Test 3

Chair-a piece of furniture consisting of a seat, legs, back, and often arms, designed to accommodate one person

Definitional Perspective

Concrete-abstract dimension We remember things that we can imagine rather than abstract things. Ex. Guitar or justice

Dual Code Theory

Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, "Afraid you will be," violates which property of the English language?

Language has a structure that is governed by rules

Process of determining origins of our memories

Source memory

For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that

the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi

An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the ________ effect.

typicality

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that

when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice, even when the choice is wrong.

Which of the following terms does NOT reflect the concept of flashbulb memories? a. Accurate b. Malleable c. Intense d. Circumstantial

Accurate

Memory for specific experiences from our life, which can include episodic and semantic moments

Autobiographical Memory

difficulty producing language and may cause paralysis on right side of the body

Broca's aphasia

Which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that makes human language unique? a. Governed by rules b. Hierarchical structure c. Communication d. It involves arrangement of a sequence of symbols

Communication

According to the _____ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations.

Constructive

The "telephone game" is often played by children. One child creates a story and whispers it to a second child, who does the same to a third child, and so on. When the last child recites the story to the group, his or her reproduction of the story is generally shorter than the original and contains many omissions and inaccuracies. This game shows how memory is a ____ process

Constructive

unconscious plagiarism of another's work due to lack of recognition of its original source

Cryptomnesia

Dual Code

DV: time to decide which is larger in the world Pictures < Words overall Congruence effect for pictures but not for words

Name speech errors

Slips of the tongue Exchange errors

ERPs

Event related potential; caused by flash of a light or sound; similar to EEG

Which approach to categorization can be more easily taken into account atypical cases such a flightless birds?

Exemplar

Which approach to categorization can more easily take into account atypical cases such as flightless birds?

Exemplar

Cases of a category

Exemplars

____ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past.

Exemplars

Both PET and ERPs

Find activation of visual processing areas (occipital lobe) during imagery

Paivio (1963) proposed the conceptual peg hypothesis. His work suggests which of the following would be most difficult to remember? a. apple pie b. freedom c. america d. baseball

Freedom

Almost limitless combination of words available to make statements

Generative

Which of the following represents a basic level item? a. Rock guitar b. Musical instrument c. Guitar d. Paul McCartney's bass guitar

Guitar

Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This property is known as

Hierarchical

Despite scientific evidence to the contrary, Harry believes that drinking dandelion tea would improve his long-term memory because he saw several new stories and articles about it online. What is Harry experiencing?

Illusory truth effect

Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex?

Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics"

Imagery is an epiphenomenon

Like the hard drive light on the computer

Rely on visual imagery such as - Method of Loci (locations) Keyword technique: similar words

Mnemonic techniques

The smallest unit of combining phonemes

Morpheme

Interference

Only sows common representation components, not necessarily pictures

More than one item at a time can be processed (images?)

Parallel

The basic language sounds

Phoneme

Formed according to rules of grammar

Phrase/propositions

Put morphemes together, creates words, to sentences

Phrases

occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence

Pragmatic inference

Based on knowledge gained through experience

Pragmatic inferences

Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?

Prototype

The average combination of features that make up a category

Prototype Perspective

Issues with picture-like images: seems to imply a homunculus Early visual processing is 'impenetrable'

Pylyshyn's ideas

Examples of damage

R.M.- could recognize objects and copy drawings, but could not imagine images or draw from memory C.K.- couldn't recognize objects but could draw from memory and later didn't recognize his drawings Therefore, imagery doesn't exclusively rely on perceptual system.

What are the benefits of categories?

Reduces complexity of the environment How objects of the world are identified Reduces need for constant learning Helps to decide what constitutes an appropriate action

Memory is high for recent events and for events that occurred in adolescence and early adulthood (for people over the age of 40)

Reminiscence Bump

Which of the following is key to the illusory truth effect?

Repetition

Which of the following is key to the illusory truth effect? a. Stress b. Repetition c. Source d. Culture

Repetition

Knowledge about some aspect of the environment

Schema

Conception of sequence of actions that usually occurs during a particular experience

Script

Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and apples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a check-out line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn't mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store _____ that is stored in _______ long-term memory.

