Test 2 edp 3004

If a teacher wants to provide detailed and multidimensional feedback to students, what type of scoring tool is best?

Analytic rubric

One of the key variables that affects student engagement, intrinsic motivation, and self-efficacy, is academic socialization. If a teacher has a class that consists of students from a variety of ethnic groups, which of the following groups of students can be expected to have the highest levels of student engagement?

Asian American

Mr. Hugo wants to assess the extent to which his students have mastered the basic competencies of calculus. Which grading procedure is most appropriate for him to use?

Criterion-referenced grading

Which most accurately describes a factor that helps explain developmental trends toward extrinsically motivated learning?

Decontextualized learning

In which approach is there a highly structured environment where students engage in various forms of practice that ends with reviewing and reteaching as needed?

Direct instruction

Which of the following concepts involves the capacity to focus on more than one stimulus at the same time?

Divided attention

Which most accurately describes the key feature of the central executive?

Focuses attention on what is deemed important and acts as an information supervisor

Which of the following is an example of bullying?

Georgia regularly excludes Rowena from recess activities with Georgia and her friends.

Students with low efficacy and outcome expectations approach difficult school tasks by doing which of the following?

Getting easily discouraged by failure and are less motivated to complete it

A student attributes her failure on a test to having missed several classes due to illness. What will happen to her expectations for doing well on future tests as a result of making this attribution to an unstable cause?

Her expectations will not change.

Which of the following would be considered the most relevant model to an adolescent girl who is learning how to sing?

Her peer who has won talent shows for her singing.

Which is most true of discovery learning?

Inappropriate knowledge, or no knowledge, may be learned.

Which one of the following statements best characterizes working memory?

It actively processes a small amount of information, typically holding it for less than a minute.

Which is the best definition of sensory memory?

It holds fleeting information that we register but do not yet process.

When teachers provide students with short-term mastery goals, what happens to student effort?

It tends to increase.

Which best describes a student with an entity view of ability?

Joseph thinks that his low abilities in math are fixed and unchangeable, beyond his control.

Which most accurately describes the relationship of development to motivation?

Learners become more extrinsically motivated as they develop.

Which situation best illustrates the response disinhibition effect?

Li noticed other students cheated on math tests, but they were never punished, so he now cheats on math tests.

Which statement about developmental trends in motivation is most true?

Many children come to school with mastery goals but increasingly adopt performance goals.

Clark understood and knows how to complete his chemistry homework, but did not finish it by the deadline. Clark lacks what condition an imitator needs to meet?

Motivation

Which teacher is best described as using a performance-contingent reward?

Mr. Figueroa gives a certificate to students who earn a higher reading score than they did last week.

Which teacher is best described as using a task-contingent reward?

Ms. Allison gives extra computer privileges to students who participate in a math drill if they stay for the duration of the activity.

Mr. Brooks, an inexperienced elementary school teacher, is having trouble managing transition time effectively. His colleagues offer some suggestions. Which of these is most likely to lead to effective management of transitions?

Ms. Thompson suggests practicing routines, giving verbal reminders, and praising the students for successful transitions.

A high school teacher wishes to implement classroom-level techniques for increasing student motivation. Which of the following should she do?

Reduce the competitive atmosphere of the classroom by using cooperative learning.

Which of the following best describes the key difference between reinforcement and punishment?

Reinforcement is used to increase the frequency of a behavior; punishment is used to decrease the frequency of a behavior.

Which grading method is most beneficial for lower-achieving students and students with disabilities?

Self-referenced grading

What is the best way for a high school teacher to communicate their method of grade calculation to parents?

Send home course syllabi

Mr. Baxter offers social time to students who complete their seatwork before the end of the class period. Theresa does not like the other students in the class and does not want to spend time socializing with them. Which of the following is Theresa most likely to demonstrate when social time is used as a consequence?

She will decrease the frequency with which she completes seatwork early.

Why should the teacher's desk and whiteboard be at opposite ends of the room?

So that teachers can be close to students who sit at the front and students who sit at the back.

