Test 3 Review

An open water wave with a wavelength of 4 meters moves onshore into shallow water. At what depth does the wave begin to touch bottom? View Available Hint(s) ½ meter 1 meter 2 meters 4 meters 3 meters

2 meters

What is the term for the boundary between a layer of sedimentary rocks overlying folded metamorphic rocks? View Available Hint(s) a nonconformity an angular unconformity a conformable surface a fault plane an inclusion

an angular unconformity

What is a hot spot? View Available Hint(s) an area of volcanism created by subduction an area of volcanism created by sea floor spreading an area of volcanism created by a mantle plume pockets of warm water created by a mantle plume pockets of warm water created by sea floor spreading

an area of volcanism created by a mantle plume

Which of the following increases the viscosity of magma? an increase in silica content an increase in temperature a decrease in ash content a change in the color of magma an increase in gas content

an increase in silica content

The crests of mid-oceanic ridges ________. contain active rift zones are geologically old features lie at depths exceeding 6 kilometers are heavily mantled with sediment

contain active rift zones

Occasionally, when a sea stack is formed, accumulations of sand are deposited behind it, producing a tombolo. Which process is responsible for the creation of the tombolo? View Available Hint(s) Coriolis effect abrasion rip currents gyres wave refraction

wave refraction

A flat, bench-like surface cut in rock along a coast is a ________. sea stack tombolo spit wave-cut platform

wave-cut platform

Which type of basaltic lava flow has a fairly smooth, unfragmented, ropy surface? aa pahoehoe pegmatitic scoria

pahoehoe

What two special conditions make preservation organisms as fossils more likely? Check all that apply. View Available Hint(s) rapid burial soft bodies hard parts gradual burial

rapid burial hard parts

What is the range of shield volcano height? 1,000 to 3,000 meters 3,000 to 10,000 meters 300 to 10,000 meters 300 to 1,000 meters

300 to 10,000 meters

What percent by weight of seawater consists of salts? View Available Hint(s) 28 percent 1 percent 3.5 percent 33 percent 5 percent

3.5 percent

What is the principle of superposition? Within a sequence of rock layers formed at Earth's surface, rock layers lower in the sequence are older. Within a sequence of rock layers formed at Earth's surface, rock layers in the middle of a sequence are older. Within a sequence of rock layers formed at Earth's surface, rock layers higher in the sequence are older.

Within a sequence of rock layers formed at Earth's surface, rock layers lower in the sequence are older.

Which volcanic hazard occurs when melted snow or excessive rain mixes with volcanic sediments? View Available Hint(s) a volcanic bomb a pyroclastic flow a lahar welded tuff a lava tube

a lahar

Why does the Moon generate larger tidal forces than the Sun? Although the Moon is further away, the Sun is much smaller. Although the Sun is further away, the Moon is much smaller. Although the Moon is bigger, the Sun is much closer. Although the Sun is bigger, the Moon is much closer.

Although the Sun is bigger, the Moon is much closer.

The ________ ocean basin is rimmed by the most subduction zones. Arctic Atlantic Pacific Indian

Pacific

The ________ Ocean is largest; the ________ Ocean is smallest. Pacific; Indian Pacific; Arctic Arctic; Atlantic Atlantic; Indian

Pacific; Arctic

Which pattern of particle movement occurs when wave movement is oblique to the beach? View Available Hint(s) Particles are removed from the beach. Particles move perpendicularly to the beach. A groin could be deposited. Particles move on the beach in a zigzag pattern. A jetty forms.

Particles move on the beach in a zigzag pattern.

Which of the following statements about relative and absolute age dating is most accurate? Relative age dating places rocks and events in chronological order and can provide information about absolute age. Relative age dating places rocks and events in chronological order but does not provide information about absolute age. Relative age dating provides information about absolute ages but does not place rocks and events in chronological order. Relative age dating does not provide information about absolute ages, nor does it place rocks and events in chronological order.

Relative age dating places rocks and events in chronological order but does not provide information about absolute age.

________ is the proportion of dissolved salts to pure water. Density Salinity Subduction Pycnocline

Salinity

Which situation occurs in the downcurrent direction when a groin is constructed on a beach to prevent erosion of a beach by longshore currents? View Available Hint(s) Barrier islands form on the downcurrent side of the groin. Sediment accumulates on the downcurrent side of the groin. Sediment is removed on the downcurrent side of the groin. Baymouth bars form in the area immediately downcurrent of the groin. Erosion is completely stopped on the downcurrent side of the groin.

