Test 1 PSY200
Outliers
Extreme scores that fall substantially above or below most of the scores in a particular data set
D. multiply the relative frequency by 100 at each interval
How do you convert a relative frequency to a relative percent distribution? A. divide each frequency by the total number of observations recorded B. sum the frequencies in each interval, then divide by the number of intervals C. no calculation is needed; a relative frequency is the same as a relative percent D. multiply the relative frequency by 100 at each interval
Scales of Measurement
Identifies how the properties of numbers can change with different uses.
D. 23
If the smallest score in a distribution is 10 and the largest is 32, then what is the real range for these data? A. 20 B. 21 C. 22 D. 23
C. 10
If the smallest score in a distribution is 12 and the largest is 71, then what is the interval width if we create 6 intervals? A. 6 B. 9.83 C. 10 D. 12
D. ratio
In science, researchers often go out of their way to measure variables on which scale of measurement because it is the most informative? A. nominal B. ordinal C. interval D. ratio
A. grouped data
It is necessary to create intervals for a simple frequency distribution with what type of data? A. grouped data B. ungrouped data C. categorical data D. nominal scale data
Data
Measurements or observations that are typically numeric.
B. sample statistic
Most students selected at random to a sample are women. The characteristic that most of the sample consists of women is an example of a(n): A. population parameter B. sample statistic C. inferential statistic D. statistical anomaly
D. all the above
The median is: A. the preferred measure of a central tendency when outliers are in a data set B. The middle value in a distribution listed in numerical order C. at the 50th percentile of a cumulative percent distribution D. all the above
Median
The middle value in a distribution of data listed in numeric order.
A. nominal
The mode is the primary measure of central tendency to describe data on which scale of measurement? A. nominal B. ordinal C. interval D. ratio
Sample size
The number of individuals that constitute a subset of those selected from a larger population.
A. true
Summarizing ungrouped data is especially practical for data sets with only a few different scores and for qualitative or categorical variables. A. true B. false
A. the mean
The SD is almost always reported with which measure of central tendency? A. the mean B. the median C. the mode D. the range
C. counterintuitive method
The ______ is a research method in which two variables are measured for each participant, and the extent to which those variables are related is measured. A. experimental method B. quasi-experimental method C. counterintuitive method D. investigative method
D. standard deviation; variance
The ______ is the square root of the ________. A. range; interquartile range B. mean; median C. variance; standard deviation D. standard deviation; variance
A. population mean; sample mean
The _______ is the sum of N scores (x) divided by N, whereas the _____ is the same of n scores (x) divided by n. A. population mean; sample mean B. sample mean; population mean
Dependent
The _______ variable is measured in each group of a study.
Population size
The number of individuals that constitute an entire group or population.
Weighted mean
The combined mean of two or more groups of scores in which the number of scores in each group is disproportionate or unequal.
C. 11
The lower boundaries in a frequency distribution of response times (in seconds) during a training exercise are 65, 76, 87, and 98. What is the interval width for this frequency distribution? A. 9 B. 10 C. 11 D. 12
B. not always located at the center of a distribution of scores
The mean is balance point of a distribution, which means the it is: A. always equal to 0 B. not always located at the center of a distribution of scores C. equal to the score in the middle of a distribution of scores D. used to measure the extent to which objects balance
D. all of the above
The mean is used to describe: A. data that are normally distributed B. interval scale data C. ratio scale data D. all of the above
Frequency
The number of times or how often a category, score, or range of scores occurs.
Sector
The particular portion of a pie chart that represents the relative percentage of a particular class or category.
Percentile rank
The percentage of scores with values that fall below a specified score in a distribution.
Coding
The procedure of converting a nominal or categorical variable to a numeric value.
Interval width
The range of values contained in each interval of a grouped frequency distribution.
A. experimental method
The research method used to demonstrate that one variable causes changes in a dependent variable is called the: A. experimental method B. quasi-experimental method C. correlational method D. investigative method
B. unbiased estimator
The sample variance is a(n) _____ when, on average, its value is equal to the value of the population variance. A. biased estimator B. unbiased estimator
Science
The study of phenomena, such as behavior, through strict observation, evaluation, interpretation, and theoretical explanation.
Population mean
The sum of a set of scores in a population, divided by the total number of scores summed.
Sample mean
The sum of a set of scores in a sample, divided by the total number of scores summed.
B. descriptive; inferential
The two general types of statistics. A. summary; descriptive B. descriptive; inferential C. interpretive; analytical D. simple; complex
Experiment
The use of methods and procedures to make observations in which the researcher fully controls the conditions and experiences of participants.
True zero
The value 0 truly indicates nothing or the absence of the phenomena being measures.
Mode
The value in a data set that occurs most often or most frequently.
A. unequal
The weighted mean is used to compute the mean for samples with ____ sizes. A. unequal B. equal C. proportional D. fractional
Ungrouped data
A set of scores or categories distributed individually.
Central tendency
Statistical measures such as the mean, median and mode.
