Test #2

· How do the following cultural values impact intercultural communication? o Individualism and Collectivism, Preferred Personality, View of Human Nature, Human-Nature Value, Power Distance, Long-term or Short-term Orientation

-Individualism - focus is on independence, personal achievement -Collectivism - focus in on the group harmony, cooperation, personal relationships •Preferred Personality - is it more important "to do" or "to be?" -to do - working hard for material gain no matter the costs (living to work) -to be - spending time with friends and family, experiencing life (living in the moment)•View of Human Nature - seeing humans as mostly good or mostly evil. Can be influenced by religion, but our justice system is currently set up with the view that people are mostly good - innocent until proven guilty •Human-Nature Value Orientation -One view: Humans take precedent and control nature -Another view: Humans are at nature's mercy (it was God's will...) -Another view: Humans and nature in harmony •distribution of power -High power distance cultures - accept and expect an unequal distribution. People with power will remain in power, and people without it cannot get it. (think of a monarchy) -Low power distance - strive for equality, people with varying degrees of power can interact and treat each others as equals. People's power can change. -Long-term (tend to be polytheistic, Buddhism, Confucianism) - virtue and perseverance are important, willingness to sacrifice Short-term (tend to be monotheistic, Christianity, Judaism, Islam) - having one fundamental truth, also tend to emphasis individual

· Explain the four different listening Styles: Action oriented listening style, Content oriented listening style, People oriented listening style, Time oriented listening style

1.Action-oriented listening style----•Reflects a preference for error-free and well-organized speaking, with an emphasis on active responding •An action-oriented style requires informational listening skills 2.Content-oriented listening style---The content-oriented listening style reflects an interest in detailed and complex information The style requires informational listening along with additional critical listening skills 3.People-oriented listening style---•Often associated with friendly, open communication and an interest in establishing ties with others rather than in controlling them •Involves supportive listening skills, focusing not only on understanding information, but also listening to others feelings 4.Time-oriented listening style---Prefers brief, concise speech because time is consequential The goal is the aural equivalent of bullet points No specific set of skills accompanies this style This style generally illustrates ineffective listening behavior According to the book, it is best to avoid this style

· Could you list and give an example of each of the four influences on nonverbal communication? (culture, relationships, how well you know someone, gender)

1.Culture - thumbs up, 2.Relationships between people - holding someone's arm while crossing the street 3.Familiarity - how well you know the other person 4.Gender presentation - hair flip

· What are the seven functions of language and can you explain each of them? o Instrumental, Regulatory, Informative, Heuristic, Interactional, Personal language, Imaginative

1.Instrumental function - gets you what you need or what you want 2.Regulatory function - helps you control the behavior of others 3.Informative function - teach or share knowledge 4.Heuristic function - gain knowledge and understanding 5.Interactional function - helps you start and maintain relationships 6.Personal language function - express yourself, personality (more in private than public; humor or sarcasm) 7.Imaginative function - express your creativity or artistic ability (poetry, story telling)

· Can you define and explain the four components of language? o Phonology o Syntax o Semantics (shared meaning, denotative/connotative) o Pragmatics (Speech acts, conversational rules, contextual rules)

1.Phonology - The study of sounds that compose individual languages and how those sounds communicate meaning. •sounds>words>meaning 2.Syntax - rules the govern word order •How we combine nouns, verbs, adjectives into clauses to relay our message in an understandable format 3.Semantics - study of meaning •Shared meaning •Denotative meaning - dictionary or literal 4.Pragmatics - field of study that emphasizes how language is used in specific situations to accomplish goals •Speech act theory - we don't just say things with words, we do things with words -Direct Speech Act - Drive me to the store. -Indirect Speech Act - Do you think you could drive me to the store? •Conversational rules - organization of communication •Contextual rules - situation based

· Can you identify and explain the different types of border dwellers?

Border dwellers - people living between cultures. Often have to move between cultures, which could mean encountering conflicting religions, values, and obviously language. Border dwellers can exist through travel, socialization, or relationships Border dwellers through travel - whether voluntarily or involuntarily (having to flee a war-torn country, or a place like Houston or Puerto Rico due to the hurricanes). •culture shock/reverse culture shock/reentry shock Border dwellers through socialization - experience between social identity categories (Asian-American, multi-racial, pansexual) relationships - •Partners - can be very challenging to navigate cultural differences regarding religion, class, nationality, race, etc.

· What are some ethical choices we make related to listening?

Ethical choices we make in listening: •The choice to cut ourselves off from listening to our immediate environments - earbuds? •The choice to listen selectively - our choices, others, media •The choice not to listen - closing yourself off from opposing viewpoints •The choice to listen together - accepting the role and consequences of being an audience member

· Explain how each of these characteristics affect listening: Gender, Age, Nationality

Gender--- •Gender-based listening stereotypes suggest women are better listeners than men •Women - noninterrupting, attentive, empathetic, other-centered, responsive, patient •Men are logical, judgmental, interrupting, inattentive, self-centered, and impatient Age---- Communication capacities and skill levels change during life stages Parents can and should adapt listening behavior for children (who do not understand conversational rules) Nationality--- •Culture can influence listening (especially nonverbal expression) •In most Western cultures, good listening is demonstrated by eye contact, heads nods, and some back-channeling vocalizations •In some cultures, good listening involves avoiding eye-contact

· What are some ways you can improve your intercultural communication skills?