Sediment is removed on the downcurrent side of the groin.

What is the principle of original horizontality? Sedimentary rocks are close to horizontal when deposited. Sedimentary rocks are close to horizontal when eroded. Metamorphic rocks are close to horizontal when deposited. Metamorphic rocks are close to horizontal when eroded.

Sedimentary rocks are close to horizontal when deposited.

Which one of the following concerning mid-ocean ridges is false? are sites for submarine eruptions of basaltic lava are where young lithosphere is added to the edges of spreading, oceanic plates Terrigenous sediment coverings are very thin or absent. Sediments include thick siliceous ooze deposits and sandy turbidite beds.

Sediments include thick siliceous ooze deposits and sandy turbidite beds.

Which of the following is associated with Hawaiian- type eruptions? View Available Hint(s) explosive eruptions ash and pumice rhyolitic lava basaltic lava flow eruption columns

basaltic lava flow

Which of the following terms is best described as a massive pluton? batholith dike sill laccolith nuée ardente

batholith

The continental rise is located ________. between an abyssal plain and continental slope at the top of a mid-ocean ridge at the top of the continental slope at the seaward edge of a deep ocean trench

between an abyssal plain and continental slope

The percentage of radioactive isotope remaining in a radioactive decay process is 40%. How many half-lives have elapsed since the material was 100% parent atoms? between 2 and 3 between l and 2 less than l more than 3

between l and 2

The half-life of carbon-14 is about 6000 years. Assume that a sample of charcoal formed by burning of living wood 15,000 years ago. How much of the original carbon-14 would remain today? between one-half and one-fourth more than one-half between one-fourth and one-eighth between one-half and one-third

between one-fourth and one-eighth

Ocean sediment composed of former diatoms falls under which category? View Available Hint(s) terrigenous calcareous biogenous hydrogenous

biogenous

The zigzag movement of sand grains along a beach is ________. caused by obliquely breaking waves called beach drift very unusual and seldom occurs both A and B

both A and B

Catastrophism and uniformitarianism differed in which way? Catastrophism argued for a young Earth, while uniformitarianism argued for an old Earth. Catastrophism emphasized rapid change, while uniformitarianism argued for slow, gradual change being more important. both of the above none of the above

both of the above

Which one of the following structures is built to protect boats from large breaking waves? seawall groin breakwater jetty

breakwater

The gently sloping submerged surface extending from the shoreline toward the deep ocean is termed the ________. continental rise submarine canyon continental shelf continental slope

continental shelf

Parícutin is an example of a ________. composite volcano volcanic neck cinder cone shield volcano

cinder cone

Which of the following volcanic types typically produces small, steep-sided structures composed of basaltic pyroclastic material? View Available Hint(s) shield volcanoes cinder cones geysers fissure eruptions composite cones

cinder cones

Which pattern best describes the motion of water particles in a wave in the open ocean? View Available Hint(s) back and forth circular orbit compression-dilation zigzag pattern up and down the beach up and down

circular orbit

What is the term for a tabular igneous pluton that occurs in an orientation that is discordant with the bedding surfaces of adjacent sedimentary rocks? sill batholith stock laccolith dike

dike

The movement of water within the surf zone that parallels the shore is termed ________. tidal current beach drift longshore current salinity current

longshore current

What do we call mudflows produced by the melting of snow and glaciers on composite volcanoes? View Available Hint(s) lahars pahoehoe aa nuée ardentes lapilli

lahars

The movement of sand parallel to the shore ________. is achieved by longshore currents is created by waves approaching at an oblique angle may create spits all of the above

all of the above

"Black smokers" are associated with ________. hot water oceanic ridges mineral-rich waters all of these

all of these

A worm would stand a poor chance of being fossilized because ________. worms have no hard parts worms contain no carbon-14 worms have been rare during the geologic past all of these

all of these

Cinder cones ________. are usually less than 300 meters (1000 feet) high are usually basaltic in composition have very steep slopes consist largely of pyroclastics all of these

all of these

The height, length, and period of a wave depend upon ________. the fetch the length of time the wind has blown the wind speed all of these

all of these

Which of the following is associated with ocean ridges? volcanic structures mountainous topography rift zones all of these

all of these

Which of the following is designed to prevent or retard shoreline erosion? seawall beach nourishment groin all of these