Sample
A set of selected individuals, items, or data taken from a population of interest.
Ogive
A dot-and-line graph used to summarize the cumulative percent of continuous data at the upper boundary of each interval.
Frequency polygon
A dot-and-line graph used to summarize the frequency of continuous data at the midpoint of each interval.
B. midpoint
A frequency polygon is a dot-and-line graph where the dot is the _____ of each interval, and the line connects each dot. A. lower boundary B. midpoint C. upper boundary
Population
A set of all individuals, items, or data of interest.
Grouped data
A set of scores distributed into intervals.
D. all the above
A continuous variable: A. is measured along a continuum B. can be measured at any place beyond the decimal point C. can be measured in whole units or fractional units D. all the above
Interval
A discrete range of values within which the frequency of a subset of scores in contained.
A. is measured in whole units or categories
A discrete variable: A. is measured in whole units or categories B. can be measured at any place beyond the decimal point C. can be measured in fractional units D. is measured along a continuum
Negatively skewed
A distribution of scores in which a few outliers are substantially smaller than most other scores.
Positively skewed
A distribution of scores where a few outliers are substantially larger than most other scores.
Relative percent
A ____ distribution displays the percentage of scores occurring in each class interval relative to all scores distributed.
Cumulative percent
A _____ distribution displays the sum of relative percents across a series of intervals.
C. relative
A _____ frequency distribution is often used for larger data sets where the number of frequencies in each interval could be in the thousands or the millions. A. simple B. cumulative C. relative D. differential
Cumulative frequency
A ______ distribution displays the sum of frequencies across a series of intervals.
B. percentile rank
A ______ is a cumulative percent summary in which the ranks indicate the percent of scores at or below a given value. A. relative percent B. percentile rank C. relative frequency D. cumulative frequency
B. does not touch
A bar chart is similar to a histogram, except that in a bar chart, each rectangle _____ the adjacent rectangles at the boundaries of each interval. A. touches B. does not touch C. overlaps with
Statistics
A branch of mathematics used to summarize, analyze, and interpret a group of numbers or observations.
A. population parameter; sample statistic
A characteristic in a population is called _______, whereas a characteristic in a sample is called a ________. A. population parameter; sample statistic B. sample statistic; population parameter C. sample parameter; population statistic D. population statistic; sample parameter
C. pie chart
A graphical display in the shape of a circle that is used to summarize the relative percent of discrete and categorical data into sectors is called a: A. bar chart B. flow chart C. pie chart D. frequency
Piechart
A graphical display in which data are split into sectors.
Histogram
A graphical display used to summarize the frequency of continuous data that are distributed in numeric intervals.
Barchart
A graphical display used to summarize the frequency of discrete and categorical data that are distributed in whole units.
B. the type of food consumed
A health psychologist studies food intake by recording two measures: the type of food consumed (high fat, low fat) and the number of calories consumed. Which is a nominal scale measure? A. the weight of the food B. the type of food consumed C. the number of calories consumed D. both b and c
Rectangular Distribution
A nonmotal distribution.
Proportion
A part or portion of all measured data.
Parameter
A population _______ is a characteristic (usually numeric) that describes a population.
C. measured data in the population of students
A professor is interested in studying the attitudes of students in her class. She has all of the students in her class fill out a survey and records their responses. In this example, the professor: A. failed to identify the population of interest B. measured data in the same of students C. measured data in the population of students D. did not have enough data to draw conclusions about the population of interest
A. class; amount
A qualitative variable varies by ______; a quantitative variable varies by _______. A. class; amount B. amount; class C. counting; measuring D. measuring; counting
D. most readers find it easier to understand percentages than decimals
A relative percent distribution is often used instead of a relative frequency distribution because: A. it is more appropriate B. it is more accurate C. it is more meaningful D. most readers find it easier to understand percentages than decimals
B. quasi-experimental method
A researcher conducts a study that includes a quasi-independent variable and lacks a comparison group. What type of research method is described? A. experimental method B. quasi-experimental method C. counterintuitive method D. investigative method
B. DV; IV
A researcher measures the number of hours spent studying among students living on-campus and off-campus at a local college. In this study, location is the _______, and hours spent studying is the _______. A. IV; DV B. DV; IV C. quasi-independent variable; dependent variable D. dependent variable; quasi-independent variable
C. discrete; continuous
A researcher places a participant in a row muffled with 10 strangers. To measure social behavior, he records the number of different people the participants talks to and the time (in seconds) spent talking. The number of people the participant talks to is a _______ variable; the time (in seconds) spent talking is a ______ variable. A. categorial; discrete B. continuous; discrete C. discrete; continuous D. discrete; categorical
D. 9.33
A researcher records M=12 in a sample of men (n=10) and M=8 in a sample of women (n=20). What is the weighted mean for these samples? A. 12.0 B. 10.33 C. 10.0 D. 9.33
B. qualitative and discrete
A researcher records the family relationship of the people who stay in regular contact with loved ones in a nursing home. What type of measure is family relationship? A. quantitative and discrete B. qualitative and discrete C. qualitative and continuous D. quantitative and continuous
C. 2.5
A researcher records the following number of mistakes made during a sports broadcast: 0, 2, 0, 5, 2, 3, 0, 8, 1, and 4. What is the mean of these data? A. 1.5 B. 2.0 C. 2.5 D. 3.0
B. quantitative
A researcher records the number of times a person repeats a compulsive behavior. What type of data was measured? A. qualitative B. quantitative
D. sample; population
A researcher selects a _______ and uses inferential statistics to draw conclusions about the larger ________. A. sample; statistic B. parameter; population C. population; sample D. sample; population
A. descriptive statistics
A researcher summarizes a set of data by describing the score that occurred most often. What type of statistics did the researcher use to summarize these data? A. descriptive B. inferential C. analytical D. professional
Statistic
A sample ____________ is a characteristic (usually numeric) that describes a sample.
