Test 3 Review-EDUF 3040
Which of the following is an example of scaffolding?
A 10-year-old sibling stands by to help his 4-year-old brother put together Legos when he stumbles over a particular step.
A type of memory that consists of a generalized version of everyday event is called what?
A script
Which of the following statements was stated in the video?
All people have an obligation to call authorities if they suspect child abuse.
All of the following statements are true regarding gender and cultural differences in children's autobiographical narratives, except __________.
Asian parents tend to have more detailed conversations about past events with their children than Western parents
Which of the following U.S. ethnic groups has the lowest rate of childhood injuries and fatalities?
Asians/Pacific Islanders
What is the most common chronic disease in early and middle childhood?
Asthma
What is an important difference between moral and social conventional rules?
Conventional rules are viewed by children as more open to change than moral rules.
One of the best ways for young children to first begin learning addition and subtraction is to __________.
count on their fingers or use concrete materials such as chips
According to Rhoda Kellogg's research, children progress through six universal stages of drawing at different rates, and their drawings are influenced by __________.
culture
According to Barbara Rogoff, an adult who hands a child a toy shovel to play with in the sandbox as the adult digs with the shovel in the garden is engaging in __________.
guided participation
All of the following are environmental variables that appear to contribute to the rate of development of a theory of mind, except __________.
having a younger sibling
Compared to Piaget's original versions of tasks, children are less likely to make errors of egocentrism and centration with tasks featuring all of the following characteristics except __________.
higher demands on sustained attention
All of the following characteristics can combine to place caregivers at greater risk for committing physical or psychological abuse and neglect except __________.
higher education level
A 4-year-old boy who adamantly believes that only boys can be firefighters and only girls can be nurses is applying __________ to the classification of these two careers.
his genger schema
Results of the National Head Start Impact Study __________.
included temporary cognitive gains and temporary reduction of behavior problems
Moriguchi and Hiraki used the near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) method to study links between executive functions and brain activity. They found that improvement from ages 3 to 4 in switching to a new rule in card sorting was associated with __________.
increases in brain activity in the inferior (lower) frontal areas
The fact that in the afternoon child care is associated with rising levels of cortisol and staying at home with falling levels of cortisol __________.
indicates that at least some children may experience child care as stressful
According to Michel and colleagues' developmental cascade model of handedness development, __________.
infants' experiences with using primarily one hand in early motor skills tend to lead to use of that hand for more complex motor skills at the next developmental phase
Young children construct theories about what makes living and nonliving things different by __________ and asking questions about living things.
observing biological processes
Contemporary researchers investigating the zone of proximal development concept have found that children working together generally work at a higher level of skill than children working alone, but only when __________.
one collaborator is more advanced in the particular domain
A common complication of respiratory infections, particularly in preschools and child care centers, is __________.
otitis media
A child who watches a magician and then tries to do the trick on his own might imitate the magician's tone of voice or accent. This is called __________.
overimitation
A 2-year-old who exclaims, "I runned really fast!" is making which type of grammatical error?
overregularization
Hitting a child or grabbing and shaking a child.
physical abuse
Which of the following activities in the video seems to provide an excellent opportunity for gross motor skill practice?
playing outside AND yoga/dance class
As the kindergarten year progresses, a teacher lengthens the time he expects children to stay engaged in activities (from 5 to 10 minutes), an aspect of attention referred to as __________.
sustained attention
What are the three aspects of attention that improve dramatically during early childhood?
sustained attention, selective attention, and executive attention
Some of the child's errors don't involve immature executive functioning but rather lack of knowledge of numbers. An example of the latter would be_____________.
the child's mistake in calling "3" five AND the child's inability to work on her own with numbers larger than five
All of the following are aspects of cognitive development that may contribute to improvements in autobiographical memories after age 3 except __________.
the formation of scripts for familiar events
In this case, zone of proximal development would refer to __________.
the gap between what the child can do alone and with the teacher's guidance
Children tend to have more advanced conversation skills when __________.
they have parents who often signal when the child needs to clarify a remark
By age 3 ½ (for middle-SES English-speaking samples), children understand the stable order principle of counting, which is __________.
to always say the number words in the same order, even if the order is initially wrong for a given child
Children learning to speak English develop an increasing variety of sentences that use subject-verb-object order between 2 and 4 years of age. Development of these sentences appears to hinge on children's learning of the meanings of __________.
verbs
Fluent speakers of two languages tend to have an advantage in executive functions but limitations in __________.
vocabulary
A mutually responsive orientation at ages 1 to 2 years differs from secure attachment in infancy in that it consists of __________.
warmth and responsiveness as well as the establishment of rules
The zone of proximal development is defined as the gap between __________.
what children can do on their own and what they can do with the help of a more skilled partner
What percentage of children at 2 ½ experienced sleep (night) terrors?