Students who are intrinsically motivated tend to be of which self-worth type?

Success-oriented students

Which of the following environments is most likely to foster relatedness?

Teachers trust their students to walk to the bathroom, office, or other location on campus.

Which best describes locus of control?

The belief that the results of one's behavior is due to either internal or external factors

In comparison to Western cultures, East Asian cultures tend to emphasize which of the following?

The idea that ability is malleable and that striving for improvement is important.

In each of these situations, learning by imitation does not occur. Which is best explained as being due to the model not having the characteristic of relevance?

Though there are several star basketball players at school, Chase is not interested in basketball, so he does not pay much attention to the basketball players.

Which of the following practices is mostly likely to decrease intrinsic motivation?

Use of threats and directives

Which of the following best illustrates internalization?

Wesley has always been motivated to do well on his math tests because he will lose his allowance if he does not earn good grades, but increasingly he has found himself wanting to learn math for its own sake.

Which of the following are strategies teachers can use to move students from an entity to an incremental view of ability?

Work with them to identify the connection between their effort and their successes

What you are thinking about right now is being held in which type of memory?

Working

An overstriver has a high hope for success and _____.

an excessive fear of failure

From a developmental perspective, it is most accurate to say that high school students often interpret praise as ______.

an indication of low ability

Flow is best described as ______.

an optimal level of engagement and absorption in a task

An assessment is:

any procedure for gathering information about students.

Students are constantly bombarded with sensory stimuli and information; however, according to the information processing model, only the stimuli that ______ can make their way to working memory.

are attended to

According to Self-Determination Theory, environments that fulfill individuals' needs are called:

autonomy-supportive contexts.

Differentiated instruction is:

based on individual students' needs.

One way to foster self-efficacy, self-worth, and self-determination is to:

capitalize on interest and relevance.

Our interpretations of performance on a task, based on past performance and social norms, are referred to as ______.

causal attributions

Ms. Butler is in her first year of teaching elementary school. She has, with input from her students, developed a short simple set of classroom rules and made sure that the students understand them. However, she is often frustrated to find students sitting at their desks wearing their coats, having to waste five minutes making sure everyone has the appropriate books or worksheets ready, and spending time reprimanding students for speaking without raising their hands. Ms. Coulthard, who has been teaching for several years at the same school, explains that although Ms. Butler has done a great job with the rules, she has not established

class-running, lesson-running, and interaction routines.

Dr. Chow requires that his students develop their understanding of business concepts through working in businesses. She uses modeling, explaining, coaching, and other strategies to support her students' learning. Dr. Chow is using:

cognitive apprenticeships.

All of the following are actions teachers should take on the first day of class, except:

communicating preliminary assessments of each student to their parents.

Academic intrinsic motivation is best described as an orientation toward learning characterized by _____.

curiosity, persistence, learning of challenging and novel tasks, and focus on mastery

Ms. Jenkins provides her young students with various unlabeled substances. Without further guidance, she lets them explore the materials and their interactions together, and soon the children begin to understand some important principles of experiments and observation. The method she has probably used is _____.

discovery learning

The main purpose in expository teaching is to _____.

ensure new information is integrated by the learner in a meaningful way

Mary does not want to spend much time learning math. She thinks that she will not be able to learn because she is not smart enough. This best illustrates

entity view of ability

Mr. Ward thinks that Marissa's disruptive joking around is being done in order to get attention from him, so he deliberately ignores her so that the behavior is not reinforced. Mr. Ward's technique is mostly based upon _____.

extinction

All of the following are useful guidelines for developing strong relationships with students, except:

giving equal levels of attention and encouragement to all students.

Process praise and performance praise are also called ______ praise.

informational

Culturally responsive pedagogy:

is based on connections to students' personal experiences.

An English teacher who assigns a recent book about zombies, rather than a literary classic, is trying to increase student engagement via:

making the subject interesting to the students.