all of these

What destructive forces are associated with composite volcanoes? Check all that apply. View Available Hint(s) pyroclastic gas lava ash lahar pyroclastic flow

ash lahar pyroclastic flow

Which of the following terms describes an intrusive body? pluton cinder pumice crater lahar

pluton

Which coast represents an active continental margin? View Available Hint(s) the west coast of South America the east coast of North America the west coast of Europe the west coast of Africa the east coast of Africa

the west coast of South America

When waves reach shallow water, they are often bent and tend to become parallel to the shore. This process is termed ________. reflection oscillation translation refraction

refraction

By applying the law of superposition ________ dates can be determined. conventional radiometric relative both relative and radiometric

relative

Which one of the following is a landform created by wave erosion? estuary sea arch tombolo spit

sea arch

Part complete A ________ is an isolated remnant of bedrock standing above a wave-cut platform. sea span sea rampart sea stack sea spit

sea stack

Which feature results from the collapse of a sea arch? View Available Hint(s) spit sea stack seawall baymouth bar barrier island

sea stack

The daily tidal range is GREATEST during ________ tide. neap ebb spring none of these

spring

What do we call the tide that occurs when constructive interference between lunar and solar bulges produces a large tidal range? neap tide spring tide pean tide fall tide

spring tide

What type of plate boundary is associated with deep-ocean trenches? View Available Hint(s) continental collision transform plate boundary divergent plate boundary subduction zone

subduction zone

An unconformity is a buried ________. fault or fracture with younger strata above and older strata below fault or fracture with older rocks above and younger rocks below surface of erosion separating younger strata above from older strata below surface of erosion with older strata above and younger strata below

surface of erosion separating younger strata above from older strata below

Sediments derived primarily from the products of weathering on the continents are called ________. terrigenous sediment biogenous sediment hydrogenous sediment both terrigenous and biogenous sediment

terrigenous sediment

Which of the following oceans is the largest and deepest on Earth? View Available Hint(s) the Pacific Ocean the Antarctic Ocean the Indian Ocean the Atlantic Ocean the Arctic Ocean

the Pacific Ocean

It is thought that submarine canyons on the continental slope have been generated by ________ streams when sea-level was much lower than it is today a submarine glaciation streams when sea-level was much higher than it is today turbidity currents

turbidity currents

"The physical, chemical, and biological laws that operate today have also operated in the geologic past," is a statement of the doctrine of ____________. universal truth catastrophism paleontology uniformitarianism unity

uniformitarianism

Which term is used to define the distance between successive wave crests or troughs? View Available Hint(s) fetch wave height wave period wind speed wavelength

wavelength

When waves approach shore and touch bottom, what happens to the wave form? View Available Hint(s) wavelength decreases and height increases wavelength decreases wave height increases wavelength increases and height decreases fetch increases

wavelength decreases and height increases

How many spring and neap tides will a tide-recording station experience in a given month? 1 to 3 spring tides and 3 to 4 neap tides 1 spring tide and 1 neap tide 2 spring tides and 2 neap tides 3 to 4 spring tides and 1 to 3 neap tides

2 spring tides and 2 neap tides

What is the age of the Earth accepted by most scientists today? 6.4 billion years 4.6 billion years 6.4 million years 4.6 million years

4.6 billion years

The maximum height of a cinder cone volcano is usually around _________ ? 600 meters 250 meters 450 meters 350 meters

450 meters

The oceans cover approximately ________ percent of Earth's surface. 60 50 70 40

70

The surface area of Earth is composed of ____ percent ocean and _____ percent landmass. View Available Hint(s) 29; 71 60; 40 50; 50 71; 29 40; 60

71; 29

Magma can be generated from solid rock in all of the following ways except.... A. decrease in pressure B. altering the rock's composition C. increased temperature D. added water content

B. altering the rock's composition

What are shield volcanoes generally made of? Pyroclastic deposits Granite flows Basalt flows Pyrobasalt deposits

Basalt flows

________ magma is the most abundant type erupted at oceanic spreading centers. Pegmatitic Andesitic Basaltic Granitic

Basaltic

Batholiths are known to form the cores of mountain ranges such as the Sierra Nevada. What is the implication of this observation? Because the batholith is at the surface, it implies close proximity to a divergent zone. Because batholiths form deep within Earth, the occurrence of one at the surface implies that it has since been uplifted and/or the rocks above have been removed. Because the batholith is at the surface, it implies close proximity to a transform boundary. Because the batholith is exposed at Earth's surface, it implies an effusive or quiescent eruption. Because the batholith is at the surface, it implies that the magma in it cooled quickly.