20%
Young children display more advanced emotions, such as embarrassment, pride, and shame, between ages __________. These self-conscious emotions are crucial to human interaction.
18 and 24 months
At what age is it most common for a child to begin developing symbolic representations?
18 to 24 months
What gets children started on a hypothesis about a word's meaning, but it may take them years to achieve full understanding of the word?
Fast mapping
What is the difference between gross and fine motor skills?
Gross motor skills are also known as fundamental movement skills and involve running, hopping, skipping, climbing, etc. Fine motor skills involve writing, drawing, and other manipulative skills. Gross motor skills involve the whole body while fine motor skills involve using your hands and fingers.
What is phonemic spelling?
Is characterized by evidence that children are attempting to encode phonemes.
Five-year-old Veronica understands that someone can hold a false belief. She spilled some milk and was not observed doing it. Her father asks her who spilled the milk. Based on observational and experimental studies, she is more likely to do which of the following at this age, compared to age 3?
Make up a story about how the milk got spilled by accident
According to research, what should a father who wants to increase prosocial behavior in his 3-year-old boy do?
Model prosocial behavior or help the child regulate his emotions.
Which of the following errors seems to involve one or more aspects of executive functioning?
The child's difficulty in inhibiting counting beyond the current number AND the child's difficulty in keeping in mind the overall goal (to count only the correct number of spindles into each bin).
What rules emphasize issues of harm, personal welfare, and individual rights, and cover actions such as hitting, stealing, cheating, and lying?
Moral rules
Do physicians have the same reporting requirements in suspected cases of child abuse as do teachers and childcare workers?
No; physicians must report suspected cases to the Department of Human Services, whereas teachers must report to Child Protection Services
After five decades of follow-up research, developmental scientists now agree that __________.
Piaget underestimated young children's cognitive competence, and development is more gradual and continuous than Piaget thought
Letters present with no consistent connection to sounds in message are called what?
Prephonemic spelling
Which of the following is an effective way to get children to eat vegetables or other novel, healthy foods?
Repeatedly offer the same food to the child over time.
How do children (particularly boys) regulate aggression?
Rough-and-tumble play
Play that involves playful fighting accompanied by positive emotions, and children can gradually escalate the level of aggression, and the scale back when someone yells , "Ouch".
Rough-and-tumble play
What are some examples of fundamental movement skills?
Running, hopping, and skipping
Even in cases of insecure mother-child attachment, the presence of a ______________ ______________ ______________ is associated with fewer externalizing behavior problems in early childhood
Secure father-child attachment
A person's awareness of personal attributes, abilities, possessions, preferences, attitudes, and values, that defines them as a person.
Self-concept
Which of the following is true of the impact of child care experience on subsequent cognitive and social development?
The NICHD study found modest increases in cognitive skills but higher levels of disruptive behavior at kindergarten entry compared to home-based care or parental care.
Which of the following is the best example of the child using private speech to guide her actions or focus her attention?
The child closes her eyes and says "five" to test her memory of the number.
Which of the following descriptions of research findings regarding factors that influence the development of executive function is correct?
The cumulative amount of stress in the home environment is more important than any single stress factor considered alone.
Which of the following statements about lead exposure in young children is true?
The environment of inner-city, low-income children in the United States still contains elevated levels of lead.
A child asks for some candy in the car ride to the grocery store and starts crying when denied. Her father calmly explains that they are stopping at the store to buy groceries for dinner, and not candy. He tells his daughter she is expected to hold his hand and walk through the store quietly. Which parenting technique did this father use?
The father established family routines and responsibilities.
What is the most accurate way to explain the following exchange: Lillie: I blow on it. Nana: We gotta blow on it. Lillie: I gotta blow on it.
The grandmother's goal was to carry on the conversation and the activity.
What has the well-known Abecedarian study, which provided a full-day, year-round educational program to low-income African American children from 6 weeks to 5 years of age, shown about the effects of child care on young children's cognitive skills?
The program produced gains in IQ and reading and math achievement, and the experimental group had lower rates of repeating a grade and placement in special education and higher rates of attendance at four-year colleges.
The teacher supports the child's efforts. How would you describe these supporting efforts using the concept of executive functions?