Normal distribution
A theoretical distribution with data that are symmetrically distributed around the mean, median, and mode.
Multimodal
A type of distribution in which more than two scores occur most often or most frequently.
Modal
A type of distribution in which one or more scores occur most often or most frequently.
Bimodal
A type of distribution in which two scores occur most often or most frequently.
Discrete
A(n) _____ variable is measured in whole units or categories.
Quantitative
A(n) ______ variable varies by amount.
Ratio
A(n) ________ scale has a true zero and is distributed in equal units.
Independent
A(n) _________ variable is manipulated in an experiment.
Continuous
A(n) _________ variable is measured alone a continuum.
Interval
A(n) ___________ scale has no true zero and is distributed in equal units.
Ordinal
A(n) ___________ scale is a value that conveys order or rank alone.
Quasi-independent
A(n) ___________ variable is a preexisting variable that is often a characteristic inherent to an individual.
Nominal
A(n) ____________ scale is a number is assigned to represent something or someone.
Qualitative
A(n) ____________ variable varies by class.
B. the same
Although different symbols are used to represent the number of scores in a sample and population, the computation of central tendency is ______ for samples and populations. A. different B. the same C. minimal D. summed
A. descriptive statistics
An instructor records the average grade on an exam in her class. What type of statistics did the instructor use to summarize exam grades in her class? A. descriptive B. parameter C. inferential D. professional
D. both a and b
An interval scale: A. has no true zero B. is distributed on an equidistant scale C. is the most informative scale of measurement D. both a and b
Open interval
An interval with no defined upper or lower boundary.
D. cumulative percent
An ogive is used to summarize what type of frequency distribution? A. relative percent B. percentile rank C. relative frequency D. cumulative percent
A. 5
As a general rule, when the number of intervals needed to summarize a data set is smaller than _____, we can leave the data ungrouped. A. 5 B. 10 C. 15 D. 20
Real range
One more than the difference between the largest value and the smallest value in a data set.
Inferential Statistics
Procedures used that allow researchers to infer or generalize observations made with samples to the larger population from which they were selected.
Descriptive Statistics
Procedures used to summarize, organize, and make sense of a set of scores or observations.
A. nominal
Qualitative variables tend to be on which scale of measurement? A. nominal B. ratio C. interval D. lateral
B. nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio
State the scales of measurement from least to most informative: A. ratio, interval, ordinal, nominal B. nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio C. ordinal, interval, nominal, ratio D. nominal, ratio, ordinal, internal
C. time of day studying
To investigate studying behavior among college students, a researcher measures the following variables: the duration of study time (in minutes per week), the number of breaks a student takes during a study session, and the time of day of studying (morning, afternoon, or night). Which is not a ratio scale measurement? A. duration of study time B. number of breaks taken C. time of day studying D. both b and c
C. inferential statistics
To study NCAA athletes at a local college, a researcher measures behavior in a portion of all athletes at the college. What type of statistics can the researcher use to draw conclusions about the behavior of all athletes at the college? A. descriptive B. parameter C. inferential D. professional
B. the median
When outliers exist in a data set, which measure of central tendency is most appropriate? A. the mean B. the median C. the mode
B. cumulative frequency distribution
When we sum the frequencies across a series of intervals, the summary is called a: A. simple frequency distribution B. cumulative frequency distribution C. relative frequency distribution D. cumulative percent distribution
A. find the frequency of scores in one interval and divide by the total frequency
Which of the following is not a step to identify the percentile point in a frequency distribution? A. find the frequency of scores in one interval and divide by the total frequency B. identify the interval within which a specified percentile point falls C. identify the real range for the interval identified D. find the position of the percentile point within the interval
D. pie chart
Which of the following would be most appropriate for summarizing the relative percent in each category for a discrete variable? A. frequency polygon B. histogram C. ogive D. pie chart
C. ordinal scale data convey direction only (more or less than)
Why is the median appropriate for describing ordinal scale data? A. ordinal scale data are the only type of data that have a medium B. ordinal scale data are always positively or negatively skewed C. ordinal scale data convey direction only (more or less than) D. ordinal scale data convey the same information as ratio scale data