Test 2

Infant skull bones connected by flexible connective tissue to allow head to deform during birth, and allows rapid brain growth. These areas between bones are called fontanelles (soft spots). Skull bones will fuse over time.

Fetal/Infant Skull and Sutures

Fibula is thin. Head on superior end, lateral malleolus in inferior end (ankle bone). DOES NOT bear weight!

Fibula

Attachments: fibula and sole of foot Actions: evert and plantar flex foot

Fibularis longus and Fibularis brevis (deep to fibularis longus)

1. Support • Entire body 2. Protection • Viscera (organs) 3. Movement • Attachment for muscles, etc. 4. Hemopoiesis • Blood cell production 5. Energy & mineral reserves • Calcium, etc.

Functions of the Skeletal System

Synovial joint

Has a fluid-filled joint cavity

distal attachment / bone mobile

Insertion

Auscultation

Listen to sounds emitted from organs

(TMJ) - divided by articular disc (meniscus) into superior and inferior compartments. Superior compartment allows gliding. Inferior compartment is a hinge joint.

The Temporomandibular Joint

c-section

c-section

Occipital, parietals, and frontal

Which bones form the calvaria?

Costal facets and demifacets

Which features are found only on thoracic vertebrae?

Posterior part of the cranium and cranial base. Foramen magnum = large opening in occipital bone that allows the spinal cord to pass and connect with the brain. The occipital condyles are the region where the skull articulates with the vertebral column (atlas or C1 vertebra)

Occipital Bone

the roof of the mouth, separating the cavities of the nose and the mouth

Palate

a physical examination doctors use to test the stability of the knee's anterior cruciate ligament (ACL

anterior drawer test

pectoral girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, lower limbs

appendicular includes...

YES

are bones organs?

Most are "flat" bones, formed via intramembranous ossification

how are most flat bones formed?

with joints

how do bones meet?

Teres minor

label

1. small blood vessel 2. newly deposited bone matrix 3. osteocytes 4. lacunae 5. old bone

label picture 1-5

Radius parallel to ulna

Supination

sheet of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscles, as well as groups of muscles with same action

Deep fascia

Action: Extend the wrist and fingers Attachments: Humerus lateral epicondyle & forearm, wrist and digits

Extensor muscles (posterior compartment)

Five digits, numbered I-V. 5 metatarsals. 1st metatarsal at base of big toe is largest, helps support weight of the body. There are 3 phalanges for each digit (digit II-V), ordered proximal, middle, distal Hallux (big toe) doesn't have middle phalanx (similar to thumb)

Foot: Metatarsals and Phalanges

Actions: stabilizes thigh and trunk during walking and running

Iliotibial band (tight band of connective tissue/fascia)

a hole or tube-like structure (e.g. auditory meatus, External acoustic meatus)

Meatus

Tibia

Medial bone of the leg

compression

Patients with osteoporosis often suffer _________ fractures of the vertebral bodies due to loss of bone mass

compression (1)

Patients with osteoporosis often suffer _________ fractures of the vertebral bodies due to loss of bone mass. (1)

Allows rotation Examples: proximal radioulnar joints, atlantoaxial joint

Pivot Joints

Biceps brachii Quadriceps femoris

1. Location of muscle ex.

Action: Flexes forearm Attachments: humerus and ulna

Brachialis

Respiratory muscles 1. External intercostal muscles: Action: Elevate ribs and Inspiration Attachment: Ribs Muscle fibers run inferomedially between ribs. 2. Internal intercostal muscles Action: Depress ribs and Expiration (forced) Attachment: Ribs Muscle fibers run superomedially (right angles to external intercostals)

Intercostal Muscles

Fibula

Lateral bone of the leg

The coronoid process of the ulna is a triangular process projecting forward from the anterior proximal portion of the ulna

Coronoid process

Craniosynostosis is premature fusion of the skull bones. Leads to unusual cranial vault shape.

Craniosynostosis

attaches to cribriform plate; separates nasal cavity from brain, siteof attachment for dura mater (membrane covering brain)

Crista galli

- lateral curvature of the spine is abnormal -Usually treated with body braces or surgery when young (lateral curvature is abnormal)

Curves of the Spine: Scoliosis

Radius crossed over ulna

Pronation

inside bones better at shock absorption

Spongy bone (trabecular bone)

Attachments: ilium and iliotibial band Action: flexes, abducts and medially rotates thigh; steadies iliotibial band.

Tensor fascia lata (muscle)

*Supports the eyes and muscles that move the eyes. Orbital so contains fat and lacrimal glands (tear-producing glands). *Walls formed by frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla , palatine, lacrimal, and ethmoid bones

The Orbit

lambdoid

The _______ suture is the articulation between the occipital bone and both parietal bones

Ulna is medial, radius is lateral. Connected by interosseous membrane, to keep bones a fixed distance and allow rotation. Proximally, radial head articulates with radial notch on ulna. Distally, each has a styloid process.

Ulna and Radius

*Notice how the spinal cord passes through and is protected within, the vertebral (spinal) canal. *Spinal nerves exit between the body of the vertebra and the vertebral arch via intervertebral foramina

Vertebral Column and Spinal Cord

Lumbar: very larger body, small vertebral foramen cervical: very large vertebral foramen, small body, heart-shaped projection thoracic: heart-shaped body, medium vertebral foramen

What are the distinguishing features of the three different types of vertebrae

Fibrous - connected by fibrous (CT) tissue (ex: skull sutures)Immovable Cartilaginous - connected by cartilage tissue. Slightly moveable usually Synovial - connected at a joint cavity within a capsule (ex: most joints). Freely moveable usually

What are the three types of joint (based off structural classification)?

56

What is the total number of phalanges in a normal human body?

Fibula (1)

Which bone does not function in protection? (1) Parietal bone Fibula Lumbar vertebra Sternum Os coxae

Clavicle

Which bone is not part of the axial skeleton? Malleus Sacrum Clavicle Atlas Frontal bone

dens

Which feature is unique to the axis?

Synthesizes red blood cells

Which is not a function of cartilage?

Infraspinatus

label

Subscapularis

label

1. Humerus 2. Coronoid fossa 3. Capitulum 4. Radius 5. Trochlea 6. Ulna 7. Olecranon 8. Trochlear notch 9. Coronoid process 10. Radial notch

label 1-10

1. Transverse process 2. Dens 3. body 4. Superior articular facet 5. Pedicle 6. Lamina 7. Spinous process 8. Atlas 9. Dens of axis 10. Axis

label 1-10

1. Base of sacrum 2. Sacroiliac joint

label 1-2

1. Crista galli 2. Cribriform

label 1-2

1. Epicranial aponeurosis 2. Frontalis

label 1-2

1. Muscle fiber 2. Myofibril

label 1-2

1. Occipital condyles 2. Foramen magnum

label 1-2

1. Radial styloid process 2. Anatomic snuff box

label 1-2

1. Sacrum 2. Coccyx

label 1-2

1. Zygomaticus major 2. Depressor anguli oris

label 1-2

1.) Latissimus dorsi 2.) Teres major

label 1-2

1.) Rhomboid minor 2.) Rhomboid major

label 1-2

1. Diaphysis of femur 2. Epiphyseal plate 3. Epiphysis of femur

label 1-3

1. Hypothenar group 2. Thenar group 3. Interossei

label 1-3

1. Infrasternal notch w/ xiphoid process 2. Sternal angle 3. Suprasternal notch

label 1-3

1. Vomer forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum 2. Maxilla 3. Palatine

label 1-3

1.) Long head 2.) Lateral head 3.) Medial head

label 1-3

1. Haversian canal 2. Lamellae 3. Osteon 4. trabecular bone (spongy bone)

label 1-4

1. Iliac crest 2. Greater sciatic notch 3. Ischial tuberosity 4. Obturator foramen

label 1-4

1. Lateral (fibular) Collateral Ligament(LCL) 2. Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) 3. Medial (tibial) Collateral Ligament(MCL) 4. Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)

label 1-4

1. Linea alba 2. External oblique 3. Internal oblique 4. Transversus abominus

label 1-4

1. Mandibular fossa 2. Articular tubercle 3. Articular capsule 4. Lateral ligament

label 1-4

1. Mastoid process 2. Styloid process 3. Tympanic part 4. Squamous part

label 1-4

1. Orbital surface 2. Zygomatic process (cut) 3. Frontal process 4. Alveolar processes

label 1-4

1. Pectoral Girdle 2. Arm 3. Forearm 4. Hand

label 1-4

1. Rectus femoris 2. Vastus lateralis 3. Vastus medialis 4. Patellar ligament

label 1-4

1.) Supraspinatus 2.) Infraspinatus 3.) Teres minor 4.) Subscapularis

label 1-4

1. spinal cord within 1. spinal canal 2. nerve root 3. Inverterbral disc 4. spinous process 5. lamina

label 1-5

1. spongy bone 2. compact bone 3. medullary cavity 4. periosteum 5. endosteum

label 1-5

1.) thick (myosin) filaments 2.) thin (actin) filaments 3.) Z disk 4.) M line 5.) A band

label 1-5

1. False pelvis 2. True pelvis 3. Pelvic inlet 4. Pelvic outlet 5. Pelvic inlet 6. pelvic brim

label 1-6

1. Os coxae 2. lium 3. Pubis 4. Ischium 5. Pubic symphysis 6. Acetabulum

label 1-6

1. sternal angle 2. manubrium 3. suprasternal notch 4. clavicular notch 5. body 6. Xiphoid process

label 1-6

1. Coccygeus 2. Levator ani 3. Pubis 4. Urethra 5. Vagina 6. anal canal 7. sacrum

label 1-7

1. Greater tubercle 2. Lesser tubercle 3. Deltoid tuberosity 4. Head of humerus 5. Anatomical neck 6. Greater tubercle 7. Surgical neck 8. Deltoid tuberosity

label 1-8

1. Inguinal ligament 2. femoral nerve 3. deep femoral artery 4. femoral artery 5. sartorius muscle 6. great saphenous vein 7. femoral vein 8. adductor longus muscle

label 1-8

Central tendon

label this

1. Support soft tissues 2. Model for formation of bone 3. Gliding surface at articulations *cartilage is NOT soft bone*

what are cartilages functions?