The teacher effectively serves as the child's working memory, reminding her of the overall goal. AND the teacher supports the functions of planning, inhibiting, and shifting rules (for example, four involves counting one more spindle than three) when the child's efforts fall short.
What specific actions by the teacher would constitute scaffolding in the sense intended by Vygotskian theorists?
The teacher encourages the child to count up to a given number and lets the child try first before correcting her.
What is the name of the grip that children graduate to after using the power grip when writing?
Tripod Grip
What is the most common source of injury among children 5 years and younger?
Unintentional Injuries
While Vygotsky has made many positive contributions to developmental psychology, critics have pointed to all except which of the following shortcomings?
Vygotsky failed to see how society and culture influenced development.
At 3 and 4 years of age, children's knowledge of living and non-living things is still growing. Which of the following is true?
When asked specific questions such as whether a plant or a toy car can grow, and whether it needs food or water, children of these ages differentiate living from non-living things.
The idea behind the concept of __________ as applied to abuse and neglect is that the experience of stress due to maltreatment leads to physiological or psychological effects at one age and creates negative behavior at a subsequent age.
a developmental cascade
A key difference between Montessori preschool programs and academically oriented programs is __________.
a greater emphasis on child-centered activities in the Montessori schools
A type of memory that consists of a generalized version of everyday events is __________.
a script
All of the following are effective sources of increases in young children's receptive and expressive vocabularies except __________.
an adult correcting a child's pronunciation of a word
If a physician fears a child's life is in danger from abuse, the best action is to __________.
admit the child to the hospital
Training in the mandatory reporting of child abuse is required of:
all childcare workers and administrators in all child care centers
How would you characterize the conversations between Lillie and Nana?
all of the above
The large-scale PING study collected MRI data on over 1,100 participants and found which of the following general trends in brain development during early childhood?
an increase in surface area and a decrease in cortical thickness
Physically abused children are able to discriminate among facial expressions but show unusual attentiveness to __________ faces.
angry
Children whose parents speak two languages to them __________.
are able to select which language to use when addressed in that language
The cognitive benefits of high-quality child care programs __________.
are seen across a wide range of cognitive skills such as language, memory, and literacy
One of the best ways adults can improve children's narratives of events (such as a trip to Grandma's) is to __________.
ask the child to tell what happened and prompt her with specific questions
A mother asks her 3-year-old son to keep his food on the table and reminds him when he "accidentally" knocks it off. When he throws food at his sister, she explains to him that this is against the rules because it makes things dirty and hurts his sister's feelings. This parenting style would be classified as __________.
authoritative
Watch the portions of the video where children are in yoga/dance class and playing outside. Which of the following might be considered fundamental movement skills?
balancing on two feet before jumping off a ledge AND moving one arm up and down
The finding that many Chinese parents use a style that is more demanding and less overtly affectionate than the average Western (European or Euro American) parent __________.
can be viewed as a culturally influenced variation on authoritative parenting
According to DeLoache's dual representation hypothesis, young children may not be able to use a scale model to help them search for a hidden object in a full-sized room because they __________.
cannot think of the scale model as both an object and a representation of another object at the same time
When Allison picked the taller of two glasses with equal amounts of liquids as having more, she was demonstrating __________.
centration
Failure to provide adequate supervision of a child, such as leaving a young child home alone.
child neglect
Cross-cultural studies of the development of theories of mind have found all of the following except __________.
children show the most progress in understanding theory of mind concepts between two and three years of age across cultures
Each of the following has been found in laboratory studies to be an effective emotion regulation strategy in the preschool years except __________.
comforting the child with physical affection
Although the total amount of aggressive behavior decreases between 4 and 8 years of age, as a proportion of aggressive behavior, instrumental aggression __________ and reactive aggression __________.
declines; increases
Parents promote gender typing not only by modeling gender stereotyped roles around the house, but also by praising gender-typical play and ignoring (or failing to reward) gender-atypical play, a process known as __________.
differential reinforcement
Children who can guess what a character described as selfish might do next in a story appear to have a level of understanding of other people's __________.
dispositional traits
Which of the following activities in the video seems to provide an excellent opportunity for fine motor skill practice?
eating snacks AND working puzzles
Four-year-old Lisa meets a cuddly-looking dog at the park. She has a dog at home, and in the past she has impulsively petted unfamiliar dogs. However, before petting the dog, she asks the dog's owner if it's OK. Lisa is demonstrating __________.
effortful control
The inhibition of the most typical action in a situation in order to activate a less typical and more adaptive action
effortful control
A child thinks that because she is traveling in a car, headed toward the zoo, everyone else on the road must be going to the zoo. This is an example of __________.
