test 3 review

Which of the following is NOT one of the explanations for obedience in Milgram's studies?

Loss of control

In Milgram's (1965) original experiment in which research participants were ordered to deliver dangerous electrical shocks to individuals who made mistakes in learning word pairs, approximately ________ of the participants showed total obedience by delivering 450-volt shocks to the learners.

65 percent

James is applying to graduate school and can't figure out how to answer some of the questions on the application. Because he was unsure of what to do, he asks a few of his friends how they answered the questions. Given that James is unsure and this task is very important to him, it is likely that James will...

Answer in the same way his friends did.

With regards to the effect of group size on normative social influence, studies have found that...

As the size of the group increases, conformity tends to increase. This effect seems to level off once the group reaches 4-5 people.

Jasmine is watching TV and sees a lengthy commercial for name brand makeup. On the next commercial break, she sees another commercial for the same name brand makeup. Jasmine thinks that since the advertisement is airing so much, that most people must really like this brand. This pushes her to think that she should buy that makeup. How is advertising working on Jasmine?

By influencing subjective norms

If ostracism cannot be rationalized there are two paths a person can take. They will either take a path toward social inclusion or they will take a path toward reclaiming control and recognition. What factor determines if someone will go one way over the other?

Control

Kayla has recently been ostracized by a group of friends because she was kicked off the track team. She feels bad about being kicked off the team and she misses spending time with her friends. Her coach has decided that she can come back on the team after one month, so Kayla feels like she has some control over the situation. How is Kayla likely to behave?

Cooperative and friendly

Which of the following is NOT considered an explanation for obedience in Milgram's Obedience Study?

Distress of patients

The _________ has two routes that are used for persuasion, the central route and the peripheral route.

Elaboration likelihood model

Which of the following is NOT a long-term consequence of groupthink?

Failure to consider the positive aspects of the favored option

Someone has told you that you are no longer a part of the soccer team. Which is the immediate consequence of the being ostracized from this group.

Feeling pain

In the Milgram study on obedience to authority, many of the participants continued to administer stronger voltage shocks to the "learner" even after it became clear that the punishment was becoming unbearably painful. Which is NOT an explanation for why the participants obeyed and continued administering the shocks?

Feelings of authority over the learner

If you wanted to get someone to obey your request to donate $100 to a charity, what could you do to increase the likelihood that they would donate?

First ask them to donate $1, then $19 more, and then $80 more.

When group members who only lean slightly toward a point of view/idea suddenly change to have a more radical position on the matter after discussion with other members who feel the same, this is called:

Group polarization

George was assigned a group for a project in class. George has a different viewpoint than the other members, but he does not say anything and decides to conform with them so they will all have the same answer so that the group is cohesive. What is this an example of?

Groupthink

When someone ostracizes another person, it is likely that he/she will feel...

Guilty

Which of the following factors influence normative social influence?

Having no allies. The number of people in the group. The importance of the group

What is NOT a way that advertising works?

Increases ability to purchase new items

Amanda and her fellow classmates were working on a study guide for their upcoming test. They came to a question in which the group could not agree upon so they began to discuss possible answers. While most of the group had their own opinions, Amanda was completely unsure. In fear of being wrong, Amanda listened to what the others had to say before forming her response. As a result, the content of Amanda's response to the question was based on the information she received from the other students in her group. This is an example of:

Informational Social Influence

As Billy drives along the highway, he begins to notice brake lights going off on the vehicles in front of him. Billy then begins to press on his breaks not knowing the exact reason for doing so. Billy's action is an example of...

Informational Social Influence

Milgram's obedience studies were conducted in order to partially replicate which social situation?

Nazi Germany

After being invited to dinner with the cool girls at school, Darla was more than just excited to finally be included. While at dinner, her new friends were extremely rude to their server for no reason and the group decided not to leave a tip at the end of the night. Although Darla knew it wasn't the right thing to do, she decided to conform and go along with the decision in a desire to be liked by the girls and to get invited to the next outing. This situation is an example of...