Trabeculae

what are the holes in spongy bone called?

Crista galli and Cribriform

what are two major parts of the ethmoid bone?

deltiod

what is 1?

elevation and depression

what is happening in the photo

inversion and eversion

what is happening in the photo

Hyaline cartilage

what is the most common type of cartilage?

OSTEON

what is the structural unit of compact bone?

Smooth muscle: NOT striated, involuntary

what type of muscle is this?

Thenar group - move thumb, opposes to digits; fleshy part at base of thumb Hypothenar group- moves digit 5, opposes to thumb Interossei - abducts and adducts digits

Intrinsic muscles of the hand

Erector spinae muscles: Includes: Spinalis Longissimus Iliocostalis Actions: Bilateral: extend trunk, neck, and head Unilateral: laterally flex trunk, neck, head Attachments: pelvis, ribs, vertebrae and cranium

Intrinsic* Back Muscles

Tremendous variety of joint movements possible. The shapes of the articulating surfaces determine what movements are allowed. 1.)Plane joint 2.)Hinge joints 3.)Pivot joints 4.)Condylar Joints

Joint Types (4)

Joints (aka articulations) Two functions: support and movement. Bones articulate at joints Skeletal muscles CROSS over joints in order to achieve movement. More mobile = less stable Can be classified by function OR by structure.

Joints

lateral malleolus

The expanded distal end of the fibula is called the

somatic motor

The neurons that stimulate muscle contraction are called _____ neurons

Vomer

Which is not a cranial bone? Vomer Frontal Occipital Temporal Parietal

Passageway for cranial nerves

Which is not a function of the vertebral column? Supporting the weight of the head Maintaining upright body position Passageway for cranial nerves Passageway for spinal nerves

1. Head 2. Neck 3. Lesser trochanter 4. Lateral epicondyle 5. Patellar surface 6. Linea aspera 7. Medial condyle 8. Medial epicondyle 9. Greater trochanter 10. Lateral condyle 11. Lateral epicondyle

label 1-11

1. Proximal epiphysis 2. Diaphysis 3 .Distal epiphysis 4. Spongy bone 5. Epiphyseal line 6. Periosteum 7. Compact bone 8. Medullary cavity (lined byendosteum)

label 1-8

1. Proximal phalanx of pollex 2. Distal phalanx of pollex 3. Proximal phalanx 4. Middle phalanx 5. Distal phalanx 6. carpals 7. metacarpals 8. phalanges

label 1-8

1. Tubercle 2. Head 3. Shaft 4. Transverse process 5. Transverse costal facet (for tubercle) 6. Tubercle 7. Head 8. Costal facet

label 1-8

1. Coronal suture 2. Squamous suture 3. Lambdoid suture 4. Sphenoid bone 5. Ethmoid bone 6. Frontal bone 7. Parietal bone 8. Temporal bone 9. Occipital bone Sagittal would be on top

label 1-9

1. Fat pad 2. Bursa 3. Articular capsule 4. Synovial membrane 5. Synovial cavity 6. Articular cartilage 7 (left). Articular cartilage of the trochlear notch 7 (right). Articular capsule 8. Radial collateral ligament 9. Annular ligament

label 1-9

1) Skeleton begins as hyaline cartilage model 2) Bone replaces cartilage 3) Epiphyseal (growth) plates ossify eventually.

Endochondral Bone Ossification steps

Surrounds the muscle fibers within a fascicle

Endomysium

Surrounds entire "muscle", separates individual muscles

Epimysium

Just anterior to the sphenoid is the ethmoid bone. Ethmoid takes up most of the area between the nasal cavity and the orbits. Forms some boundaries of the nasal cavity, also separates nasal cavity from the brain

Ethmoid Bone

Lumbar vertebrae: • Large bodies • Articular facets face medial/lateral • Short, flat spinous processes

Five Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5)

Sacrum

Five fused vertebrae

Tarsals

Form the ankle and proximal foot

Metatarsals

Form the arched portion of the foot

Phalanges

Form the toes

Teres major

Four muscles are referred to as rotator cuff muscles. Select the exception. Subscapularis Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres major Teres minor

extend upward to reach frontal bone

Frontal processes

Orbicularis oculi

Jesse is biking down the road when the wind picks up. Which muscle does he need to use to block sand and dirt from getting into his eyes?

Fibrous joint

Joined by dense regular connective tissue

Cartilaginous joint

Joined together by cartilage

Bone grows within a membrane Forms many flat bones (bones of the skull) as well as maxillae, zygomatic, mandible and center of clavicle.

Intramembranous Ossification

• Layers of muscles that form pelvic floor 1.) Levator ani - Attachments: ischium& pubis to sacrum &coccyx - Support pelvic viscera(organs) - Openings for urethra, anus and vagina (in females) 2.) Coccygeus is located posteriorly - Attachments: ischium and sacrum - Action: Supports pelvic viscera

Pelvic Diaphragm (2 muscles)

Pelvic Inlet: Space between pelvic and abdominal cavities (true and false pelves). Pelvic Brim: Edge of pelvic inlet. Pelvic Outlet: Inferior opening defined by ischial tuberosities, etc. (this is the bony feature you sit on). The size of this outlet is important for a successful birth.

Pelvic Inlet and Pelvic Outlet

Allows the articulating bones to glide past each other. You see these joints between the carpal and tarsal bones. example- Waving

Plane Joint

Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, Subscapularis

Rotator Cuff (SITS)

1. Visual inspection • Look at the body 2. Percussion • Tap structures to listen for vibrations 3. Palpation • Touch/pressure 4. Auscultation • Listen Good for connecting the outside appearance (shape) with the deep structures of the body is important for the diagnosis of diseases and disorders Surface anatomy is used for: Taking pulse Drawing blood Physical therapy

Surface Anatomy Examination and why we use surface anatomy!

Paired temporal bones (left and right sides) house opening to ear, forms the base of cheekbone. 3 main regions: petrous, tympanic and squamous. Petrous is best seen internally, contains middle and inner ear cavities. Petrous=hard. The external acoustic meatus (EAM): opening in the tympanic region leading to the middle & inner ear Squamous portion is the vertical portion (part of cranial vault).

Temporal Bones

muscle to bone

Tendon

Action: laterally rotates arm Attachment: infraspinous fossa of scapula; humeral tuberosities

Teres minor

1. Ligamentum teres 2. Head of femur 3. Articular capsule (cut) Femur and os coxae. Ball and socket joint - less mobility, very stable. Deep acetabulum for head of femur. Ligamentum teres extends from acetabulum to fovea capitus (on head of femur) - may add stability.

The Coxal (Hip) Joint label and extra info

Hinge joint (humerus/ulna) but annular ligament forms pivot at proximal radioulnar joint. The annular ligament attaches to the ulna medially and laterally, encircling the head of radius.

The Elbow Joint

manubrium

The superior portion of the sternum is called the

tendon

The structure responsible for attaching muscle to bone is a

Attachments: femur and tibia via patellar ligament Actions: all vastus muscles will extend leg

Vastus lateralis, Vastus intermedius (deep to rectus femoris), and Vastus medialis

Femoral triangle

Which anatomical landmark is important for controlling blood loss from the lower limb?

80 bones

how many bones are in the axial skeleton?

14

how many bones are in the facial skeleton?

28 bones

how many bones are in the skull?