Because batholiths form deep within Earth, the occurrence of one at the surface implies that it has since been uplifted and/or the rocks above have been removed.

Once hard stabilization of a coast is initiated by construction of structures such as groins and breakwaters, why is it often necessary to continue building more of these structures? View Available Hint(s) Construction of additional groins prevents the need for beach nourishment. Construction of groins and breakwaters disrupts the natural flow of sediments along the coast. Once the coast is stabilized, more people move to the area and additional structures are necessary. More structures are needed because longshore drift can cause the development of bars at the mouths of rivers on the downcurrent side of the groin. Groins prevent the erosion of bedrock by breaking waves, so more are needed in densely populated areas.

Construction of groins and breakwaters disrupts the natural flow of sediments along the coast.

What are composite volcanoes made of? Choose all that apply. A. basalt lava flows and pyroclastic deposits B. granite lava flows only C. granite pyroclastic deposits only D. andesite pyroclastic deposits and lava flows E. andesite lava flows only

D. andesite pyroclastic deposits and lava flows

________ develop where oceanic lithosphere bends downward and sinks into the mantle. Deep ocean trenches Rift valleys on mid-ocean ridges Abyssal seamounts Submarine canyons

Deep ocean trenches

Which response best explains the absence of volcanoes and earthquakes at a passive continental margin? View Available Hint(s) Magma chambers along the margin have been emptied. Oceanic plates are being subducted beneath continental plates. Sediment from the continent has covered the volcanoes, preventing their eruption. This side of the continent is moving very slowly, so no earthquakes take place. Earthquakes and volcanoes are rare due to the distance from any active boundaries.

Earthquakes and volcanoes are rare due to the distance from any active boundaries.

Five layers of rock are cut by two faults. Both faults cut through all five layers of rock. Fault A breaks through to the surface, whereas fault B does not. Which of the following statements about faults A and B is most accurate? Fault A is younger than fault B, and both are younger than the five layers of rock. Faults A and B are about the same age, and both are younger than the five layers of rock. Fault A is younger than fault B, and both are older than the five layers of rock. Faults A and B are about the same age, and both are older than the five layers of rock.

Fault A is younger than fault B, and both are younger than the five layers of rock.

What type of magma erupts out of dome complexes? Mafelsic Felmafic magma Felsic magma Mafic magma

Felsic magma

What is the principle of cross-cutting relationships? Geologic features that cut through rocks must form before the rocks that they cut through. Geologic features that cut through rocks must form after the rocks that they cut through. Geologic features that cut through rocks must form at roughly the same time as the rocks that they cut through.

Geologic features that cut through rocks must form after the rocks that they cut through.

Which of the following statements is true for ocean gyres? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) Gyres rotate clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. Gyres are linear currents. Gyres occur deep within the ocean. Gyres occur at the ocean surface. Gyres rotate counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. Gyres are circular-moving currents.

Gyres rotate clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. Gyres occur at the ocean surface. Gyres are circular-moving currents.

________ tend to increase the explosive potential of a magma body beneath a volcano by the greatest amount. High viscosity and very low levels of dissolved gas High viscosity and lots of dissolved gas Low viscosity and lots of dissolved gas Low viscosity and very low levels of dissolved gas

High viscosity and lots of dissolved gas

In general, how often do most cinder cones erupt? Most cinder cones do not erupt. Most cinder cones erupt several times each decade. Most cinder cones erupt seasonally. Most cinder cones erupt annually. Most cinder cones erupt once.

Most cinder cones erupt once.

How can crashing, collapsing, storm waves generate explosive forces and stresses on rocky outcrops and manmade structures? Pressurized water and compressed air are driven into cracks and fissures. Oscillating, refractive waves shake the hard materials into small fragments. Backwash breaks out blocks of rock or concrete and carries them out to deeper water. all of the above

Pressurized water and compressed air are driven into cracks and fissures.