Increase motivation, Increase your knowledge of self and others, avoid stereotypes

· Can you provide explanations and examples of the nonverbal codes? (kinesics, paralinguistics, chronemics, proxemics, haptics, appearance and artifacts)

Kinesics--•Study of how we use body movements and gestures to communicate -Illustrators - accompany/reinforce words -Emblems - substitute words and phrases -Adaptors - release physical or emotional tension, tapping -Regulators - control flow of communication -Posture - immediacy, relaxation, tension -Movement - purposeful/intentional vs natural •Face - Eye behavior - eye contact and gaze is used to convey attraction and attention, but can be used for aggression •Your face functions: -To supplement (or add to) verbal communication -To complement (or complete) verbal communication Paralinguistics--•All aspects of spoken language except for the words themselves -Rate, pitch/tone, rhythm, vocal range, articulation -Chronemics--•Study of how we use and perceive time -Use of time -Value of time -Timing and sequencing (scheduling) -Culture specific, an event starts at 8:00pm, when do you get there? •Monochronic - one task at a time •Polychronic - technology is moving us toward using time polychronically, multiple activities simultaneously Proxemics-- •The study of physical space •Refers to the "invisible bubble" we place around our bodies •Also referred to as our "comfort zone" •Hall's Personal Space Zones -Intimate 0 - 18in - very close friends, intimate partners -Personal 18in - 4ft - friends and acquaintances -Social 4ft - 12ft - unfamiliar with others -Public 12ft - 25ft - ceremonies, lectures, performances Haptics-- •Categories of touch: -Professional or Functional Touch - least intimate, part of livelihood -Social-polite Touch - part of daily interaction -Friendship Touch - warmth, closeness, caring -Love-intimate Touch - romantic partners and family -Demand Touch - establish dominance or power Physical/ artifacts--- •Includes body shape/size, clothing, make-up, height, hair •Attraction -Physical, Task, Social -Homophily - Perceived similarity between individuals increases levels of attraction •Includes physical objects that communicate messages and/or guide social behaviors

· What kinds of influences can power have on verbal communication?

Language and Perception •Nominalists - any idea can be expressed through language •Relativists - language is not just a way to express ideas, but it is the shaper of ideas and the guide for mental activity -Sapir-Whorf hypothesis - the language people speak determines the way they see the world -How language choices reveal perception

· Can you explain the four stages of listening: hearing, understanding, evaluating, responding?

Stage 1: Hearing (or sensing) - detecting sound waves Stage 2: Understanding - interpret the message associated with the sound, verbal and nonverbal Stage 3: Evaluating - prioritizing based on importance, urgency Stage 4: Responding - simple or elaborate, depending on understanding and evaluation

· What are the five functions of nonverbal messages?

•Communicate information - clarify verbal messages, reveal attitudes and motivation •Regulate Interaction - manage conversational interaction •Express and Manage Intimacy - convey attraction and closeness •Social Control - exercise influence over others •Service-Task Functions - signal close involvement between people in impersonal relationships

· How do the following dialectical approaches function in intercultural communication? (textbook) o Cultural-individual, Personal-contextual, Differences-similarities, Static-dynamic, History/past-present/future, Privilege-disadvantage

•Dialectic Approach - moving from an either/or approach to a both/and approach. -Consider one's cultural surroundings as well as their individual personality -More dialectics are covered in the textbook (static/dynamic, history or past/present or future) -Use this to move away from attributing a person's behavior to one thing or another. -See behavior and intercultural communication as fluid. -Helps to resist quick, stereotypical judgments. •Political and Historical Forces - what is the history and political traditions present in a particular culture? -Consider slavery as part of US History - how long it has taken African Americans to achieve equal treatment -9/11 - how have the events of that day changed how people view Middle Eastern, Asian Indian-Americans, Muslims •Intercultural Communication and Power - the powerful make the rules. -What groups/identities are afforded dominance and privilege, and how does that relate to opportunity and ability? Think back to the co-cultural theory of power

· Can you identify different contexts that call for different listening styles or behaviors?

•Different contexts call for different listening styles and behaviors •Interpersonal context: "Friendly listening" •Professional context: Task vs. relational listening •Societal forces: What voices are favored? What voices are silenced? •Some individuals and/or groups are marginalized

· What is the difference between confirming and disconfirming messages?

•Disconfirming - make us feel devalued, and can hurt our self-concept (insults, demeaning speech, condescension). •Confirming - Confirming messages make us feel valued, can help our self-concept (supportive, advice, empathy, sympathy).

· How can you communicate more ethically across cultures?

•Everyone is part of a culture or micro-culture that is going to influence their communication and how they view things •Avoid the "zoo approach" - seeing people as exotic takes away from their humanity •Be open to alternative views of the world - bizarre foods

· What is the difference between indulgence vs restraint orientation?