All of the following are teaching methods grounded in constructivism except _____.

mastery learning

A memory aid designed to help you remember information by making it more meaningful is best called a(an) _____.

mnemonic device

Xavier was afraid to enroll in chemistry, believing that he did not have the ability to succeed at it. Then, he saw his friends take the course, and they did well. The source of this new belief might best be labeled _____.

modeling

Mr. Delgado wishes to teach metacognitive strategies necessary for reading comprehension, using a method incorporating the zone of proximal development. He is most likely to use _____.

reciprocal teaching

The basic purpose of chunking as a memory strategy is to _____.

reduce the number of pieces of information to be stored in memory

All of the following are effective methods for dealing with misbehavior, except:

removal of recess

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, individuals are motivated by a need to satisfy their full potential, most accurately called _____.

self-actualization

Cole compares his performance to the goal he set for himself. This is best described as _____.

self-judgment

Learning styles:

should not be used as a basis for instructional decisions.

Recollection of one piece of information can activate recall of related or linked information in a process known as _____.

spreading activation

Informal assessments are usually used to collect ______, whereas formal assessments are often used to collect ______.

subjective data; objective data

Research has shown that consistently having students retrieve information actually increases the ability to retrieve that same information. This is known as ______.

testing effects

All of the following are reasons why low-SES African-American or Latino/a parents may have lower levels of parental involvement, except:

that they spend a lot of time helping with homework, so they do not feel that they need to get involved in school-based activities.

Young children tend to have incremental beliefs about ability because ______.

they have limited ability to compare their performance to peers

Extrinsic motivation is best described as engaging in an activity ______.

to obtain an outcome that is distinct from the activity itself

Teachers should arrange seats in rows if they______ and clusters of desks if they ______.

use mostly direct instruction; regularly assign groupwork

Intrinsic motivation is best described as engaging in an activity ______.

when the reward is the activity itself

A student who has developed learned helplessness about his or her spelling ability is most likely to say which of the following?

"No matter how much I study words, I can't remember how to spell them."

Which most closely relate to cognitive apprenticeships?

Modeling, coaching, scaffolding, fading

Encoding is the process of _____.

Modifying information to prepare it for long-term storage

Which students are more likely than others to benefit from praise?

Students with an external locus of control, relative to those with an internal locus

Which of the following is NOT true of students with learned helplessness?

They overestimate their performance when they succeed.

Network theory suggests that information is stored _____.

as propositions, with links between related propositions

Which of the following is an example of a symbolic model?

A character on a TV show

Why should teachers think carefully before spending time dealing with the minor misbehaviors of a student who is constantly misbehaving?

Because teacher attention may act as a reinforcer for that student.

Which is the best example of a student who has intrinsic motivation to work on a lab project?

Cherri does so because she is interested in learning more about the concepts involved and likes the challenge.

Teachers should present important information ______ in their lectures to help enhance their students' memory.

First

Mako does very poorly on her math test. Which belief best illustrates an external locus of control?

The test items were very hard.

Which of the following concepts involves the use of prior knowledge to perceive a particular stimulus?

Top-down processing

When individuals do not show any self-regulation, this is referred to as:

amotivation.

Ms. Lewis used direct instruction in her classroom. What type of practice should she give her students to ensure that they retain what they have learned for a long period of time?

Distributed practice

What were the differences between effective and ineffective classroom managers in the 1970s?

Effective classroom managers prevented misbehaviors.

Autonomy-supportive teachers engage in which of the following practices?

Encourage students to express opinions and preferences.

Self-determination theory suggests that humans possess universal, innate needs for all but which of the following?

Engagement

Instruction should be differentiated for students who are:

English language learners.

Which of the following types of students are most likely to completely give up?

Failure-accepting Students

Which of the following statements are true about middle and high school boys' and girls' beliefs about math?

Girls have lower utility value but higher attainment value for math than boys.

Which most accurately describes gender differences in motivation in elementary school?

Girls tend to develop an entity belief about their ability in general.

Which of the following reflects differences in beliefs about ability between elementary school girls and boys?

Girls tend to hold stronger entity beliefs than boys.