1. Upper lateral quadrant 2. Sciatic nerve 3. Gluteus maximus 4. Gluteus medius

label 1-4

1. Proximal 2. Distal 3. Phalanges 4. Metatarsals (I-IV) 5.Tarsals

label 1-5

1. Ramus of mandible 2. Body of mandible 3. Mental foramen 4. Alveolar process 5. Mandibular foramen

label 1-5

1. gastrocnemius 2. soleus 3. Fibularis longus 4. tibialis anterior 5. extensor digitorum longus

label 1-5

1. Articular capsule 2. Synovial membranes 3. Articular disc (meniscus) 4. Superior joint cavity 5. Inferior joint cavity 6. Outline of the mandibular fossa

label 1-6

1. Biceps femoris long head 2. Biceps femoris short head 3. tensor fascia latae 4. sartorius 5. Rectus Femoris 6. Vastus laterlis

label 1-6

1. maxilla 2. palatine 3. Lacrimal Nasal 4. ethmoid 5. frontal 6. sphenoid 7. zygomatic

label 1-7

1.) Endomysium 2.) Perimysium 3.) Epimysium 4.) Deep fascia 5.) Skeletal muscle 6.) Fascicle 7.) Muscle fiber

label 1-7

Fibrocartilage has little ground substance and the matrix has thick, dense collagen fibers. Resists strong compression.

characteristic of fibrocartilage

Has tiny nearly invisible collagen fibers called fibrils

characteristics of hyaline cartilage

The clavicle (collarbone) spans the superior thorax. It is S-shaped. The S-shape of the clavicle makes it prone to fracturing near the curves The ligaments are quite strong, so the bone often breaks instead of dislocating. Medially, the sternal end attaches to the manubrium of the sternum. Laterally, the acromial end articulates with the acromion process of the scapula Function: provides muscle attachment, acts as brace for the scapula and arms.

clavicle functions and positioning

hyaline elastic and fibrocartilage

what are the 3 types of cartilage?

protraction and Retraction

what is happen is the photo

Sartorius

what is this muscle?

in pinna (outer ear) and epiglottis

where can I find elastic cartilage

Ends of long bones, costal cartilages, respiratory structures, fetal skeleton

where can I find hyaline cartilage?

in intervertebral disks, knee joint, pubic symphysis

where can you find fibrocartilage?

Elastic cartilage

which type of cartilage would be punctured if you chose to pierce the auricle of your ear?

Smooth, dense, external portion of bones strong, rigid

Compact (=cortical) bone

Attachments: Ischium and femur, tibia or fibula Actions: Extension of thigh Flexion of leg

Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, and Semimembranosus

Coracobrachialis (coracoid process and arm)

5. Location of attachments ex.

Deltoid (triangular) Trapezius (trapezoidal)

2. Shape ex.

Gluteus maximus (largest) Adductor brevis (short)

3. Relative size ex.

Longest bone of the upper limb. Head articulates with scapula at the glenoid cavity. Distal end articulates with radius and ulna (elbow) Greater and lesser tubercles are sites of muscle attachment; deltoid tuberosity is attachment for deltoid muscle. Most frequently fractures at the surgical neck.

Humerus

Quadriceps femoris group: Rectus femoris, Vastus medialis, Vastus lateralis, Vastus intermedius Sartorius

Anterior Compartment of Thigh

Tibialis anterior

Anterior Compartment of the Leg

flat sheet of tendon

Aponeurosis

Along with ligaments and tendons, The bones of the foot form 3 arches. 1. Transverse (anterior) arch 2. Internal (medial) longitudinal arch 3. External (lateral) longitudinal arch This supports and distributes body weight so that ~ half goes to the heel, half to the metatarsals. Over time, tendons can begin to fail (under or overuse). This leads to "fallen arches"

Arches of the foot

Most common: osteoarthritis - affects articular cartilages. "Wear and Tear"Pain, stiffness, swelling. Extreme solution: replacement.

Arthritis in knee

Ischial tuberosity

As a student sits at their desk answering test questions, which part of the pelvic girdle is supporting their weight on the chair?

Maintain posture Extend the vertebral column

Check all that are a function of the erector spinae muscles Move the upper limbs Maintain posture Rotate the neck Extend the vertebral column

Failure of the 2 sides of the palate to join during development leads to cleft palate. Severity varies. Opening between mouth and nasal cavity makes effective nursing difficult. Can be repaired surgically with good outcomes

Cleft Palate

The process of bone formation is osteogenesis/ossification. Begins in the embryo and continues through life (more slowly in the adult). Before Module 8, skeleton made of hyaline cartilage or mesenchyme. After Module 8, bone tissue begins to replace most cartilage and mesenchyme. Ossification may be endochondral or intramembranous.

Bone Development and Growth

Action: Flexes and adducts the arm Attachments: scapula and humerus

Coracobrachialis

arm or forearm

All are flexors of either

Coccyx

Also called the "tailbone"

Patella

Also known as the kneecap

contains teeth

Alveolar processes

plate helps form the roof of nasal cavities; foramina allow passage of olfactory nerves into brain

Cribriform

sutures

Bones are united by...

Action: flexes forearm Attachments: posterior humerus and radius Primarily located in anterior compartment of forearm, but considered part of the arm.

Brachioradialis

alveolus.

Each of the depressions on the maxillae and mandible that holds a tooth is called a(n)

Palpation

Feeling to locate anatomic structures under the skin

Attachments: tibia and digits 2-5 (phalanges) Actions: plantarflexes digits 2-5 and foot

Flexor digitorum longus

Attachments: fibula and hallux Action: plantarflexes hallux and foot

Flexor hallucis longus

Action: Flex the wrist and digits Attachments: Humerus medial epicondyle & forearm, wrist and digits

Flexor muscles (anterior compartment)

Functions of the foot: Supports weight of body Acts as a lever for moving the body (walking/running) Skeleton of foot includes tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges. Seven tarsal bones. 5 small metatarsals 14 phalanges Hallux = big toe.

Foot info and amount of metatarsals and phalanges

a hole in a bone (typically for nerves or blood vessels) ex.: foramen magnum, infraorbital foramen)

Foramen

Action: extend wrist & digits Attachment: humerus medial epicondyle & forearm and wrists and digits

Forearm extensors

Action: flex wrist & digits Attachment: humerus medial epicondyle & forearm and wrists and digits

Forearm flexors

This classification is based on the CONNECTIVE TISSUE that binds the bones together (fibers, cartilage) and the presence/absence of a joint cavity (function or structure).

how do we classify joints

In general: The male pelvis is somewhat narrower than that of a female. The female pelvis is typically wider and shallower - this allows for birth. The male pelvic inlet is more heart shaped. Female is oval. Note also the angle of the sacrum and coccyx of the female vs. the male (wider angle in females)

male vs females pelvis

*Kyphosis is excessive curvature of the thoracic spine *Typically the result of vertebral body fractures caused by osteoporosis

Kyphosis (Dowager's Hump)

LOOK AT PHOTO (2)

LOOK AT PHOTO (2)

connects femur and fibula

Lateral (fibular Collateral Ligament (LCL)

Fibularis longus and Fibularis brevis (deep to fibularis longus)

Lateral Compartment of the Leg

Action: adduct, extend, and medially rotate arm Latissimus dorsi attachments: lower back and humerus Teres major attachments: scapula and humerus

Latissimus dorsi & Teres major

Right lateral rectus and left medial rectus

Laurel is watching a tennis match, and the ball is moving quickly between the two competitors. Which extrinsic eye muscles is Laurel using to watch the ball as it moves to her right?

Long bones are found in the upper limbs (humerus, ulna, radius) and lower limbs (femur, tibia, fibula), as well as in the hands (metacarpals, phalanges) and feet (metatarsals, phalanges). Long bones function as rigid bars that move when muscles contract

Long bones where they are found and examples

Dense, fibrous connective tissues (fascia) divides muscles into compartments. Muscles in the same compartment are often synergistic (similar actions). Muscles in opposite compartments are usually antagonistic (opposite actions). Usually, muscles in one compartment are innervated by a single nerve.

Muscle Compartments

Sliding Filament Mechanism: The thin and thick filaments slide past each other during muscle contraction to shorten the sarcomeres. This leads to muscle contraction.

Muscle Contraction

Pectoralis major, Latissimus dorsi, Teres major, Deltoid, Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, Subscapularis,

Muscles That Move the Glenohumeral Joint (Arm)

Iliopsoas: Actually two muscles (iliacus, psoas major) Attachments: ilium and femur Actions: thigh and trunk flexion (bowing). Easy to see in abdomen. Difficult to locate on the thigh.

Muscles That Move the Hip

Trapezius, Rhomboid major, Rhomboid minor, and Serratus anterior

Muscles That Move the Pectoral Girdle

Buccinator Function: tightens the cheeks. Although the buccinator is a muscle of facial expression, it plays an important role in mastication. It holds food within the teeth during chewing. Attachments: Mandible/maxilla and within the skin of face

Muscles of Facial Expression (cheeks)

Zygomaticus major Action: Elevates corners of the mouth "Smile" muscle Attachments: zygomatic bone and skin of mouth Depressor anguli oris Action: Depresses the corners of the mouth "Frown" muscle Attachments: mandible and skin of mouth

Muscles of Facial Expression (lower mouth)

Temporalis: Action: elevates and retracts mandible (closes jaw). Attachments: Lateral cranium and coronoid process of mandible Masseter: Action: elevate and protracts the mandible (close jaw).Strongest of the muscles of mastication Attachments: Zygomatic arch and mandible Medial and Lateral Pterygoids: Action: Elevates and protracts mandible; side-to-side grinding Attachments: Sphenoid and mandible. Both pterygoid muscles are deep to masseter. The lateral pterygoid is superficial to the medial pterygoid

Muscles of Mastication

Sphincter/circular Action: Closes eyelids Attachments: skin around the eye and skin of the face

Muscles of facial expression: Orbicularis oculi

Sphincter/circular Action: Puckers/closes lips Attachments: skin around mouth and skin of the face

Muscles of facial expression: Orbicularis oris

External & internal obliques: Fibers run obliquely (same directions as intercostals) Action: Flex and rotate trunk Attachments: lower ribs, pelvis and linea alba Transversus abdominis: Deepest abdominal muscle; fibers horizontally Action: Compresses abdominal cavity Attachments: posterior body wall, anterior body wall

Muscles of the Abdominal Wall

Rectus abdominis (RA) - midline External oblique (EO) - lateral Internal oblique (IO) - deep to external oblique Transversus abdominis (T) - deep to internal oblique ( fibers run horizontally)

Muscles of the Abdominal Wall

biceps femoris

Of the muscles listed, the only one that attaches distally on the head of the fibula is the

proximal attachment / bone fixed

Origin

Large and wing-shaped. Landmark: Sella turcica - bony depression that holds the pituitary gland.Sphenoid is the only cranial bone that articulates with every other cranialbone.