What information do geologists use to classify volcanoes? Color and type of deposits Shape and height of peak Height of peak and type of deposits Color and height of peak Shape and type of deposits

Shape and type of deposits

Which of the following are types of volcanoes? Choose all that apply. Cinder volcano Shield volcano Cinder cone Caldera Composite volcano

Shield volcano Cinder cone Composite volcano

What type of volcanoes are the tallest? Composite volcanoes Dome complexes Cinder cones Shield volcanoes

Shield volcanoes

Concerning the distribution of land and water, which of the following statements is true? The Southern Hemisphere has much more water surface than the Northern Hemisphere. The Northern Hemisphere has much more water surface than the Southern Hemisphere. The percentage of land and water is about the same in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. None of the above are true.

The Southern Hemisphere has much more water surface than the Northern Hemisphere.

Which of the following describes radioactive decay by beta particle emission? The mass number of the daughter isotope is one more than the parent and both isotopes have the same atomic number. The daughter isotope has an atomic number two less than the parent and a mass number four less. The daughter isotope has an atomic number one less than the parent and a mass number two less. The atomic number of the daughter isotope is one more than the parent; the mass numbers are the same.

The atomic number of the daughter isotope is one more than the parent; the mass numbers are the same

A fault (F) breaks three layers of sedimentary rock (S). An igneous intrusion (I1) has broken through the bottommost layer of rock. A second igneous intrusion (I2) has moved up the fault and pooled on top of the uppermost layer of rock. Which event would be considered the youngest? Faulting of rock along F is the youngest event. We know this because all three layers of sedimentary rock have been broken. The intrusion of I2 is the youngest event. We can know this because I2 sits on top of all other rocks. Deposition of the three sedimentary layers, S, is the youngest event. We know this because the fault underlies the igneous rocks. The intrusion of I1 or I2 is the youngest event. Without more information, we cannot know which igneous rock is youngest.

The intrusion of I1 or I2 is the youngest event. Without more information, we cannot know which igneous rock is youngest.

Why are shield volcanoes wider than composite volcanoes? The pyroclastic material that comes out of shield volcanoes is more fluid than the lava that flows out of composite volcanoes. The lava that flows out of shield volcanoes is less fluid than the lava that flows out of composite volcanoes. The pyroclastic material that comes out of shield volcanoes is less fluid than the lava that flows out of composite volcanoes. The lava that flows out of shield volcanoes is more fluid than the lava that flows out of composite volcanoes.

The lava that flows out of shield volcanoes is more fluid than the lava that flows out of composite volcanoes.

Why are high tides found simultaneously on opposite sides of Earth? The ocean water experiencing high tide rotates around Earth on a 12-hour cycle. The tidal bulges occur on both sides of Earth that are aligned with the tide-generating body. The tidal bulges occur on both sides of Earth that are perpendicular to the tide-generating body. The ocean water experiencing low tide rotates around Earth on a 12-hour cycle

The tidal bulges occur on both sides of Earth that are aligned with the tide-generating body.

If the wave period changes so that it is half its original value, how does this change the wavelength? View Available Hint(s) The wavelength will not be affected. The wavelength will be twice as long. The wavelength will be eight times as long. The wavelength will be four times as long. The wavelength will also be half as long.

The wavelength will also be half as long.

Part complete Why do the eras of the Phanerozoic eon all end with "zoic"? They are based on rock called zoisites. These eras were all first described near the London Zoo, so the names pay tribute to that location. "Zoic" means "time" in Latin. These names refer to life or living things; they invoke the changes in fossil organisms from one era to the next.

These names refer to life or living things; they invoke the changes in fossil organisms from one era to the next.

Which of the following is NOT true of deep ocean trenches? They are sites where plates plunge back into the mantle. They may act as sediment traps. They are geologically very stable. They are long and narrow depressions.

They are geologically very stable.

Which statement best explains the formation of seamounts? View Available Hint(s) They represent volcanoes along transform faults associated with divergent boundaries. They represent volcanoes situated over mantle plumes that have since moved away from their source of magma and subsided. They represent terranes that have yet to collide with a continental land mass. They represent areas where oceanic crust has subducted under other oceanic crust. They represent a submerged mountain range formed by the collision of continental plates.

They represent volcanoes situated over mantle plumes that have since moved away from their source of magma and subsided.