If a class of students is given a difficult exam and none of the students answer more than 70% of the questions correctly, how can a teacher allocate A grades to the highest scoring students?

Grade on a curve

Barry does very well on his spelling test. Which belief best illustrates an internal locus of control?

He studied hard.

Which of the following best illustrates poor self-regulation?

Megan does not plan well, so she has trouble getting parts of her research paper done, and when she does turn in work, she has not reviewed its quality to see if it meets the standard set by the teacher.

Tim is a student in Mrs. Field's home economics class. Tim is interested in the subject and seems to want to learn, he pays attention to the instructions that Mrs. Fields gives, and is often engrossed in his work. However, Tim can also be disruptive and does not work well with other students. Which component of Tim's student engagement does Mrs. Field need to work on?

Behavioral

Self-determination theory is most closely akin to which other theory?

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Which of the following is based on the idea that all students can learn curricular material if given sufficient time?

Mastery learning

Which best describes episodic memory?

A memory of an event you have experienced; autobiographical memory

Which of the following best illustrates an outcome expectation?

A student believes that studying leads to good grades.

Which of the following is expository teaching most likely to incorporate?

Advance organizers

Which of the following best illustrates poor self-efficacy?

Alex has struggled with math in the past, so in his new math class he does not even try anymore.

Which best illustrates vicarious reinforcement?

Jesus works faster when he sees that other students who get done early are allowed to play on a computer.

Morgan is not able to complete her English homework because she was talking to her friend during today's English lesson. Morgan lacks what condition an imitator needs to meet?

Attention

Which best describes an assumption of the information processing approach as relates to attention?

Attention is selective.

Which best describes procedural knowledge?

Knowing how to do something; a compilation of all the skills and habits one has formed

A student faces a difficult task that he has failed before. He becomes passive, seems unwilling to try, and does not seem to understand which of his behaviors can affect the outcome. Which of the following terms most accurately applies to this motivation problem?

Learned helplessness

Which terms are most closely associated with working memory?

Central executive, phonological loop

At Rosemont High School, the teachers in the mathematics department typically meet before the school year starts to coordinate lesson plans in attempts to facilitate congruent learning across classes. Which of the following is this a characteristic of?

Collective efficacy

Dr. Kennedy is a school psychologist who has been asked to assess whether Jonathan, a second-grade student, might qualify for a diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Dr. Kennedy observes Jonathan's behavior at school and at home to help with her evaluation. What kind of assessment is she conducting?

Informal

Which of the following represents the most internalized form of regulation?

Integrated regulation

Which is the best definition of working memory?

It maintains new information in a heightened state of activity until it is not attended to any more or moved to long-term memory.

Which best illustrates an extinction burst?

Jeremy clowns around more than usual because he no longer seems to get desired attention from the teacher reprimanding him when he clowns around.

Which of the following is a method for collecting objective data?

Multiple-choice tests

What is the ideal distribution for scores in a classroom assessment?

Negatively skewed

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between levels of Bloom's taxonomy and type of assessment?

Objective assessments are typically used for lower-level objectives whereas performance assessments are typically used for higher-level objectives.

Which of the following is the best advice for teachers who want to give students choices among tasks?

Offer a moderate number of choices at an optimally challenging level

Which student is most likely to be motivated to continue to work after experiencing failure?

One with an incremental view of ability

What kind of praise should teachers avoid when giving feedback to their students?

Person praise

Mr. Stone wants to assess his students' comprehension of geology. He decides to create a multiple-choice exam as he will be able to determine scores quickly and accurately. Which of the following criteria is Mr. Stone concerned about?

Practicality

Which of the following is an effective use of praise?

Praising students contingently

According to research on praise, which of the following statements is true?

Process and performance praise can enhance intrinsic motivation because it tells students what they did well.

Cecilia understands how to overhand serve the volleyball as she has paid attention to her P.E. teacher's demonstration very closely. However, every time Cecilia tries to overhand serve the volleyball, it does not make it over the net. Cecilia lacks what condition an imitator needs to meet?