Sphenoid

3 bones: *Manubrium *Body *Xiphoid Process Articulates with: Clavicles Ribs and costal cartilages *Sternal angle is important landmark for thoracic anatomy

Sternum 3 major parts and what it articulates with...

Action: medially rotates arm Attachment: subscapular fossa of scapula; humeral tuberosities

Subscapularis

Action: initiates abduction of the arm (first 15 degrees), Attachments: supraspinous fossa of scapula, humeral tuberosities

Supraspinatus

The condyle of the mandible articulates with temporal bone at the mandibular fossa. This is the temporomandibular (jaw) joint.

Temporomandibular Joint (jaw joint)

Percussion

Tapping firmly on body sites to detect vibrations

7; 12; 5

The vertebral column includes ___ cervical, ___ thoracic, and ___ lumbar vertebrae

interlocking, immovable joints

sutures

Tibia is larger and more sturdy. Located medially in leg. Fibula is thinner than tibia. Located laterally in leg. Fibula does not articulate with the femur at knee and is only for stabilization at ankle. Superior and inferior articulations, also connected by interosseous membrane. This membrane maintains distance between these bones. Tibia articulates with femur (at knee) and talus (at ankle).

Tibia and Fibula differentiation

Attachments: tibia and dorsum of foot Actions: Dorsiflexion, inversion of foot; Prevents plantar flexion during walking

Tibialis anterior

tendon (1)

At the ends of muscles, the connective tissues merge to form a __________, which attaches the muscle to other structures (1)

Action: move 5th finger, opposes to thumb Attachment: wrist and 5th digit

Hypothenar group

Maxillary bones form upper jaw (paired, left and right).Articulate with all other facial bones except mandible

Maxilla(e)

MCL connects tibia and femur

Medial (tibial) Collateral Ligament (MCL)

Gracilis, Adductor magnus and Adductor longus

Medial Compartment of Thigh

Along with the ischium contributes to obturator foramen

Pubis

Inferior rectus

Pulls the eye inferiorly and medially

Action: Flexes trunk Attachments: pubis, ribs and xiphoid process. Fibers run superior/inferior It is enclosed in the rectus sheath, which is made of the aponeuroses of the other abdominal wall muscles

Rectus Abdominis (6 pack abs)

• Autoimmune disease • Symptoms: pain, stiffness, swelling. • Begins with inflammation of synovial membrane, joint swells. • Chronic inflammation of the joint capsule deteriorates the connective tissues around the joint.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Action: Elevate and retract the scapula Attachments: Vertebrae and medial border of scapula. Located deep to trapezius

Rhomboid major & Rhomboid minor

Most joints are synovial joints Synovial joints are the most movable joint type. All of them are freely mobile (diarthroses). All synovial joints contain a fluid-filled joint cavity

Synovial Joints

8; 14

The skull consists of _____ cranial bones and _____ facial bones

• Common location for venipucture (blood draw) .• Median cubital vein • Located on inside of elbow • Ease of access, but variable

Upper Limb: Cubital Fossa

Structure: Avascular (no blood supply) Cell type: chondrocytes (in lacunae).

structure of cartilage tissue

Scapula, radius, and ulna

Which bones articulate with the humerus?

Temporal

Which cranial bone houses the malleus, incus, and stapes?

Elevation - retraction

Which does not correctly pair a movement with its opposing movement? Flexion - extension Abduction - adduction Pronation - supination Elevation - retraction Dorsiflexion - plantar flexion

Thenar group

Which group of muscles forms a thick, fleshy mass at the base of the thumb?

Capitulum

Which is not a carpal bone? Hamate Trapezium Capitulum Scaphoid Trapezoid

Hormone synthesis

Which is not a function of bone? Protection Mineral storage Body movement Hormone synthesis Hemopoiesis

Passageway for cranial nerves (1)

Which is not a function of the vertebral column? (1)

The ribs and clavicles form from schlerotomes.

Which is not true about development of the axial skeleton? The sternum forms by fusion of the sternal bars. The parietal and frontal bones develop by intramembranous ossification. The sphenoid bone forms by endochondral ossification. The vertebrae form secondary ossification centers at puberty. The ribs and clavicles form from schlerotomes

Provide support for the muscles of the arm

Which of the following is not a function of the vertebral column? Provide support for the muscles of the arm Help transfer axial skeleton weight to the lower limbs Provide vertical support for the body Support the weight of the head

Biceps femoris

Which of the following thigh muscles has its distal attachment in the head of the fibula? Gracilis Adductor magnus Sartorius Biceps femoris

All of the choices are correct.

Which of these features is found in a lumbar vertebra? Pedicles Vertebral foramen Spinous process Vertebral arch

Coronal

Which suture is the articulation between the frontal and parietal bones?

Two forearm bones articulate with humerus: ulna and radius. Ulna is the main forearm bone contributing to elbow. Trochlea of the humerus articulates with trochlear notch of ulna. Trochlear notch fits over trochlea to create a hinge. Coronoid process of ulna fits into coronoid fossa when forearm bends. The olecranon process of ulna fits into the olecranon fossa of the humerus when forearm extends. Lateral and medial epicondyles on humerus are attachment sites for forearm muscles. Capitulum of the distal humerus articulates with head of the radius. Radial head ALSO articulates with the radial notch of the ulna (proximal radioulnar joint) to form a pivot joint. Elbow can bend or forearm can twist.

bones making up the elbow

skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage (sternum and ribs) The axial skeleton= the skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column and thoracic cage

axial skeleton includes...

8 carpal bones make up the wrist, located at the proximal end of the hand. Arranged (roughly) in 2 rows. Mnemonic: Straight Line To Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb Wrist is very flexible because of the gliding motions at the articulations. The Scaphoid is frequently fractured, especially in FOOSH (fall onto an outstretched hand).

carpal

Lower limbs carry entire weight of the body. Bones are thicker and stronger than the upper limbs. Femur (thigh bone) is the largest and strongest bone in the body.

characteristic of lower limb

Similar to hyaline but lots of elastic fibers. VERY resilient and flexible, tolerates repeated bending.

characteristics of elastic cartilage

Biceps (two heads) brachii Quadriceps (four heads) femoris

6. Number of origins/heads ex

Lateral rectus

Abducts the eye

Rectus (straight) abdominis External oblique

4. Direction of fascicles and fibers ex

Flexor digitorum longus Adductor magnus abductor pollicis longus

7. Action ex.

Bursae- Saclike structure with synovial fluid Tendon sheaths- Wraps around tendons Both reduce friction where bones, ligaments and tendons may rub together.

Additional Features of joints

Attachments: pubis and femur (linea aspera) Action: adducts, medially rotates thigh

Adductor magnus and Adductor longus

Medial rectus

Adducts the eye

Ankle fractures are common:sports, skiing, running Typically the result of rolling or twisting Ligaments crossing the joint are often so strong that they remain intact but the bones fracture.

Ankle Fractures

Supports head, neck, trunk. Protects brain, spinal cord, thoracic organs

Axial Skeleton functions

Biceps brachii has two heads: Long head Short head Actions: Long and short heads: flexes and supinates forearm Long head also flexes arm. Attachments: Scapula and radial tuberosity

Biceps Brachii

Popeye syndrome is common with ruptures of Biocept brachialis but you cant still perform functions because of synergists

Biocept tendon rupture

a groove or tube-like structure (e.g. optic canal)

Canal

Synchondroses: Bones joined by hyaline cartilage. Ex. Costochondral joints, epiphyseal plates. Symphyses: Fibrocartilage between articulating bones. Ex. Intervertebral joints, pubic symphysis.

Cartilaginous Joints types (2) with examples

Femoral artery Femoral artery Femoral vein Femoral vein Femoral nerve Femoral nerve

Check all of the following that pass through the femoral triangle Femoral artery Femoral vein Femoral nerve Sciatic nerve

acromial end and sternal end

Clavicle (parts)

Cartilage is gradually replaced by bone tissue on both sides of the epiphyseal plate (primary center of ossification at diaphysis, and secondary centers of ossification in epiphyses) When centers of ossification meet (at epiphyseal plate), growth stops.