Script

Create the meaning of a sentence/word

Semantics

Only one item at a time can be processed (verbal info)

Sequential

Memory over the lifespan: What events are remembered well?

Significant events in a person's life Highly emotional events Transition points

Rules for expressing ideas (grammar)

Structured

heirarchial organization

Superordinate Basic level Subordinate

Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from_____ categories results in the largest gain in information.

Superordinate level to basic level

Order of sentences to make sense

Syntax

Mental scanning

Task demands: people know that it should take longer to get places

Tends to be the first level that you learn

The basic level Allows for discrimination between objects without the potential for having to many details

Misleading information presented after someone witnesses an event can change how tat person later describes the event

The misinformation effect

Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos

The person took himself or herself.

Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture. The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category. Their results showed

The priming effect was most robust for basic level categories

Imagery is one of the three basic elements of consciousness. (Wundt)

Three Main issues: 1. Can you use verbal reports to study images? 2. Why is it difficult for some people to form mental images? 3. What is "the minds eye?" Watson

Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers show that ____ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable.

Transition points

Which of the following would be in a basic level category? a. Transportation b. Truck c. Pickup truck d. Vehicle

Truck

Which of the following would be in a basic level category? a. Transportation b. Vehicle c. Truck d. Pickup truck

Truck

Damage to parietal lobe

Unilateral (visual) neglect

Rotation studies

Unusual (yet memorized) shapes are hard to rotate

Repeat a sentence and indicate "yes" if the word is a noun A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush Verbal response= saying the word yes or no Spatial response= point to Y or N

Verbal Task

difficulty understanding speech

Wernicke's aphasia

PET scan (positron emission tomography)

a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented

after the event

Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories...

arise form the same constructive processes that produce true memories.

In Lindsay's "misinformation effect" experiment, participants saw a swquence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer. This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker who described what was happening in te slides as they were shown. Results showd that the misinformation effect was greatest when presentation of misleading post-event information was

auditory from a female speaker

According to Rosch, the ___ level of categories reflects people's everyday experience.

basic

Peggy is participating in a paired-associate learning experiment. During the study period, she is presented with pairs of words such as boat-hat and car-house. While taking the test, she would be presented with

boat___ - car____

Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside a. anteater b. bumblebee c. wolf d. rhinoceros

bumblebee

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on

category members that have been encountered in the past

In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on

cultural expectations

Mental imagery involves

experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input

A lesson to be learned from the research memory is that

extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate

Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus

facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time.

memory for circumstances surrounding shocking, highly charged important events

flashbulb memories

Noam Chomsky proposed that

humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language.

Evidence that language is a social process that must be learned comes from the fact that when deaf children find themselves in an environment where there are no people who speak or use sign language, they

invent a sing language themselves

The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery

is based on spatial or language mechanisms

According to the typicality effect,

items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.

Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants

make more errors in their recollections

Kosslyn's island experiment used the _____ procedure.

mental scanning

Jorge and Bob are neighbors. Jorge loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Jorge's standard probably ivolves

more exemplars than Bob's

Your text describes imagery performance of a patient with unilateral neglect. This patient was asked to imagine himself standing at one end of a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. His behavior shows

neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned.

One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children

produce sentences they have never heard

Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green" than when they are presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" or "light green." The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the _____ approach to categorization.

prototype

____ is a "typical" member of a category

prototype

B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through

reinforcement

Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen

schema

In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of _____ on memory.

schemas

The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more

slowly to low-frequency words into sentences

Misidentifying source of memory

source monitoring error

A mental rotation task is focused on the _____ aspect of imagery

spatial

Based on the information in your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from _____ categories results in the largest gain in information

super ordinate level to basic level

Arbitrary labels

symbolic

Lexical ambiguity studies show that people initially access

the meaning dominance of each definition of the word

The technique in which things to be remembered are places at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as

the method of loci

Stanny and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that

the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event