test 1

post-verbal prepositional pharases can be: (3)

- prepositional complement (pC) (Monica consulted with her doc aobut the bee sting) - Adjuct adverbial (aA) (Monica stepped on a bee on Tues) -post modifier of noun (Mod of N) (Monica stepped on a bee with a large stinger)

Complement of Adjective

Comp of A "I am perfectly content on my own." "He felt alone in the world." "They seem a little concerned about the direction we're taking." "She is skilled at archery.

phrase structure rule for: transitive verb

_____NP (___S)

phrase structure rule for: intransitive verb

______#

phrase structure rule for: complex transitive verb

_______ NP {NP, AP, PP} -object (NP) + object complement {NP, AP, PP} eg. I consider him a real colleague (NP) She made him uneasy (AP) You regard that as a problem? (PP)

phrase structure rule for : Prepositional verb & diprepositional verb

________PP eg. colleen stood on her tiptoes ______ PP PP

structure rule for : a sentence

a choice b/w: NP Aux VP S ({AdvP, PP, NP})

latent object

a direct object that's omitted colloquially eg. He ate, instead of "he ate dinner".

NPs can be modififed by a ______ before, and a ______ afterwards

bf: adjP afterwards: PP

members from the same constituent can only have one of two relatinships:

one-way dependency aka modifier-head (eg. blue eyes) (blue can be omitted) mutual dependency aka governor-complement (eg. swim/a ace) (neither can e omitted)

symbols for: option choice consists of

option () choice {} consists of

subjective complement give eg.

sC a noun, pronoun, or adjective that appears with a linking verb and tells something about the subject eg. Ben is a policeman. He will be fine. I am he. That pie looks burnt to a cinder.

Pspec

specififers o P right after lunch straight along this route two feet behind me two minutes before my arrival

the first word of a phrase is called

the head

phrase structure

the hierarchical organization of a sentence into a set of units called phrases, sometimes represented as a tree structure the structure of sentences as analyzed into their constituent phrases. (determine grammatical structure, generate any possible sentence in English - aim is to generate D structure)

what can make phrasal verbs confusing/hard to identify?

the particles can move around

surface structure

the sound and order of words transformations - rearrange, add, delete grammatical vs meaningful

deep structure

the underlying meaning of a sentence involves: - determining the structure of simple sentences - determinging the lexical and phrasal categories - determining the hierarchical relationsihps simple, active, positive, declarative telsl the lexical, phrasal categories, and hierarchy

Eg of disjuncf adverbials

these denote speaker's attitude to the matter Advp: Seriously, truthfully, hopefully, sadly, personally, surely, clearly Pp: in all frankness, to my surprise, to my regret, of course, on paper

Eg of conjunct adverbials

these help to link, contrast, etc. Advp: Moreover, however, nonetheless, next, consequently, therefore Pp: in addition, in conclusion, for example, as a result

phrase structure rule for Wh- (3)

which, what, whose

phrase structure rule for AdvP

(Deg) Adv

what is the term for: - verbs that don't take objects -verbs that take objects -verbs that take 2 objects

- verbs that don't take objects: intransitive -verbs that take objects (direct object): transitive -verbs that take 2 objects (an idirect object, then the direct obj): ditransitive

Adverbials= 3 types:

-Adverbs -Optional verb complement -adjunct adverbial -disjunct adverbial -conjunct adverbial

generative grammar= consists of two types of rules:

-a set of rules defining the possible sentences in a language - syntax and meaning are completely separate ( a sentence can be grammatically correct but has no meaning, or a sentence can have meaning but isn't grammtically correct) consists of two types of rules: 1) phrasal structure rules (D structure- simple, active, declarative, positive) (hierarchical) 2)transformations (S struture--move, transpose, add, delete) - linear order -constituents aka phrases -hierarchy

why is it important to distinguish b/w d structure and s structutre (2)

1) some sentences may have diff s structures, but same d structure 2) a sentence may have same s structure, but diff d structures

Adjunct Adverbial

Answers: How- carefully When-yesterday, after I left Where- in the kitchen, where I was Why-for no reason, since I am poor How often-twuce, monthly How long - for two years

Similarities b/w Disjunct Adverbial and conjunct adverbulials

Both Modifies entire sentence ; therefore both share same rule

modifier aka adjunct

Mod word, phrase, or clause that functins as an ajdective or adverb.

phrase structure rule for N'

N (AP) N' (PP)

N'

N-BAR

phrase structure rule for NP (3)

NP --> (Det) N' PN Pro

object of preposition eg.

OP in silence without prejudice to me, to you (Don't forget that the object of a preposition can be a pronoun.) by whom?

adjunct adverbial

Poverty has changed in America. -answers: when, where, how, why, what, whom - can be omitted (poverty has changed) - can usually be moved to beginning of sentence (In America, poverty has changed)

specifiers

Spec determiners: the, an, some negative elements: not, never advP: quite, very, just (across the street)

Tests for subject: (2)

Subject-Auxiliary inversion (aka question test) - fill in the blank : aux verb + subject + main verb - eg. The chocolate was confiscated --> was the chocolate confiscated? tag question-pronoun agrees wih subject in gender, numbe, person - eg. it is possible to overdue jargon --> it's possible to overdue jargon, isn't it?

phrasal verbs

a phrase that acts as a single verb (not v + pp) - can have particle movement (which makes it confusing) to slip on, to bump into, to get over, launch into, get on well with,

universal grammar

a set of highly abstract, unconscious rules that are common to all languages

preposition

a word that connects a noun/pronoun to another noun/pronoun. eg. take the two nouns ELEPHANT and BOOK. how many prepositions can you use for them? the book about the elephant the book by the elephant the book behind the elephant the book in front of the elephant the book near the elephant the book under the elephant

constituents=

aka phrases subparts of a sentence (eg. NP, VP, AdjP, etc) could even be one word

phrase structure rule for Poss (2)

choose between: NP -'s my, our, their

finite vs infinite

cognitive approach, not behavioural generative approach accounts for things that are merely looking at constituent nature (immediate constituent analysis doesnt--deals only w/ surface order, and so misses out on things like ambiguity, inversions like declarative to interrogative or active ot passive)

symbols for -direct object -indirect object

dO iO

copulative verb

eg. be/is/are, seem, appear, look, become, feel, grow ________ {NP, AP, PP}

subject and predicates are functions or categories?

functions-- not all NPs (categories) are subjects

lexical categories and their corresponding phrasal categories (5)

noun (NP) verb (VP) adjectie (AdjP) adverb (AdvP) preposition (PP)

prepositional complement

words, phrases, or clauses that directly follow a preposition and completes the meaning of hte PP Pcs can be: - noun phrases (eg. The grammar books are on floor six.) - noun clauses (The teacher listened to what the students said happened.) -verb phrases (The publisher thanks you for writing the book.) -prepositional phrases (My mother thought about under the bed.)

phrase structure rule for Det

{Dem, Art, Wh-, Poss, Q}

phrase structure rule for Art (3)

{a, an, the}

phrase structure rule for Q (6)

{some, any, every, each, neither, more}

phrase structure rule for Dem (4)

{this, that, these, those}