Closure of the Epiphyseal Plates (Endochondral Bone Ossification)

Deep fascia, Epimysium, Perimysium, and Endomysium

Connective Tissue Membranes Parts....

Visual inspection

Directly observe the structure of surface features

false

During normal, relaxed exhalation, the internal intercostals contract to assist with this process.

• Circular • Sphincter • Surround external body openings • Close when they contract

Fascicle Orientation: Circular

• Convergent • Broad origin • Narrow insertion • Direction of pull can be changed because different groups of fibers can be activated

Fascicle Orientation: Convergent

Parallel: - Fascicles run parallel to long axis of muscle - Tapered at both ends - Strap - High endurance, not very strong though

Fascicle Orientation: Parallel

• Pennate - Fascicles short - Attach obliquely to tendon or raphe - Uni-, bi-, multipennate - Stronger than parallel muscle of same size

Fascicle Orientation: Pennate

The head of the femur is carried on a neck that angles laterally to join the shaft. Neck is the weakest part of the femur. Greater and lesser trochanters are sites of muscle attachment. Lateral and medial condyles articulate with the tibia. Lateral and medial epicondyles are the more raised parts of these condyles. The ridge along the posterior diaphysis of the bone is the linea aspera. Used for muscle attachment. Condyles are separated anteriorly by a patellar surface. Patella articulates with the femur here.

Femur

*Cranium is proportionately huge relative to the face in infancy and early childhood. *By age 2, skull is 3/4 adult size. *Between ages 6-13, face grows outward and develops more "adult" proportions; body size begins to catch up with head

Fetal/infant Face

In standard anatomical position, radius is lateral and ulna is medial. When palm faces posteriorly, bones cross and form an X.

Forearm: Pronation & Supination

a depression in a bone ex.: mandibular fossa, lacrimal fossa

Fossa (fossae)

Attachments: Gastrocnemius: femur to calcaneus Soleus: tibia and fibula to calcaneus Action: Gastrocnemius: flexes leg, plantar flexion of foot Soleus: plantarflexes foot only *The shared tendon for both of these muscles is the calcaneal tendon or the Achilles tendon

Gastrocnemius Soleus (deep to gastrocnemius)

• The gluteal muscles are very thick and have a good blood supply, so good location for intramuscular(IM) injections • For IM injections, locate the superior & lateral quadrant. • At this location, likely to miss sciatic nerve, other nerves and vessels.

Gluteal Region

Gluteus maximus Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus Tensor fascia lata Iliotibial band

Gluteal Region muscles

Attachments: ilium, sacrum and femur Actions: Extension of thigh, Lateral rotation of thigh

Gluteus maximus

Attachments: ilium and femur Actions: abduction of thigh, stabilization of trunk Both deep to gluteus maximus. Gluteus minimus is deep to gluteus medius

Gluteus medius and Gluteus minimus

Attachments: pubis and tibia. It is a long strap-like muscle Actions: adducts thigh, flexes and medially rotates leg

Gracilis

Allows flexion and extension. Examples: elbow joints, interphalangeal joints, knee joints

Hinge Joints

Action: Laterally rotates arm Attachments: Infraspinous fossa of scapula; humeral tuberosities

Infraspinatus

Action: abduct & adduct digits Attachment: metacarpals 2-5 and phalanges 2-5

Interossei

LOOK AT PHOTO

Look at PHOTO (3)

*Lordosis is excessive curvature of the lumbar spine. *Usually temporary and resulting from shift for a larger front load (belly in men, pregnant women)

Lordosis

• Contains femoral nerve, femoral artery and femoral vein • Site for femoral hernias • Catheters (i.e., for angioplasty)inserted here. • Staunch hemorrhage (lower limb). • Borders: • Inguinal ligament (superiorly) • Sartorius muscle (laterally) • Adductor longus (medially)

Lower Limb: Femoral Triangle

*Largest, strongest bone in the face. *Body of mandible contains lower teeth. *Tooth sockets are on the superior border (=alveolar processes) *Mandibular symphysis (not visible) is where the two halves of the body join to form the chin (=mental protuberance). *Vessels and nerves enter via mandibular foramen and exit via the mental foramen inferior to teeth *Condyle articulates with the temporal bone to form the temporomandibular joint (TMJ; both sides of jaw). *Coronoid process serves as an attachment site for the temporalis muscle, a major chewing muscle

Mandible

Contractile Portion in Muscle Fiber *There are hundreds to thousands of myofibrils in each skeletal muscle fiber. *Along the length of a myofibril, there are repeating segments called sarcomeres.

Myofibril (muscle micro anatomy)

• There are thick and thin filaments within a sarcomere. • The striations that you see in skeletal muscle come from the differences in the density and size of the filaments. - Dark bands: all thick filaments - Light bands: all thin filaments

Myofilaments

*Lateral walls of nasal cavity: nasal bones, nasal conchae(superior, middle, inferior), maxillae, palatines. *Floor of nasal cavity = hard palate. Formed by palatine process of maxillae, horizontal plate of palatine

Nasal cavity in sagittal section

Results from an imbalance in normal bone building and degradation cycle. Particularly after menopause, women don't absorb as much calcium and so osteoclasts break bone down to release the calcium into the bloodstream

Osteoporosis

Make up most of the superior part of the skull, and extend posteriorly and laterally. Note sagittal suture (between two parietal bones), and lambdoid suture (between parietal and occipital bones).

Parietal Bones

The patella is a sesamoid bone (formed within connective tissue) enclosed in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscles Protects knee joint and improves leverage of the quadriceps muscles. The apex is inferior.

Patella

Action: Adducts, flexes and medially rotates arm Attachments: sternum, clavicle, ribs and humerus

Pectoralis major

feather

Pennate muscles resemble a

Surrounds each fascicle. Divides skeletal muscle into compartments

Perimysium

Gastrocnemius Soleus (deep to gastrocnemius) Flexor hallucis longus Flexor digitorum longus - plantarflexes digits 2-5 and foot

Posterior Compartment of the Leg

"Hamstrings" (3): Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, and Semimembranosus

Posterior Compartment of the Thigh

projection from bone, narrow or wide, protrudes from surrounding bone ex.: styloid or mastoid process

Process

Attachments: ilium and tibia via patellar ligament Action: flex thigh & extend leg

Rectus femoris

The sella turcica (Latin for 'Turkish saddle') is a saddle-shaped depression in the body of the sphenoid bone of human skull

Sella turcica

a septum (Latin for something that encloses; plural septa) is a wall, dividing a cavity or structure into smaller ones

Septum

Actions: Protracts and rotates scapula; holds scapula flat against ribcage Attachments: Scapula and anterior ribs

Serratus anterior

Cervical vertebrae features: • Have transverse foramina • Articular facets face superior/inferior • Bifid (split) spinous processes • Atlas (C1) and Axis (C2) are unusual

Seven Cervical Vertebrae (C1-C7)

Cervical vertebrae

Seven vertebrae

1. Produce movement 2. Maintain posture 3. Support 4. Generate heat 5. Storage & movement of materials

Skeletal Muscle Functions (5)

7 Tarsal Bones Body weight mostly carried by talus and calcaneus. Talus articulates with tibia and fibula superiorly and calcaneus inferiorly. Calcaneus is the heel. Achilles tendon attaches to posterior surface and enables extension of the foot.

Tarsals (memorize photo)

purple: calcaneus yellow: Talus bones red: cuneiform bones green: cuboid bone blue: Navicular bone

Tarsals label

• The extensor muscles of the forearm attach to the lateral epicondyle of humerus• Overuse or trauma

Tennis Elbow (Lateral Epicondylitis)

Largest and most complex joint. Usually acts as a hinge but can rotate slightly. Technically 2 condylar joints* (bicondyloid); but acts as hinge joint primarily. Both femur and tibia have two condylar surfaces. *Condylar means it has concave and convex surfaces on the articulating bones. Has strong ligaments to help keep the knee from moving in the wrong way (i.e. hyperextension). Lateral (fibular Collateral Ligament (LCL) Medial (tibial) Collateral Ligament (MCL) Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) In addition to ligaments, menisci made of fibrocartilage (aka articular discs) help even out the weight distribution and stabilize the joint. They also prevent side-to side rocking of the femur on the tibia.

The Knee

short

The bones of the wrist are classified as _____ bones.

nucleus pulposus

The inner, gelatinous region of each intervertebral disc is called the

turning the sole of the foot laterally

The joint movement called eversion involves

medial and lateral condyles of the femur

The medial and lateral condyles of the tibia articulate with the

• Sternal angle: land mark for many things in thoracic cavity/mediastinum (i.e., trachea bifurcates here) • Suprasternal angle: where trunk meets neck • Xiphoid process: palpate to locate place for chest compressions

Trunk Surface Anatomy

Thoracic vertebrae: • Costal facets for ribs, located on each body of the thoracic vertebrae. • Articular facets face anterior/posterior • Spinous processes are long and project inferiorly

Twelve Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12)

superior, lateral and posterior bones of the skull (includes forehead)

Vault

mandible and temporal bone

What bones make up the temporomandibular joint?