•Indulgence orientation - emphasizes relatively free gratification of basic and natural human drives related to enjoying life and having fun. •Restraint orientation - emphasizes suppressing gratification of needs and regulates it by means of strict social norms.

· Why is nonverbal communication important?

•Integrating with verbal messages •Forming impressions •Defining relationships •Structuring conversation •Influencing and deceiving •Expressing emotions The sending and receiving of information through appearance, objects, the environment, and behavior. •Nonverbal communication influences how individuals interpret messages, especially those related to feelings, moods, and attitudes •We engage in nonverbal behaviors all the time we are conscious. •Nonverbal behaviors can be difficult to interpret because they are multi-channel. (there is no glossary) •Nonverbal cues are important in conveying and interpreting verbal messages. •Important to be able to "read" other people in everyday life.

· What is the definition of culture, and what is the definition of intercultural communication?

•Intercultural communication - "communication that occurs in interactions between people who are culturally different" (Alberts et al., p. 170). •Intercultural communication occurs on a continuum of similarity and difference. •What occurs in the middle could be based on the differences in age, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion, language, ability, etc.

· What are nonverbal codes?

•Kinesics (use of the body and face, perhaps the largest nonverbal code) •Paralinguistics (vocal behavior) •Chronemics (time) •Proxemics (use of space) •Haptics (use of touch) •Appearance & Artifacts

· What is needed for nonverbal behavior to become nonverbal communication?

•Nonverbal behavior - all the nonverbal actions people perform •Understanding nonverbal communication requires interpreting behavior and assigning meaning to it. •Some communication researchers (Burgoon, Bueller, Woodall, 1996) argue that nonverbal communication only occurs when the behavior has symbolic meaning and is intentional. -Scratching one's arm isn't an intended message, even though it can be read and understood by another person

· Can you identify examples of power or prejudice can be exerted through nonverbal communication?

•Nonverbal communication & power are related - dress code •Nonverbal artifacts of the powerful often become norms •Nonverbal communication & behavior can trigger prejudice & discrimination -Not looking at people when we talk to them -Watching people more closely than others Crossing the street to create more distance

· What are some common barriers to listening and how do they get in the way? o Physical and Physiological Barriers o Psychological Barriers o Conflicting Objectives o Poor Listening Habits

•Physical barriers include a noisy environment or physical discomforts that make if difficult to concentrate •Fatigue is another physical barrier •Good listening is strongly associated with a person's physical ability to hear •Two common psychological barriers are boredom and preoccupation •Causes of preoccupations -Personal agendas, strong emotions •We understand and react to other's communicative attempts based in part on our own objective(s) •Example: Information about the upcoming midterm exam •Five ineffective listening behaviors: 1.Wandering - not focusing on speaker 2.Rejecting - tuning out the speaker 3.Judging - making hasty evaluations 4.Predicting - getting ahead of the speaker 5.Rehearsing - thinking about what to say next

· Can you explain the similarities between nonverbal communication and verbal communication?

•Similarities -Both are rule guided, culturally bound, contextually restricted •Differences -Nonverbal messages are continuous, may conflict with verbal message, and are multi-channeled

· What are soundscapes and how do they function?

•Soundscapes are the everyday sounds in our environment •How do we know what a siren means •Soundscapes can help establish a community identity •Sounds that are specific to a region or identifiable to community members

· What are the two types of listening and how can you be a more active listener?

•The two types of listening are passive and active •To be an active listener: -Give feedback -Paraphrase -Reflect feelings -Summarize

· How do conversational rules function in terms of turn taking, turn maintaining, and turn yielding?

•Turn-taking - most basic rule of conversation •Only one person should talk at a time, there can be no silence, transcends culture •Turn-maintaining - remain in the role of the speaker •Audibly inhaling breath, continuing a gesture, sustaining the intonation pattern, vocalizing pauses ("er," "um") •Turn-yielding - wishes to exchange the role of the speaker and listener •Selecting the next speaker, asking a question, changing intonation, expression of inquiry, change in gaze direction

· Why is verbal communication important?

•Verbal communication is the foundation on which meaning is created •Verbal communication plays a key role in identity and relationship development •The language people speak is tied to their identities

· How can social status, physical appearance, and vocal cues affect listening?

•We decide how to listen to based on our assessment of the speaker •Three common filters: •Social Status - high status takes attention precedent •Physical Appearance - influenced by perceived attractiveness •Vocal Cues - a filter that influences listening (high pitch, accent) •

· What is the difference between "I" and "You" statements?

•You statements make people defensive and are disconfirming - "You are always late" •I statements are a three part message that: oexplain the other person's behavior oexplain how you feel about that behavior oexplain how the person's behavior affects you

· What is the co-cultural theory of power?

•the process by which co-cultural group members strategically select different communications styles, and how favoring certain styles of communication expresses the role of power in daily interactions •Every society has a hierarchy in which certain groups are privileged •These groups set the rules of appropriateness •Language can function to maintain the power of these groups •Generalizations turn into stereotypes There are consequences