene, sketching the scene, seeing the scene, searching for evidence, securing and collecting evidence B) Searching for evidence, separating the witnesses, securing the crime scene, scanning the scene, sketching the scene, seeing the scene, securing and collecting the evidence C) Separating the witnesses, securing the scene, seeing the scene, scanning the scene, sketching the scene, securing and collecting the evidence, searching for evidence D) Securing the scene, separating the witnesses, scanning the scene, seeing the scene, sketching the scene, searching for evidence, securing and collecting evidence
D
What type of material is tested from a buccal swab? A) Blood B) Semen C) Hair D) Epithelial cells
D
When officers attempt to find magistrates who are more favorable to granting warrants without meeting the threshold of the Fourth Amendment, the officers are engaging in ______. A) The exclusionary rule B) Knocking and talking C) The Frye test D) Judge-shopping
D
When police engage in a door-to-door questions of the resident who live near a crime scene, they are engaging in a neighborhood ______. A) Analysis B) Watch C) Sweep D) Canvass
D
Which of the following is not a stage to reactive criminal investigations? A) The discovery of the crime and the police response B) The preliminary or initial investigation C) The follow-up investigation D) The closure of the case E) The adjudication of the defendant
D
Rounding up the usual suspects often took the form of, or was also known as, a _____________. A) Rogues gallery B) Bertillonage C) The third degree D) All of the above E) None of the above
E
Why is history important? A) Understanding history allows for an appreciation of how things have changed over time B) The present is a product of the past C) Those who do not remember the past are condemned to repeat it D) It is possible to predict the future by knowing the past E) All of the above
E
T or F. A defendant can be convicted of a crime with circumstantial evidence alone
True
T or F. Circumstantial evidence is not necessarily less valuable than direct evidence in establishing proof
True
T or F. Criminal evidence can also be thought of as crime-related information
True
T or F. Elimination prints are fingerprints of all persons who are known to have had legal access to the scene.
True
T or F. Forensic science refers to the field of scientific study that addresses legal questions
True
T or F. Physicians, therapists, and forensic science technicians can all be possible expert witnesses
True
T or F. The fact that the police usually have to react to the report of a crime may help explain the inability of the police to solve more crimes
True
T or F. With the system of the Parliamentary reward, a reward was offered by the government to anyone who provided information that led to the apprehension of criminals
True
Making detectives reactive and assigning them to cases reduced the likelihood that: A) Detectives could trick people into committing crimes B) Detectives could conduct illegal searches C) Detectives would solve too many crimes
A
A suspect is flushing drugs down the toilet and the police can hear and see them from outside the house. The police don't have a warrant. What warrantless search exception would allow the police to enter the house to stop the destruction of drugs. A) Hot pursuit B) Other places C) Exigent circumstances D) Search incident to lawful arrest
C
According to Locard's exchange principle, ______. A) Investigators should rarely expect to find evidence at crime scenes B) Perpetrators rarely leave evidence at crime scenes C) Investigators should expect to find evidence at crime scenes D) The most evidence is usually left by the victims
C
An eyewitness saw the defendant put poison in the victim's food. The eyewitness statement about this observation is ____________ that the defendant put poison in the victim's food. A) Real evidence B) Unreal evidence C) Direct evidence D) Indirect evidence
C
During the investigation of a murder, the police find that the suspect tried to wipe away all the blood from the act. Though no DNA evidence can be found, police can use ______ to find traces of blood in the location. A) DNA sweeping B) UV light C) Luminal D) Contact tracing
C
A car pulls up to DUI checkpoint. The police are administering the DUI test within the rules of law. One officer is looking around the car and sees drugs on the seat. Could the officer search the car without a warrant? A) No, the driver of the car was not doing anything illegal at the time of the stop B) No, there is no exigent circumstance for the place to search the car C) Yes, a DUI checkpoint is a pretextual stop so the police can search the car at the stop only D) Yes, the plain view exception allows officers to search areas that are in plain sight
D
A suspect was out of her apartment when the police asked the night watchman of the building if they could search the apartment without a warrant. The night watchman gave consent and the police found the murder weapon in the apartment. Could the gun be admitted at trial? A) No, because officers must first arrest the suspect before searching her apartment B) Yes, the night watchman is allowed to give consent to search apartments C) Yes, if the police can convince a judge of exigent circumstances D) No, the night watchman cannot give consent to search the apartment
D
Facts concerning the defendant's attempts to avoid apprehension, possession of the fruits of the crime, and ability and motive to commit the crime ___________. A) Can act as direct evidence B) Are seldom admitted into court C) Can not be used to infer the guilt of the accused D) Are examples of circumstantial evidence
D
T or F. According to the entrapment theory, the criminal investigation process resembles a battle between the police and the perpetrator over crime-related information
False
T or F. All criminal evidence depends on scientific analysis in order to be meaningful and useful
False
T or F. Evidence is material if it is wrongfully obtained.
False
T or F. Identifying the perpetrator is basically the same thing as apprehending the perpetrator
False
T or F. If lifted properly, fingerprints indicate the source's age.
False
T or F. It is uncommon for investigators of one crime to discover information leading to another case being solved
False
T or F. Solvability factors are used in screening cases, and if present, can decrease the likelihood that the crime being investigated will be solved
False
T or F. Thieftakers most often worked on behalf of the poor, not the rich
False
T or F. Touch evidence requires that a person hold an object.
False