Cervical - thoracic - lumbar - sacral - coccygeal

What is the correct order for the vertebral regions, from superior to inferior?

Petrous part of temporal bone

What is the location of the auditory ossicles?

Petrous part of temporal bone (1)

What is the location of the auditory ossicles? (1)

Ribs 11 and 12 have no neck, and only contain one facet, which is for articulation with their corresponding vertebrae. (all ribs articulate posteriorly)

What parts of the rib articulate with the vertebrae?

Gastrocnemius and soleus

What two muscles attach distally to the calcaneal tendon?

The intercondylar fossa is located on the anterior surface of the bone.

Which is not correct regarding the femur? The condyles are located at the distal end of the bone. In anatomic position, the femur is angled medially. The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum. The intercondylar fossa is located on the anterior surface of the bone. The depression in the head of the femur is called the fovea.

Rectus femoris

Which is not one of the hamstring muscles?

b, c, a

Which is the correct order of the connective tissue layers of a skeletal muscle, beginning with the most superficial? a: Endomysium b: Epimysium c: Perimysium

Masseter

Which muscle is the most powerful of the masticatory muscles, and functions to elevate and protract the mandible?

Supraspinatus (3)

Which muscle is the one most commonly damaged in a rotator cuff injury (3)?

Olecranon

Which of the following features is the most proximal feature of the ulna?

Quadriceps femoris

With three seconds left on the clock, Mia breaks free and scores the winning goal. Of the muscles listed, select the one with the primary action in extending the leg for kicking.

Typically fracture distal radius while catching yourself during a fall (FOOSH!) Common in older females. "Dinner-fork " presentation Can lead to nerve damage and dysfunction

Wrist fractures

articulate with zygomatic bone

Zygomatic processes

The epiphyseal plate (or epiphysial plate, physis, or growth plate) is a hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone.

epiphyseal plate

1.) fascia

label 1

The pectoral girdle includes the left and right scapulae and the left and right clavicles. Note that the scapulae do NOT join to the axial skeleton at all, and their articulation with the clavicle is very loose. They are attached to the axial skeleton by way of associated muscles and ligaments. This provides a highly flexible system (lots of movement allowed), but not very stable.

more to know about the Clavicles and Scapulae

Function: protect internal organs, aid in respiration. 12 pairs of ribs. All ribs attached posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae 1st 7 attach to sternum by costal cartilages (true ribs). 8-10 are false ribs - do not have a direct attachment to the sternum. They attach via a shared costal cartilage. 11 and 12 are "floating ribs" - they do not attach anteriorly to the sternum.

rib cage

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium

what are the parts of the carpal (be able to place them)

none

what carpal bones articulate with the ulnar?

1. Articular facet 2. Spinous process 3. Costal facets

label 1-3

1. Biceps brachii 2. Brachialis 3. Coracobrachialis

label 1-3

1. Biceps brachii 2. Brachioradialis 3. Brachialis

label 1-3

1. Calcaneal tendon 2. Soleus 3. Gastrocnemius

label 1-3

1. Sternocleidomastoid 2. Infrahyoid muscles 3. Suprahyoid muscle

label 1-3

1. Triangle of auscultation 2. Latissimus dorsi 3. Trapezius

label 1-3

PCL and ACL are deep within the capsule and cross, so-called cruciate ligaments. They connect the femur and tibia

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) and Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)

Atlas does not have a body or a spinous process. Articulates with occipital condyles, allows flexion/extension of head (nodding "yes")

Atlas (C1)

Dens articulates with atlas, allows rotational movement(shaking head "no"). Dens used to be the body of the atlas, but not part of axis.

Axis (C2)

Location on the back with fewer layers of muscles, so easier to hear respiratory sounds (lungs)with stethoscope. Borders: Trapezius Rhomboid major Latissimus dorsi

Back: Triangle of Auscultation

Very flexible; allows flexion/extension & adduction/abduction & rotationExamples: shoulder joints, hip joints

Ball and Socket Joints

inferior part of the cranium

Base

has three muscle heads or tendons of origin

Based on its name, triceps brachii

-Vertebrae articulate at superior and inferior articular processes and facets- Each articular process has an articular facet. • Individual vertebrae articulate with the vertebrae just superior and inferior to it. • This articulation also makes intervertebral foramina between two vertebrae

Basic Vertebral Anatomy

• Body is located anteriorly. • Vertebral arch made of lamina and pedicles • Creates vertebral foramen • Surrounds spinal cord • Stacked vertebrae result in vertebral canal -Spinous processes and transverse process are ligament & muscle attachment sites

Basic Vertebral Anatomy

osteons

Compact bone is compose of units called

Damaged muscle swells, surrounding fascia (inelastic) constricts. Puts pressure on vessels and nerves (pain!!), also prevents blood from entering or draining.

Compartment Syndrome

• Also called condyloid joints • One bone has a convex surface, the other bone has a concave surface • Found in the metacarpophalangeal joints (between metacarpals and phalanges; knuckles)

Condylar Joints

a rounded protuberance at the end of some bones, forming an articulation with another bone (Occipital condyles)

Condyle

Frontal (forehead) Occipital Sphenoid Ethmoid 2 Parietals (left & right) 2 Temporals (left & right)

Cranium is made up of 8 bones what are they?

Cranium can be subdivided into the vault (calvarium) and the base.

Cranium subdivisions

*Vertebrae become larger as move inferiorly to support weight *Sacrum articulates with hip bones of pelvis, passes weight to appendicular skeleton. *Curves increase flexibility; also position center of gravity over axis of body

Curves of the Spine

Actions: abducts, flexes, extends arm; medial and lateral rotation of arm. Attachments: scapula, clavicle, humerus

Deltoid

Thoracic vertebrae

Each one connects to a rib pair

Lateral rectus (abducts) Medial rectus (adducts) Superior rectus (elevates, adducts) Inferior rectus (depresses, adducts) Superior oblique (depresses, abducts) Attachments: eyes and posterior orbit Inferior oblique (elevates, abducts) attachments: eye and medial orbit

Extrinsic Eye Muscles (6) and actions and attachments

Medial malleolus

If you palpate the medial side of your ankle, what prominent process of the tibia are you feeling?

Iliac crest is superior ridge of the bone Greater sciatic notch allows passage of sciatic nerve to lower limb

Ilium

greater

In the gluteus maximus, each motor unit controls a(n) _____________ amount of muscle fibers than a motor unit in the eye muscles

• Hernia = protrusion of abdominal viscera through a weakened point in the abdominal wall' • Most common are inguinal and femoral hernias • An inguinal hernia is a protrusion of the viscera into the inguinal canal, a weak spot where the spermatic cord travels. • More common in males, but can happen in females

Inguinal Hernias

There are five digits, numbered I-V, thumb to pinky finger. Each digit has one metacarpal. Digits II-V have three phalanges: proximal, middle and distal. Digit 1 (Pollex or Thumb) has two phalanges: proximal and distal. *look at lines on fingers for phalanges*

Metacarpals and Phalanges

3 ear ossicles in the middle ear: malleus, incus and stapes. Bones are really small. Sound waves cause vibrations of these bones that are transmitted to the inner ear (cochlea).

Middle Ear Cavity (inside temporal bone)

Muscle may attach to bone directly (very short CT, muscle appears fused to bone) or indirectly - muscle attaches to bone by way of CT (tendon or aponeurosis)

Muscle Attachments

Diaphragm - main muscle of respiration Action: Inspiration Diaphragm contracts (= depresses) increases size of the thoracic cavity) Expiration Diaphragm relaxes Thoracic cavity decreases in size Attachments: inside body wall & ribs, central tendon. The diaphragm has hiatuses (openings) for the aorta, inferior vena cava and esophagus

Muscles of the Thorax

Genioglossus Action: Protracts (protrudes) tongue Attachments: mandible and posterior part of the tongue Suprahyoid Action: elevate the hyoid Attachment: Hyoid, mandible or temporal bone Located above hyoid Sternocleidomastoid Action: Unilateral: turns head up &opposite side Bilateral: flexes neck Attchment: Mastoid process Clavicle and sternum Infrahyoid Action: Depresses hyoid Attachment: Hyoid and sternum Located deep to sternocleidomastoid and below hyoid

Muscles of the Tongue and Neck

axial skeleton and attach distally on the clavicle and scapula

Muscles of the pectoral girdle attach proximally on the

Flexor muscles (anterior compartment) and Extensor muscles (posterior compartment)

Muscles that act on wrist and digits (located in forearm)

Muscles cross at least one joint, acting on the joint(s) they cross. Locations where these muscles attach are called origins or insertions.

Origins and Insertions

Os coxae is composed of three bones: ilium, ischium, and pubis. These fuse by adulthood. The acetabulum is the lateral socket where the head of the femur articulates. The acetabulum is composed of all three of the pelvic bones. The two hip bones articulate (join) anteriorly at the pubic symphysis.

Ossa coxae (Hip bones)

• Most common: affects articular cartilages, which break down. • "Wear and Tear" • Pain, stiffness, swelling. • Extreme solution: joint replacement

Osteoarthritis

Osteoblasts build new bone Osteoclasts break down (consume) bone Osteocytes are mature bone cells.

