test 1
post-verbal prepositional pharases can be: (3)
- prepositional complement (pC) (Monica consulted with her doc aobut the bee sting) - Adjuct adverbial (aA) (Monica stepped on a bee on Tues) -post modifier of noun (Mod of N) (Monica stepped on a bee with a large stinger)
Complement of Adjective
Comp of A "I am perfectly content on my own." "He felt alone in the world." "They seem a little concerned about the direction we're taking." "She is skilled at archery.
phrase structure rule for: transitive verb
_____NP (___S)
phrase structure rule for: intransitive verb
______#
phrase structure rule for: complex transitive verb
_______ NP {NP, AP, PP} -object (NP) + object complement {NP, AP, PP} eg. I consider him a real colleague (NP) She made him uneasy (AP) You regard that as a problem? (PP)
phrase structure rule for : Prepositional verb & diprepositional verb
________PP eg. colleen stood on her tiptoes ______ PP PP
structure rule for : a sentence
a choice b/w: NP Aux VP S ({AdvP, PP, NP})
latent object
a direct object that's omitted colloquially eg. He ate, instead of "he ate dinner".
NPs can be modififed by a ______ before, and a ______ afterwards
bf: adjP afterwards: PP
members from the same constituent can only have one of two relatinships:
one-way dependency aka modifier-head (eg. blue eyes) (blue can be omitted) mutual dependency aka governor-complement (eg. swim/a ace) (neither can e omitted)
symbols for: option choice consists of
option () choice {} consists of
subjective complement give eg.
sC a noun, pronoun, or adjective that appears with a linking verb and tells something about the subject eg. Ben is a policeman. He will be fine. I am he. That pie looks burnt to a cinder.
Pspec
specififers o P right after lunch straight along this route two feet behind me two minutes before my arrival
the first word of a phrase is called
the head
phrase structure
the hierarchical organization of a sentence into a set of units called phrases, sometimes represented as a tree structure the structure of sentences as analyzed into their constituent phrases. (determine grammatical structure, generate any possible sentence in English - aim is to generate D structure)
what can make phrasal verbs confusing/hard to identify?
the particles can move around
surface structure
the sound and order of words transformations - rearrange, add, delete grammatical vs meaningful
deep structure
the underlying meaning of a sentence involves: - determining the structure of simple sentences - determinging the lexical and phrasal categories - determining the hierarchical relationsihps simple, active, positive, declarative telsl the lexical, phrasal categories, and hierarchy
Eg of disjuncf adverbials
these denote speaker's attitude to the matter Advp: Seriously, truthfully, hopefully, sadly, personally, surely, clearly Pp: in all frankness, to my surprise, to my regret, of course, on paper
Eg of conjunct adverbials
these help to link, contrast, etc. Advp: Moreover, however, nonetheless, next, consequently, therefore Pp: in addition, in conclusion, for example, as a result
phrase structure rule for Wh- (3)
which, what, whose
phrase structure rule for AdvP
(Deg) Adv
what is the term for: - verbs that don't take objects -verbs that take objects -verbs that take 2 objects
- verbs that don't take objects: intransitive -verbs that take objects (direct object): transitive -verbs that take 2 objects (an idirect object, then the direct obj): ditransitive
Adverbials= 3 types:
-Adverbs -Optional verb complement -adjunct adverbial -disjunct adverbial -conjunct adverbial
generative grammar= consists of two types of rules:
-a set of rules defining the possible sentences in a language - syntax and meaning are completely separate ( a sentence can be grammatically correct but has no meaning, or a sentence can have meaning but isn't grammtically correct) consists of two types of rules: 1) phrasal structure rules (D structure- simple, active, declarative, positive) (hierarchical) 2)transformations (S struture--move, transpose, add, delete) - linear order -constituents aka phrases -hierarchy
why is it important to distinguish b/w d structure and s structutre (2)
1) some sentences may have diff s structures, but same d structure 2) a sentence may have same s structure, but diff d structures
Adjunct Adverbial
Answers: How- carefully When-yesterday, after I left Where- in the kitchen, where I was Why-for no reason, since I am poor How often-twuce, monthly How long - for two years
Similarities b/w Disjunct Adverbial and conjunct adverbulials
Both Modifies entire sentence ; therefore both share same rule
modifier aka adjunct
Mod word, phrase, or clause that functins as an ajdective or adverb.
phrase structure rule for N'
N (AP) N' (PP)
N'
N-BAR
phrase structure rule for NP (3)
NP --> (Det) N' PN Pro
object of preposition eg.
OP in silence without prejudice to me, to you (Don't forget that the object of a preposition can be a pronoun.) by whom?
adjunct adverbial
Poverty has changed in America. -answers: when, where, how, why, what, whom - can be omitted (poverty has changed) - can usually be moved to beginning of sentence (In America, poverty has changed)
specifiers
Spec determiners: the, an, some negative elements: not, never advP: quite, very, just (across the street)
Tests for subject: (2)
Subject-Auxiliary inversion (aka question test) - fill in the blank : aux verb + subject + main verb - eg. The chocolate was confiscated --> was the chocolate confiscated? tag question-pronoun agrees wih subject in gender, numbe, person - eg. it is possible to overdue jargon --> it's possible to overdue jargon, isn't it?
phrasal verbs
a phrase that acts as a single verb (not v + pp) - can have particle movement (which makes it confusing) to slip on, to bump into, to get over, launch into, get on well with,
universal grammar
a set of highly abstract, unconscious rules that are common to all languages
preposition
a word that connects a noun/pronoun to another noun/pronoun. eg. take the two nouns ELEPHANT and BOOK. how many prepositions can you use for them? the book about the elephant the book by the elephant the book behind the elephant the book in front of the elephant the book near the elephant the book under the elephant
constituents=
aka phrases subparts of a sentence (eg. NP, VP, AdjP, etc) could even be one word
phrase structure rule for Poss (2)
choose between: NP -'s my, our, their
finite vs infinite
cognitive approach, not behavioural generative approach accounts for things that are merely looking at constituent nature (immediate constituent analysis doesnt--deals only w/ surface order, and so misses out on things like ambiguity, inversions like declarative to interrogative or active ot passive)
symbols for -direct object -indirect object
dO iO
copulative verb
eg. be/is/are, seem, appear, look, become, feel, grow ________ {NP, AP, PP}
subject and predicates are functions or categories?
functions-- not all NPs (categories) are subjects
lexical categories and their corresponding phrasal categories (5)
noun (NP) verb (VP) adjectie (AdjP) adverb (AdvP) preposition (PP)
prepositional complement
words, phrases, or clauses that directly follow a preposition and completes the meaning of hte PP Pcs can be: - noun phrases (eg. The grammar books are on floor six.) - noun clauses (The teacher listened to what the students said happened.) -verb phrases (The publisher thanks you for writing the book.) -prepositional phrases (My mother thought about under the bed.)
phrase structure rule for Det
{Dem, Art, Wh-, Poss, Q}
phrase structure rule for Art (3)
{a, an, the}
phrase structure rule for Q (6)
{some, any, every, each, neither, more}
phrase structure rule for Dem (4)
{this, that, these, those}