Test #3

Using "+" for those that benefit, "−" for those that are harmed, and "0" for no effect, which of the following expressions best represents competition between species?

-/-

competition

-/- interaction two species of mussels relying on the same species of phytoplankton

What is the primary July temperature range associated with the portion of the Rocky Mountains in northern Colorado, Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana (2000-3,999 m)?

15 to 17° C

What is the insolation range (watts per square meter) associated with July temperatures ranging from 3 to 5° C?

80 to 99 W/m2

What is the best estimate of the total yearly precipitation in the region represented by this graph?

900 mm

You are an ecologist and wish to expand on this study by introducing a snail that meets different criteria than those already used. Which of the following should you include?

A snail species introduced deliberately to the waters near Washington.

Which biome is correctly matched with its description?

A temperate grassland biome has a hot, dry summer and fall, has few to no trees, and contains large grazing animals like bison.

Which river basin covers the largest area?

Amazon Basin

Changing beak length in great tits in the UK has been linked to which of the following?

Amount of money spent on seed.

Which of the following biomes is experiencing the greatest temperature increases resulting from global climate change?

Arctic tundra

Which country will likely be the source of many climate refugees in the future, despite its already uniformly high population density?

Bangladesh

Which country's topography is almost entirely at sea level?

Bangladesh

Which high-density city is located outside of a tropical climate zone?

Buenos Aires, Argentina

The maximum population a habitat can support is its

Carrying capacity

The Aki bird, one species of honeycreeper native to Hawaii, has faced numerous challenges in the past. What is the newest challenge facing this species?

Climate change

How does climate change pose a threat to Aki bird populations?

Climate change is increasing the range of invasive species such as mosquitos.

Which of the following appears most likely to benefit from climate change?

Companies that manufacture allergy medications

Which of the following is true regarding this study?

DNA evidence supports the change in great tit beak length.

Which feature on the eastern side of the region corresponds with high population density values?

Ethiopian Highlands

An ideal habitat with unlimited resources is associated with

Exponential growth

At Hakalau Forest in ________, ranchland is being restored to forest, invasive plants are being removed and native ones are being planted, and néné are being protected while new populations of them are being established.

Hawaii

Which of the following bird species exhibits the most plasticity?

House sparrows, found throughout the United States

Which of the following is true?

Humboldt's flying squirrel does not mate with northern or southern flying squirrels.

Which of the following climate types is predominately found adjacent to warm ocean currents?

Humid subtropical, moist all year

In North America, which of the following climate zones fall within areas that primarily average between 40 and 59 inches of precipitation annually or higher?

Humid subtropical, moist all year, hot summer (Cfa)

According to this study, which of the following appears to be true for great tits in the UK?

Increased beak length allows for increased food consumption which allows for greater reproductive success.

Which of the following would NOT cause population size to decrease?

Increased birth rate

Which of the following is true?

Increasing great tit beak length is only being seen in the UK.

You apply this study to land snails and the results are similar. Which of the following occurred?

Invasive snail species fled in the presence of a single predator.

This study demonstrates which of the following?

Invasive snails are more wary of unknown predators than native snails.

Why are island species particularly vulnerable to introduced species?

Island species evolved in isolation and lack defenses against introduced species.

Which two months have the highest average temperature?

July and August

If you wanted to do a backpacking trip into the high peaks of the Andes Mountains, to which city would you travel?

Lima, Peru

If trends continue, which of the following will occur?

Marmots in Colorado will mate earlier and be larger.

In the Ethiopian Highlands of East Africa, the climate zone of humid subtropical winters and dry, hot-to-warm summers is primarily associated with which of the following biomes?

Montane grasslands and shrublands

According to this study, which of the following is most likely true when it comes to marine snails?

Native snail species use more sources of information to determine potential threats from predators than invasive snail species.

Which country is most at risk for both yellow fever and malaria?

Nigeria

Which of the following regions has the largest annual temperature ranges?

North-central Asia (e.g. Siberia, Russia)

Which country possesses the most extensive region of salinization?

Pakistan

How does predation differ from parasitism?

Parasites rarely kill their host while predators kill their prey.

Which drainage basin's river system likely has the highest sediment yield resulting from adjacent deforested landscapes?

Parnaiba

How do feral pigs relate to the malaria problem in Hawaii?

Pigs dig holes in the rainforest floor, creating water holes where mosquitoes can breed.

You research plants in Grand Teton National Park and find similar results as in Colorado. Which of the following is true?

Plant diversity is decreasing.

You are an Iowa farmer. Which of the following would be best for you to do when it comes to mitigating climate change?

Planting cover crops after harvest to keep the soil cool.

Logistic growth involves

Population growth slowing down as the population approaches carrying capacity.

In exponential growth

Population size grows faster and faster as the population gets bigger.

What is the best description of the pattern of precipitation shown by this graph?

Precipitation is greatest in the spring and summer.

Why are there so many different species of honeycreeper living on the Hawaiian Islands?

Separation of populations has led to the evolution of new species.

You wish to study other species using the same methods as this study. Which of the following is the best way to do this?

Study populations of a bird species that feed at feeders as well as populations that do not feed at feeders.