Osteoblasts vs Osteoclasts vs Osteocytes

*Hard palate is composed of maxillary bones and the palatine *bone. Vomer forms inferior portion of nasal septum

Palate and Inferior Nasal Septum

Includes both appendicular and axial bones (the sacrum and coccyx are part of the axial skeleton). Attaches the lower limbs to the trunk (body weight passes through pelvis to the lower limbs) and supports viscera (internal organs of the abdominal, thoracic, and pelvic cavities). Strong attachment to axial skeleton at the sacroiliac joint (very stable). Less freedom of movement compared to pectoral girdle. Hip bones + sacrum = coccyx = pelvis

Pelvis

Triceps brachii Long head Medial head Lateral head Actions: Long head: extends forearm and arm Medial and lateral heads: extend forearm Attachments: Long head: scapula and ulna Medial and lateral heads: humerus and ulna

Posterior Compartment of Arm (1 muscle)

Reaching into her back pocket

Prisha is getting a tetanus booster shot in her deltoid. The nurse injects the vaccine, and lets Prisha know that her shoulder will be a bit sore for the rest of the day. If the nurse injected the posterior fibers of Prisha's deltoid, which of the following actions will Prisha find most difficult to perform? Hugging her cat Shrugging her shoulders Reaching into her back pocket Raising her hand in class

Main part of rib is the shaft (body). Rib articulates with the vertebra at the head and tubercle "Neck" (not labeled) is a thinner region between the head and tubercle. Head has 2 "facets" - one facet articulates with the body of "its" vertebra;one articulates on the body of the vertebra superior to it. Tubercle- articulates with a facet on the transverse process of the vertebrae

Rib Structure

Sacrum: *5 Fused Vertebrae *Forms posterior wall of the pelvis *Ala on lateral sacrum articulate with hip bones to form sacroiliac joints Coccyx: *3-5 fused vertebrae *"Tail bones"

Sacrum & Coccyx

*Basic functional unit of a skeletal muscle- contraction of the sarcomere is what contracts the muscle. Each sarcomere shortens as muscle contracts *Extends from Z disk to Z disk *There can be as many as 10,000 sarcomeres per myofibril *The center of the sarcomere is the M line

Sarcomere

Attachments: Ilium and tibia Actions: Flexes, abducts, laterally rotates thigh and flexes leg "Tailor's muscle": Crosses legs

Sartorius

The scapula is located on the posterior surface of the rib cage. Scapular spine is on the posterior side of the scapula. The glenoid cavity (glenoid fossa) articulates with the humerus (= forms the shoulder joint). Posteriorly, supraspinous and infraspinous fossae are attachment sites for muscles. Subscapular fossa is anterior, also site for muscle attachment The coracoid process is an attachment point of the biceps muscle. Located anteriorly. The acromion articulates with the acromial end of the clavicle. Located posteriorly.

Scapula

1. Contractility- Muscle cells can shorten 2. Excitability- Very responsive 3. Extensibility- Can increase in length 4. Elasticity- Able to return to original length

Skeletal Muscle Tissue Properties (4)

gastrocnemius

The muscle that makes up the calf of the leg is the

Action: move thumb, opposes to digits Attachment: wrist and pollex

Thenar group

Gluteus medius: abducts the thigh

There are three gluteal muscles. Select the one that is correctly matched with its primary action. Gluteus medius: abducts the thigh Gluteus maximus: abducts the thigh Gluteus minimus: rotates the thigh

Actions: Elevates, retracts, depresses, and rotates scapula; Attachments: C1-T12 vertebrae & scapular spine, clavicle

Trapezius

Articular (fibrous) capsule -2 parts: outer fibrous layer continuous with periosteum, inner synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid. Joint (articular) cavity - space filled with synovial fluid Synovial fluid - liquid in joint cavity and cartilages. Provides lubrication. Articular (hyaline) cartilage - absorbs forces on the joint, protects bone Ligaments- Connect bone to bone, strengthen joint. Can be internal or external to articular capsule. Joints do have a blood supply and they are innervated (have nerves inside) too!

Typical Synovial Joints (5)

• Locate anatomic snuffbox, which is just distal to radial styloidprocess, between tendons for two muscles of the forearm. • The radial artery travels through this space, so you can palpatepulse here

Upper Limb: Radial Pulse

they maintain body or limb position, such as holding the arm out or standing erect; and they control rapid movement

antagonist

1. Internal (medial) longitudinal arch 2. Transverse (anterior) arch 3. External (lateral) longitudinal arch

label 1-3

1. Malleus (hammer) 2. Incus (anvil) 3. Stapes (stirrups)

label 1-3

1. Psoas major 2. Iliacus 3. Iliopsoas

label 1-3

1. Tensor fascia lata 2. Iliotibial band

label 1-2

The term flat bone is somewhat of a misnomer because, although a flat bone is typically thin, it is also often curved. Examples include the cranial (skull) bones, the scapulae (shoulder blades), the sternum (breastbone), and the ribs. Flat bones serve as points of attachment for muscles and often protect internal organs

flat bones where they are found and examples

1.) thin (actin) filaments 2.) thick (myosin) filaments

label 1-2

1. Adductor magnus 2. Gracilis 3. Adductor longus

label 1-3

Supraspinatus

label

1. Lateral condyle 2. Lateral malleolus 3. Medial condyle 4. Interosseous membrane 5. Anterior border 6. Tibia 7. Medial malleolus 8. Inferior articular surface 9. Articular surface of lateral condyle 10. Lateral malleolus 11 (unlabeled). Articular surface of medial condyle

label 1-11

1. Spinous process 2. Transverse process 3. Lamina 4. Pedicle 5. spinal cord location 6. vertebral foramen 7. body 8. Pedicle 9. Transverse process 10. spinous process 11. body

label 1-11

1. Lacrimal bones (paired): Lacrimal groove allows tears to drain into nasal cavity 2. Inferior nasal concha (paired) 3. Vomer (unpaired) 4. Mandible (unpaired) 5. Maxillae (paired) 6. Zygomatic bones (paired) form cheek bones 7. Nasal bones (paired)form bridge of nose attach to cartilages that form nose.

label 1-7 with functions and placement

1. Articular capsule 2. Posterior cruciate ligament 3. Lateral meniscus 4. Anterior cruciate ligament 5. Patella 6. Lateral meniscus 7. Infrapatellar fat pad 8. Patellar ligament

label 1-8

1. Maxilla 2. Inferior nasal concha 3. Maxilla 4. Nasal bone 5. Ethmoid (superior and middle nasal conchae) 6. Frontal sinus 7. Cribriform plate 8. Sphenoidal sinus 9. Palatine bone

label 1-8

A woman's pelvic floor muscles work like a hammock to support the pelvic organs, including the uterus, bladder and rectum. Kegel exercises can help strengthen these muscles

pelvic floor exercises

Epiphysis (Ends) Epiphyseal line (growth plate) Diaphysis (shaft) Compact bone (superficial) Spongy bone (deep) Periosteum (sheath on outside of bone) Collagen or Sharpey's fibers (holds periosteum to rest of bone) Endosteum (lines internal cavity) Medullary cavity (bone marrow) Nutrient arteries (feed bone)

structure of a long bone with functions (10)

a muscle that assists in the movement (flexion for example) of another muscle

synergist

1. Transverse foramen 2. Superior articular facet 3. Transverse process 4. Transverse foramen 5. Facet for dens 6. Inferior articular facet

label 1-6

1. Head 2. Superior tibio fibular joint 3. Fibula 4. Inferior tibio fibular joint 5. Interosseous membrane 6. Tibia 7. Inferior articularsurface

label 1-7

A. scaphoid B. lunate C. triquetrum D. pisiform E. trapezium F. trapezoid G. capitate H. hamate

label carpal bones (anterior)

1.) Orbicularis oculi 2.) Orbicularis oris

label the examples of Circular muscles label 1-2

1.) Sartorius 2.) Sternocleidomastoid 3.) Flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) 4.) Brachioradialis

label the examples of Parallel muscles 1abel 1-4

1.) Deltoid 2.) Rectus femoris 3.) Extensor digitorum longus 4.) Unipennate 5.) Bipennate 6.) Multipennate

label the examples of Pennate muscles 1abel 1-6

1.) Gluteus medius 2.) Latissimus dorsi 3.) Pectoralis major

label the examples of convergent muscles 1abel 1-3

1. Location of muscle 2. Shape 3. Relative size 4. Direction of fascicles and fibers 5. Location of attachments 6. Number of origins/heads 7. Action

what is important for muscle naming (7)?

Clavicles and Scapulae

what is included in the pectoral girdle?

hyoid bone

what is this bone?

1. Genioglossus

what is this muscle

Gracilis

what is this muscle?

Pectoralis major

what is this?

Serratus anterior

what is this?

It is causes by the neck of the femur breaking

what is true of most hip injuries?

1. ACL 2. MCL 3. Medial meniscus

what ligaments are in the Unhappy Triad?

Alveolar Frontal and Zygomatic

what three processes are in the Maxilla(e)

Cardiac muscle: striated, Y-shape involuntary, has intercalated discs

what type of muscle is this?