egocentrism
All of the following are aspects of attention that improve in early childhood and may contribute to the ability to comprehend stories read aloud by a teacher or math lessons except __________.
engaging in social interaction at the same time as listening to the teacher
According to Vygotsky, sociodramatic play with peers may have benefits for __________.
executive functioning
Researchers have found that children who engage in more private speech as they solve problems tend to have higher levels of __________.
executive functions
A young child who has not yet learned to write will have an easier time learning to write with a pencil if she has previously __________.
experienced stringing beads
Based on research, children are more likely to remember an event at a later time if they construct a narrative immediately afterward that contains __________.
facts as well as emotional content
__________ gets children started on a hypothesis about a word's meaning, but it may take them years to achieve full understanding of the word.
fast mapping
According to dynamic systems theory, motor development depends on a variety of factors working together. Each of the following is a factor that affects motor development for a task such as kicking a ball, except __________.
fine motor control of wrists and hands
A condition where a child or family does not have a regular supply for nutritious food.
food insecurity
In the preschool years, many complex movements, such as tracking a ball and kicking it during a soccer game, are built up from combinations of simpler movements known as __________.
fundamental movement skills
The prevention studies focusing on annual family check-up meetings with researchers provided interventions to high-risk children who showed problem behavior as toddlers and lived in adverse family and socioeconomic conditions. A key finding was that __________.
interventions were successful in reducing conduct problems through age 9½ years
Children's emotional knowledge is greater when parents __________.
label and explain emotions
Each of the following is a distinct aspect of executive functions in early childhood except __________.
language comprehension
Parents might put magnetic letters and pictures of items beginning with that letter (such as C - cat) on the refrigerator to reinforce __________ and read stories aloud to their children to build __________.
letter and phonological awareness; oral language skill
High-quality child care is linked to __________ and __________.
low levels of aggression; high levels of social competence
Girls exposed to male sex hormones prenatally may tend to show __________.
masculine play preferences
Failure to provide a child with medical care for a chronic physical condition, such as diabetes.
medical neglect
At age 5, girls have a faster rate of physical maturation on the average than boys, due to __________.
more rapid bone growth on the average
Level 1 perspective taking is possible at 2 to 3 years of age, but level 2 perspective taking may not be possible until 4.5 years of age, particularly when children __________.
must realize that another person may see an object differently than the child sees it
Experimental interventions leading to more secure mother-child attachment relationships also affected children's cortisol levels. This implies that improving security of attachment might lead to __________.
nearly normal cortisol levels and better adaptation to the stress in the social environment
Young children's self-assessments of their abilities and personality traits are often characterized by an overconfidence known as __________.
positivity bias
According to Piaget, all of the following statements are true about preschoolers' thinking in the preoperational period, except __________.
preschoolers have a solid understanding of the principle of conservation and can perform reversible mental operations
Emergent literacy consists of which two broad categories of skills that are especially important to learning to read and write?
print-related skills and oral language skills
Which of the following is likely to be a direct developmental effect of an insecure or disorganized attachment in a child with a history of maltreatment?
problems interacting with peers
The complexity and efficiency of neural networks are thought to improve during early childhood over levels in infancy due to __________.
pruning of synapses and myelination of pathways between neurons
When parents try to control their children's behavior by means of manipulation.
psychological control
Engaging in verbal abuse, threatening or damaging a child's self-esteem.
psychological maltreatment
Exposing a child to indecent acts that are sexual in nature.
sexual abuse
Lillie's grammatical development has advanced beyond the telegraphic phase in all of the following ways except _____.
she uses the past tense on verbs and produces overregularizations such as "broked"
Parenting intervention studies can be used to __________.
show that changes in parenting style may be causally linked to changes in child behavior
Head Start and state-funded pre-K programs need improvement in all except which of the following?
showing initial positive effects of the preschool program
With regard to personality type, overcontrolled children are __________ and undercontrolled children are __________.
shy but obedient; impulsive and emotional
Dr. Thomas notes that the most common signs of child abuse she sees in her practice are:
slap, strap, or burn marks
In contrast to older children, who regard friends as having a long-term relationship based on trust, preschool-age children regard friends as __________.
someone to share toys and have fun with, possibly over several days or weeks
Which method of parental correction has been frequently and consistently associated with negative outcomes, such as higher externalizing behavior (e.g., aggression and antisocial behavior), reduced quality of parent-child relationships, and elevated child mental health problems?
spanking
According to the National Sleep Foundation Survey, which of the following is the most common sleep disturbance?
stalling before bedtime