Normative Social Influence

John is taking a course in a department of the university he has never taken before. Wanting to make a good impression on the people in his new class, he makes sure to be very attentive to what people are wearing and doing in class. The next class, he shows up in a very different outfit and acts more like the people in class in order to fit in. This is an example of which of the following:

Normative Social Influence

When Burger (2009) replicated Milgram's study, he found that...

Obedience in his study was almost as high as in Milgram's original study.

Jan was eating lunch alone when she heard the table next to her talking about a party that they had gone to the weekend before. Jan felt hurt and in pain because she had not been invited and did not feel like she was included with her class. She felt excluded. What is this situation an example of?

Ostracism

Sally is in a gym class with two best friends. They always pick her for their volleyball team but this time her friends left her to be picked last. Sally immediately felt pain. What caused Sally to feel like this?

Ostracism

Graham and Alan were going to listen to a lecture on a topic that both were not interested about. The speaker was a well known professor at Yale. What type of cue might Graham and Alan be persuaded by during the lecture?

Peripheral Cues

Sarah is in her geology class listening to a lecture about tectonic plates from her professor. She agrees with the lecture and is persuaded by her professor simply because her professor has a doctorate in Geology. In this situation, Sarah was persuaded by...

Peripheral cues

Which of the following are factors that influence motivation to process a persuasive message?

Personal Relevance Importance Incentives

A researcher studying feminist beliefs approached Jenny and asked her if she was a feminist. Jenny said yes. Later, the researcher approached Jenny and her volleyball friends and the researcher asked all of them if they each identified as feminists. After the majority of the volleyball team answered no, Jenny too answered no. Even though Jenny conformed to the behavior of her teammates, she still believed that she was a feminist. In other words, although Jenny conformed, she did NOT experience ___________.

Private acceptance

Although Shelly knew that the dog was not white and indeed was black, she answered along with the group that the dog was white. This is an example of

Public Compliance

While out with a group of friends Brian and his friends all noticed someone shoplifting. When Brian wanted to turn this person in, his friends told him that the person didn't really shoplift, and put the item back. Brian went along with what his friends said, but still believed that the person really did shoplift. This is an example of:

Public compliance

Gena invited Lucy to her birthday party in December. With Lucy's birthday coming up this month, Gena is expecting an invitation to Lucy's party based on _________.

Reciprocity

In Tim Burton's 1990 masterpiece Edward Scissorhands, protagonist Edward breaks into a house against his better judgement and moral character. Other characters demanded Edward to use his scissor hands to pick the lock on the door. When Kim asks him why he did this, even though he knew it was wrong, he replies, "Because you asked me too." Which explanation for obedience best fits this scenario?

Situational Obligation

What three explanations of obedience are most likely attributed to participants successfully completing the full shock spectrum during Milgram's Obedience Study?

Social obligations, loss of responsibility for participant, escalating commitment

A researcher splits participants into two groups. One group is assigned to be military NCO's and the other military officers. Each group is given tasks that would be typical for their assigned job. The individuals in each group start to act according to the way those who actually hold those jobs would. The participants acting the way that those who actually hold those jobs would be fulfilling?

Social roles

Trump is asking his staff to make a commercial that flashes "ALTERNATIVE FACTS ARE BEST FACTS" for one thirtieth of a second during a commercial. He wants to do this because he believes subliminal messaging will work bigly on the American people and he wants to spread his message in unique ways. As an undergraduate student, and a member of his cabinet, you would advise against this because...

Studies show that subliminal messaging isn't really that affective.

Johnny is watching a commercial about a new smartphone on the market, and Johnny also happened to have recently dropped his precious iPhone in the toilet while using the restroom, so he is in desperate need for a new phone. Johnny is very knowledgeable about smartphones and doesn't have a lot of money so he is motivated to make a good decision. Which part of the commercial will have the most influence on Johnny?