Skeletal muscle: striated, voluntary

what type of muscle is this?

Skeletal muscles are mostly skeletal muscle tissue, but also contain connective tissue, nerves, and blood vessels

what types of muscles are most common?

older anatomy texts call these muscles "peroneus longus/brevis"

what's another name for Fibularis longus and Fibularis brevis (deep to fibularis longus)

abduction and adduction

what's happening in the photo?

Subdivides into cranial and facial divisions: Cranial bone functions: Protect brain Provide attachment sites for some head/neck muscles Facial bone functions: Form the framework of face Openings for passage of air and food Hold the teeth Anchor muscles of the face.

The Skull Subdavisions and functions

*Includes thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum and costal cartilages. *Protects heart, lungs, other organs. *Supports pectoral girdle and provides attachment points. *Intercostal spaces hold muscles that aid in breathing.

The Thoracic Cage

26 vertebrae: 7 Cervical1 2 Thoracic 5 Lumbar 5 Sacral (will fuse into 1) 4 Coccyx (will fuse into 1) Functions: Protect spinal cord Supports body axis Attachment points for ribs and muscles of neck and back Anchor pectoral and pelvic girdles

The Vertebral Column separations and function (4)

Compact bone with periosteum on outside Spongy bone with endosteum inside Contain marrow but don't have a marrow cavity.

Flat, Irregular and Short Bones characteristics

Commonly occur in two places: Surgical neck (1) Midshaft spiral fractures (2) Nerves (in yellow) pass along the bone and can be damaged by these two fractures. MAY lead to permanent upper limb dysfunction.

Fractures of the humerus (refer to picture)

Function: Raises eyebrows Attachments: frontal boneand epicranial aponeurosis

Frontalis

clavicle; sternum

The only direct connection between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton is where the _____ articulates with the _____

Standing up from a chair

Iolani was in a car accident and suffered a deep bruise to her gluteal region. Her gluteus maximus muscle was most affected by the injury. While Iolani is recuperating, which activity will she have the most trouble performing? Bending to touch her toes Walking on a flat surface Standing up from a chair Turning a corner down a hallway

Ischial tuberosities are the "sit bones."

Ischium

Kicking a ball

It is leg day in Randall's workout schedule and he starts by focusing on his quadriceps femoris muscles. What activity can this group of muscles help him perform? Looking at the bottom of his foot Sitting down in a chair Kicking a ball Crossing his legs

Rotator cuff injuries are common, especially from repetitive use or trauma Usually supraspinatus muscle injured.

Rotator Cuff Muscles Injuries

1. Glenoid cavity of the scapula 2. Head of humerus Articulating bones are the scapula and humerus. Ball and socket joint - highly mobile, not stable (glenoid cavity not very deep). Dislocates relatively easily.

The Glenohumeral Joint (Shoulder Joint) label and extra info

*"Free floating" bone in neck inferior to mandible. *Only bone in skeleton that does not articulate with any other bone. *Acts as base for tongue, site of muscle attachments for muscles that move the larynx

The Hyoid

Common injury in athletes, knee is hit from side while foot is planted Result is a combination of multiple torn/damaged ligaments and damage to menisci.

The Knee: The "Unhappy Triad"

Osteons are made up of concentric tubes called lamellae. Osteons are oriented parallel to the long axis and main compression stresses. Haversian (central) canal runs through core of each osteon and provides blood supply, nutrients, nerves.

describe the structure of compact bone

Bone is much denser than cartilage, very little fluid Resists compression and tension; very strong Well vascularized, so it heals/remodels easily Made of organic and inorganic materials

difference between bones and cartilage

30 Divides into: Arm = upper arm. It has one bone: humerus Forearm. It has two bones: radius and ulna Hand (includes wrist). It has 27 bones: carpal bones, metacarpals and phalanges

how many bones are in the upper limb and what are the divisions?

8

how many carpal bones do we have?

An irregular bone is one that does not have any easily characterized shape and therefore does not fit any other classification. These bones tend to have more complex shapes, like the vertebrae that support the spinal cord and protect it from compressive forces. Many bones of the face, particularly the jaw bones that contain teeth, are classified as irregular bones

irregular bones where they are found and examples

1. Superior oblique 2. Superior rectus 3. Lateral rectus 4. Inferior rectus 5. Inferior oblique 6. Inferior oblique 7. Inferior rectus 8. medial rectus 9. Superior oblique 10. Trochlea 11. Superior rectus 12. Lateral rectus

label 1-12

1. Articular facet 2. Spinous process

label 1-2

1. Condylar joint (lateral) 2. Condylar joint (medial)

label 1-2

1. Condyle 2. Coronoid process

label 1-2

1. Mandibular fossa 2. Condyle

label 1-2

1. Medial pterygoid 2. Lateral pterygoid

label 1-2

1. Sagittal suture 2. Lambdoid suture

label 1-2

1. Sphenoid 2. Sella turcica

label 1-2

1. Biceps femoris 2. Semitendinosus 3. Semimembranosus

label 1-3

1.) Fascicle 2.) Muscle fiber 3.) Muscle *Muscle is composed of multiple fascicles which are composed of individual muscle fibers. *=Bundle of muscle fibers makes a fascicle. A bundle of fascicles makes a muscle.

label 1-3 general muscle subdivisions

1 (left). Medial meniscus 1 (right). Posterior cruciate ligament 2 (left). Lateral meniscus 2. (right). Medial meniscus 3. Anterior cruciate ligament 4. Lateral meniscus

label 1-4

1. Achilles tendon 2. calcaneus 3. plantar fascia ligament 4. metatarsal bones

label 1-4

1. Bifid spinous process 2. transverse foramen 3. Articular facets 4. transverse foramen

label 1-4

1. Fibularis longus 2. Fibularis longus tendon 3.Fibularis brevis 4. 5th metatarsal

label 1-4

1. Flexor digitorum longus 2. Flexor hallucis longus 3. Flexor digitorum longus 4. Flexor hallucis longus

label 1-4

1. Olecranon 2. Medial epicondyle 3. Olecranon fossa 4. Lateral epicondyle

label 1-4

1. Capitulum 2. Trochlea 3. Olecranon 4. Trochlear notch 5. Coronoid process 6. Radial notch

label 1-6

1. Interosseous membrane 2. radius 3. ulna 4. radial head 5. radial notch 6 (unlabeled). styloid processes

label 1-6

1. Jugular notch 2. Sternal angle 3. Xiphisternal joint(joint between body & xiphoid process) 4. Xiphoid process 5. body 6. Manubrium

label 1-6

1. Ligament 2. Joint cavity (contains synovial fluid) 3. Articular (hyaline)cartilage 4. Fibrous layer 5. Synovial membrane 6. Articular capsule

label 1-6

1. Rectus Femoris 2. Vastus laterlis 3. Vastus medialis 4. Pectineus 5. adductors longus 6. sartorius

label 1-6

A short bone is one that is cube-like in shape, being approximately equal in length, width, and thickness. The only short bones in the human skeleton are in the carpals of the wrists and the tarsals of the ankles. Short bones provide stability and support as well as some limited motion

shorts bones where they are found and examples

Tibia receives weight of body and transmits it to the foot. Medial and lateral condyles articulate with condyles of femur. Diaphysis of tibia is triangular with a sharp anterior border (shinbone!) Distal end is flattened for articulation with talus; medial malleolus projects to form ankle bone.

tibia

1. long bone (humerus) 2. flat bone (sternum) 3. short bone (talus) 4. irregular bone (vertebra)

what are the four types of bone shapes with examples

Skeletal -pulls on the bones of the skeleton Cardiac - located only in heart; pushes blood through circulatory system Smooth - pushes fluids and solids along the digestive tract and regulates the diameters of small arteries.

what are the three types of muscles and what are their functions and locations?

Pectoral girdle and upper limbs (upper) and Pelvic girdle and lower limbs (lower)

what are the two parts of the Appendicular Skeleton

Subdivides into axial and appendicular

what are the two parts of the skeletal system?

Acute compartment syndrome (accident/injury) can lead to tissue loss (muscle or limb) due to loss of blood supply. Chronic compartment syndrome is caused by overuse...resting until it heals is the best course.

what are the two types of Compartment Syndrome

Mandible (unpaired) Vomer (unpaired) 2 Nasals 2 Lacrimals 2 Maxillae 2 Zygomatics 2 Palatine bones 2 Inferior nasal conchae

what bones are in the facial skeleton?

scaphoid and lunate

what carpal bones articulate with the radius?

Ligaments that anchor the wrist attach to the radial and ulnar styloid processes.

what connects wrist to forearm

intrinsic means they are located on the back and act on the back

what does intrinsic mean

The pectoral girdle consists of the clavicle and the scapula , which serve to attach the upper limb to the sternum of the axial skeleton.

what is a pectoral girdle

Lateral Epicondylitis

what is another name for tennis elbow?

medial and lateral rotation

what is going on in this image

circumduction and rotation (medial and lateral) with his arms

what is happening in the photo

dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

what is happening in the photo

opposition

what is happening in the photo

flexions and extension

what is happening in the photo?