________ is a major dissolved volatile constituent in both magmas and volcanic gases. Carbon monoxide Methane Hydrogen chloride Water

Water

________ are usually the most abundant gases emitted during basaltic volcanism. Oxygen and nitrogen Water and carbon dioxide Chlorine and sodium Neon and ammonia

Water and carbon dioxide

When a headland of resistant bedrock extends out into the ocean, which statement best describes wave action in proximity to the headland? View Available Hint(s) Wave energy hits the headland directly. Wave energy acts to construct a headland. Wave energy is reflected off the headland. Wave energy is deflected away from the headland. Wave energy is focused on the headland.

Wave energy is focused on the headland.

How is the height of an ocean wave measured? View Available Hint(s) Wave height is measured vertically from the still water level to the crest. Wave height is measured horizontally from trough to trough. Wave height is measured vertically from trough to crest. Wave height is measured vertically from trough to still water level. Wave height is measured horizontally from crest to crest.

Wave height is measured vertically from trough to crest.

What happens to irregular coastlines over time? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) Wave refraction causes erosion of the headlands. Wave refraction causes erosion in bays. Wave refraction causes deposition in the headlands. Wave refraction causes deposition in the bays.

Wave refraction causes erosion of the headlands. Wave refraction causes deposition in the bays.

Which of the following is an example of an absolute date? View Available Hint(s) a basalt dike that is 34 million years old layers of folded metamorphic rocks that are older than an overlying limestone layer a granite pebble included within a younger sandstone layer a granite intrusion that is younger than the surrounding dolomite a shale that is older than a limestone

a basalt dike that is 34 million years old

Which feature would you expect to find at the mouth of a submarine canyon? View Available Hint(s) delta beach a deep sea fan talus slope alluvial fan

a deep sea fan

Match the ocean floor sediment with each phrase. a. biogenous b. terrigenous c. hydrogenous ________ calcareous ooze

a. biogenous

What are the names of the two types of lava flows? ash and pahoehoe rhyolite and basalt aa and pyroclastic aa and pahoehoe andesite and basalt

aa and pahoehoe

Which process is directly responsible for the development of notches, cliffs, and platforms? View Available Hint(s) reflection abrasion rip currents beach nourishment relocation

abrasion

At which type of tectonic setting would you expect the development of composite volcanoes? View Available Hint(s) mantle plume transform boundary collision zones between two continental plates subduction of a continental plate beneath an oceanic plate an oceanic plate subducted beneath a continental plate

an oceanic plate subducted beneath a continental plate

What type of lava is considered intermediate composition? basalt andesite pahoehoe rhyolite aa

andesite

Which of the following terms is an erosional feature on shorelines? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) arch cliff platform bar spit

arch cliff platform

Seamounts ________. are a special type of oceanic trench are volcanoes that form on the ocean floor are submarine canyons found near Australia form only in the Pacific Ocean basin

are volcanoes that form on the ocean floor

Match the ocean floor sediment with each phrase. a. biogenous b. terrigenous c. hydrogenous ________ abyssal plain clay

b. terrigenous

Match the ocean floor sediment with each phrase. a. biogenous b. terrigenous c. hydrogenous ________ quartz sand

b. terrigenous

Match the ocean floor sediment with each phrase. a. biogenous b. terrigenous c. hydrogenous ________ turbidite deposits

b. terrigenous

Which of the following terms is a depositional feature on shorelines? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) bar spit tombolo cliff platform

bar spit tombolo

Match the ocean floor sediment with each phrase. a. biogenous b. terrigenous c. hydrogenous ________ manganese nodule

c. hydrogenous

When a radioactive isotope decays by electron capture, the electron ________. combines with a neutron in the nucleus, raising the mass number of the daughter isotope by one makes the daughter isotope into an ion with a charge of positive one combines with a proton in the nucleus; the atomic number of the daughter is one less than the parent makes the parent isotope into an ion with a charge of negative one

combines with a proton in the nucleus; the atomic number of the daughter is one less than the parent