Production

Niles is trying to answer the last question on his math test but cannot remember how to complete the last steps of the equation. Niles lacks what condition an imitator needs to meet?

Retention

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates observational learning?

Sarah knows that the milk goes in the fridge after seeing her parents put milk in the fridge after grocery shopping.

Which LEAST describes an influence on self-efficacy?

States of emotional arousal

Which of the following is a particularly useful teaching strategy that helps students retain information?

Teaching the use of mnemonics

Performance orientation tends to increase in middle school environments because of which of the following factors?

The competitive and harsh classroom environments of typical middle schools

Tom is a 10th grader who often complains about assignments, pretends he does not understand material, does not participate when working in groups, and always takes the easiest path to getting things done. Which of the following motivation concepts best describes this pattern of behavior?

Work avoidance

Which of the following are characteristics of autonomy-supporting parents?

They provide their children with opportunities to explore and master their environment.

How should rules vary across elementary, middle, and high school?

They should be consistent with the students' cognitive abilities and social skills.

According to information processing theory, how many types of memory are involved in the learning process?

Three

From a developmental perspective, it is most accurate to say that very young students often interpret praise as ______.

an indication they have pleased an authority figure

Another way to refer to person praise is ______ praise.

controlling

A teacher who establishes positive interdependence and who requires individual and group accountability is likely using _____.

cooperative learning

In ______ students move through the curriculum at the same pace whereas in ______ students move through the curriculum at their own pace

direct instruction; mastery learning

Mr. Duchy presents students with a variety of new art materials and no further explanation, letting them uncover for themselves the idea that texture is part of art. The method he most likely used throughout the day was _____.

discovery learning

If a teacher wants to use a performance assessment to monitor student progress and provide students with feedback, a good choice would be a:

growth portfolio.

Ms. Sherman teaches mathematics to fourth graders. Every day, students solve math problems independently after she has taught the lesson. During this time, Ms. Sherman moves around the room and praises students who have solved problems correctly and shows students who have made error where the errors are. This is an example of

guided practice.

A student appears to lack motivation while doing a math activity in class, so the teacher asks him, "How good are you at math?" The teacher is most likely trying to _______.

identify low perceptions of ability in order to change attributions for success and failure

To be successful, a formative assessment should:

include high-quality feedback.

Person praise is detrimental to intrinsic motivation because:

it leads students to believe that ability is fixed and uncontrollable.

If a lower-achieving student is in a classroom in which ability grouping occurs, the most likely outcome is that _____.

it will undermine his self-efficacy

Constructivist methods are most closely associated with _____.

learning in authentic contexts

Mr. Molina works in a school district with many families who do not have English as a first language. Mr. Molina wants to increase parental involvement, as he knows that this is likely to enhance their children's engagement, self-efficacy, and intrinsic motivation. All of the following are good culturally responsive suggestions for increasing parental involvement, except:

providing parents with information about typical North American educational culture and expectations for student engagement.

An assessment that yields consistent results is:

reliable

A student's state of emotional arousal, observing the performance of others, and verbal persuasion are three influences on self-efficacy. A fourth influence is ______.

past performance

Ms. Collins wants her physics students to demonstrate their knowledge of how to conduct experiments, so she gives them each a box of components and asks them to set up an experiment to determine which color LEDs have the highest breakover voltage. This is an example of a(an):

performance assessment.

Checklists, rating scales, holistic rubrics, and analytic rubrics are always of scoring:

performance assessments.

Kelly has impressed her geography teacher, Ms. Basildon, with her willingness to participate in class and her eagerness to learn. When Ms. Basildon is grading the students' term papers, she expects a lot from Kelly. Kelly's paper is mediocre because she did not really grasp the key concepts, but Ms. Basildon gives Kelly a B+. This generous grade is due to:

the halo effect.

In contrast to self-efficacy and self-worth theories, self-determination focuses more on:

the need for competence.

If a teacher presents students with factual information about a topic, then assesses them via performance on a class debate,

there will be a mismatch between instruction and assessment methods.