Which country has significant deforestation, but NOT of tropical forest?

Tanzania

On the border of which two climate zones is the risk of desertification highest?

Tropical and subtropical desert and tropical and subtropical steppe

In North America, which of the following climate zones fall within areas that have mean January temperatures of 15° to 17° Celsius (C) (59° to 62.6° Fahrenheit, or F)?

Tropical, subtropical hot desert (BWh)

hich physical feature is located in the region of India that is characterized by a tropical monsoon climate?

Western Ghats

San Francisco, CA is located at approximately 37.7° N while Wichita, KS is at 39.6.5° N. Which of the following best describes the climate and mean January temperature for these two cities?

While San Francisco has a Mediterranean climate with mild winters, Wichita has a humid continental, hot summer climate with cold winters averaging -5° to 0° C.

What is the best description of the yearly temperature range shown by this graph?

Winters are cold and summers are hot.

You are an ecologist and decide to recreate this study on freshwater snails in Minnesota. How do you replicate the presence of the predator?

You use crushed shells of the same snail species you are studying.

Which of the following describes a graph of the Kaibab deer population between 1906 and 1923?

a J-shaped upward curve with a very rapid increase

Which of the following is likely to be a direct or indirect effect of removing top predators from an ecosystem?

a decrease in ground-level vegetation such as tree saplings

predation/parasitism/herbivory

a rabbit eating the leaves of a dandelion plant : a tick sucking a dog's blood : +/- interaction : a cheetah capturing and consuming a gazelle

While driving through an area in October you notice that most of the trees are full of beautiful autumn-colored leaves. When you return to the area again in December you notice that the trees have lost their leaves and are bare. Which of the following ecosystems might this be?

a temperate deciduous forest

Which of the following biomes has soil with the fewest nutrients and least organic matter?

a tropical rain forest

mutualism

algae obtaining nutrients from symbiotic coral, and coral obtaining sugars from algal photsynthesis : + /+ interaction

Species that produce few offspring, such as gray whales,

are K-selected

Zebra mussels

are an invasive exotic species that clogs water intake pipes at factories, power plants, and wastewater treatment facilities

What does the red line on the graph represent?

average temperature (°C)

When a population approaches its carrying capacity, its resources

become more scarce as population growth rate decreases

Which organism pollinates approximately 3/4 of our crops?

bees

Which of the following are the major factors that determine a population's growth rate?

birth rate, death rate, emigration, immigration

A species' realized niche

cannot be larger than its fundamental niche

Global warming has been hypothesized to cause many plants to flower earlier. If bees search for food earlier in response to this, this would represent ________ within the community.

coevolution

Which of these is the largest terrestrial biome on Earth?

coniferous forest

Which biome would be found primarily in the temperate zone?

deciduous forest

You work for the Oregon Department of Natural Resources. To protect the Humboldt's flying squirrel, which of the following should you look to preserve?

dense woods

Which of these biomes is characterized by little rainfall?

desert

Density-dependent factors

have a greater impact at higher population densities.

Taiga and tundra both

have comparatively low temperatures throughout the year

Desert and tundra both

have relatively low precipitation

Many plants have developed complicated defenses to protect themselves against

herbivory

Competitive exclusion occurs as a result of

interspecific competition

Character displacement can result from all of the following EXCEPT

intraspecific competition

Individuals of a single species fighting over access to a limiting resource would be an example of

intraspecific competition

What kind of interaction occurs when two cardinals (birds of the same species) are trying to build a nest in the same tree?

intraspecific competition

You wish to replicate this study with two populations of flying squirrels in Mexico. Which of the following do you analyze to check for gene flow between the two populations?

microsatellites

You wish to see a flying squirrel while camping in Glacier National Park. When would be the best time for you to look?

middle of the night

What do the blue bars on the graph represent?

monthly precipitation

A niche specialist is

more likely to go extinct than a niche generalist

If we are not concerned about the effect of migration on population growth, the measure we would calculate is the

natural rate of population growth

he initial population of Kaibab deer in 1906 was about 4000. In an area of about 800,000 acres, this works out to an average density of one deer per 200 acres. What is the density in 1923?

one deer per 8 acres

What are the limiting factors to population growth?

physical, chemical, and biological attributes of the environment that act as bounds for population growth

What characteristics do humans share with r-selected species?

rapid population growth that is largely unchecked

You are in a mammalogy course in Illinois. You set up mist nets in deciduous forests. Which of the following flying squirrel species are you most likely to find?

southern flying squirrel

The type of biome that has been converted most frequently by humans for agricultural use is the

temperate grassland

Which of the following biomes does this climatograph most likely represent?

temperate grassland

What are the two major factors determining the distribution of terrestrial biomes?

temperature and rainfall

Population distribution describes

the spatial arrangement of individuals of a single species within a particular area or ecosystem

Which of the following biomes has the least annual rainfall?

the tundra

Which biome is characterized by an extensive canopy that allows little light to penetrate to the ground and by the presence of epiphytes?

tropical rain forest

Temperature remains relatively stable through the year in what biome?

tropical rainforest

Which biome is characterized by the presence of permafrost?

tundra