The different functions of the cell phone being shown

Which of the following may explain why some participants shocked the "victim" all the way to the end in Milgram's obedience study?

They did not feel responsible for the victim It is a social norm to obey authority The obedience started small (low voltages) and that made it easier to increase to higher voltages (escalating commitment)

What was one of the main reasons Milgram conducted his studies?

To see how obedient people were to authority leaders

What version of Milgram's obedience study resulted in the least number (only 10%) of "teachers" executing the experiment fully?

When another teacher quits the study

Central cues are of the most persuasive...

When people have BOTH the ability and the motivation to process the message

When being persuasive, when are peripheral cues most important?

When the message is weak

When will people conform to informational social influence?

When the situation is ambiguous When other people are experts When the situation is of high importance

When will peripheral cues be more influential?

When you are don't know much about a topic.

All of these are factors influencing normative social influence, EXCEPT what?

You see others in the group as a source of information

You are assigned to a group project where the other two individuals are super close friends. They tend to leave you out when planning meetings. Even though you have no relationship outside of class with these people, this still upsets you and you don't know why. The reason this upsets you is because it goes against numerous desires/needs that most people have. Which of the following is NOT one of the desires/needs that this goes against?

Your desire to make accurate decisions

Carl does NOT know much about Cuban politics, so hearing a __________ would likely impact his attitudes most.

a weak message given by an expert

Jessie, Adam, Charles, and Paul were in the parking lot and saw a man as he fled from a convenience store after a robbery. When the police question the four friends, Paul answered first, saying that it was a black man who drove away in an older Pontiac car. Adam agreed with Paul fairly quickly. Jessie, who is not absolutely sure of the race of the suspect, is likely to ________ with Paul and Adam because of the effect of ________.

agree; informational social influence

In order to avoid the phenomenon of groupthink, the leader of a group should

form subgroups that discuss the problem separately.

Members of the school board were tentatively considering a proposal to institute the wearing of uniforms in the elementary and middle school grades. After their last meeting, they are now strongly in favor of the proposal. This illustrates the phenomenon known as

group polarization

Based on the research about group polarization, compared to individuals deciding alone, members of groups tend to make decisions that are

more extreme

James, a 17-year-old high school student, has just moved to a new city and enrolled in a new school. At his old school, there were strong social norms against teenagers smoking cigarettes. At his new school, however, several of his new friends regularly smoke and say to him, "C'mon, don't be a jerk, have one of mine." As a result, James is likely to begin smoking, because of ________.

normative social influence

Shelley was initially moderately in favor of a proposal to build a city bike path. At a meeting, she learns that not only will the path provide recreational opportunities and allow for some decrease in traffic, but that in towns with paths, the crime rate tends to go down and businesses along the path do better. She is now strongly in favor of the proposal. The theory that best explains her change of opinion is the ________ theory.

persuasive arguments

According to a social comparison interpretation, group polarization tends to occur because individuals can present themselves in a more ________ light by taking slightly more ________ positions than the norm of the group.

positive; extreme

According to the text, a norm is

prescriptions for proper behavior

In describing his experiences during the decision making process that preceded the disastrous Bay of Pigs invasion, Kennedy's adviser, Arthur Schlesinger, reported that although he was opposed to the invasion, he didn't speak out because "others would regard it as presumptuous of him, a college professor, to take issue with august heads of government institutions." This example best reflects ________ as a symptom of groupthink.

self-censorship in the interest of avoiding criticism

Jason has been listening to a talk show concerning animal rights. This is an issue that he cares deeply about and he is very knowledgeable about the topic. Jason is most likely to be persuaded by ________.

strong, convincing arguments

One reason that people are willing to obey persons in authority who order them to engage in destructive behaviors is that ________.

the authority figure relieves those who obey of responsibility for their actions

Pressures toward conformity have a stronger effect on our behavior when ________.

we like and admire a particular group of persons