Which of the following best describes the coastal zone? View Available Hint(s) not affected by changes in mean sea level only affected by deep ocean currents generated through thermohaline circulation located in the interior of most continents composed of fragile, short-lived features that are inappropriate for development a stable feature that does not change

composed of fragile, short-lived features that are inappropriate for development

The most violent volcanic activity is associated with ________. cinder cones composite cones fissure eruptions shield volcanoes

composite cones

This is a photograph of Augustine volcano in Alaska. Judging by its shape, and the eruptive activity in the photo, what kind of volcano is it? cinder cone volcanic neck shield volcano composite volcano

composite volcano

Which of the following volcanic forms best describes large, nearly symmetrical structures composed of interbedded lavas and pyroclastic material primarily deposited from a central vent? shield volcanoes lapilli composite volcanoes cinder cones aa

composite volcanoes

What primary factors determine the nature of volcanic eruptions? composition density buoyancy dissolved gases temperature

composition dissolved gases temperature

Moving off the east coast of North America, identify the sequence of environments you would encounter as you move deeper into the Atlantic Ocean. View Available Hint(s) continental slope, continental shelf, continental rise, abyssal plain continental margin, mid-oceanic ridge, deep-ocean basin, abyssal plain continental margin, continental slope, continental rise, abyssal plain continental shelf, continental slope, mid-oceanic ridge, abyssal plain continental shelf, continental slope, continental rise, abyssal plain

continental shelf, continental slope, continental rise, abyssal plain

Which is not one of the three broad zones describing the ocean floor? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) mid-ocean ridge continental margin continental slope deep-ocean basin

continental slope

Which is not one of the three broad zones describing the ocean floor? View Available Hint(s) continental slope mid-oceanic ridge continental margin deep-ocean basin

continental slope

Which one of the following is NOT part of the continental margin? continental shelf continental trench continental rise continental slope

continental trench

What is the process by which geologists identify and match sedimentary strata and other rocks of the same ages in different areas? correlation cross-access dating strata indexing super matching

correlation

Which one of the following would most likely be covered with thick turbidite layers? upper part of a steep, narrow, submarine canyon axial rift zone of an active mid-ocean spreading center ocean floor around a conical-shaped seamount deep-sea fan at the base of a continental slope

deep-sea fan at the base of a continental slope

A(n) __________ exhibits sedimentary layers that are parallel to each other above and below an erosive surface. disconformity nonconformity angular unconformity conformable succession intrusive contac

disconformity

The presence of which one of the following would indicate that the land had been uplifted or that sea level had fallen? an estuary a tombolo elevated marine terrace a sea stack

elevated marine terrace

Waves begin to "feel bottom" when the depth of water is ________. equal to one-half the wavelength equal to the wavelength twice as great as the wavelength three times as great as the wavelength

equal to one-half the wavelength

While working in the field, you find a dike cutting across some sedimentary rocks. What grain size would you expect to find in this pluton? nonfoliated coarse-grained aa glass fine-grained

fine-grained

Where the atmosphere and ocean are in contact, energy is passed from the moving air to the water through ____________. radiation convection oscillation collision friction

friction

Manganese nodules are an example of ________. hydrogenous sediment biogenous sediment terrigenous sediment both terrigenous and biogenous sediment

hydrogenous sediment

In what ways can magma be generated from solid rock? Check all that apply. View Available Hint(s) increased temperature decrease in pressure increased pressure reduced water content added water content

increased temperature decrease in pressure added water content

What fundamental concept states that in a horizontal sequence of sedimentary rock layers, each higher bed is younger than the bed below it? law of superposition theory of correlative deposition law of original correlation theory of superstition

law of superposition

At which type of tectonic setting would you expect the development of shield volcanoes? View Available Hint(s) an oceanic plate subducted beneath a continental plate mantle plumes transform boundaries an oceanic plate subducted beneath an oceanic plate a continental plate colliding with a continental plate

mantle plumes

A sand bar that completely crosses a bay, sealing it off from the open ocean is a ________. coastal barrier tombolo sea stack none of these

none of these

The daily tidal range is LEAST during ________ tide. neap spring ebb none of these

neap

What do we call the tide that occurs when destructive interference between lunar and solar bulges produces a small tidal range? neap tide fall tide spring tide pean tide

neap tide

Which of the following terms are types of unconformities? Check all that apply. View Available Hint(s) conformity angular conformity nonconformity disconformity angular unconformity

nonconformity disconformity angular unconformity

One result of wave refraction is that wave energy is concentrated ________. in the recessed areas between headlands on headlands projecting into the water in estuaries none of the above

on headlands projecting into the water

The location of most volcanoes closely correlates with __________________. continental boundaries continental crust oceanic crust plate boundaries

plate boundaries

Which term is used by geologists to identify the time interval between the passage of successive wave crests or troughs? View Available Hint(s) drift period fetch wavelength heigh

period

Which of the following principles are key to relative dating? Check all that apply. View Available Hint(s) law of paleontology principle of cross-cutting relationships law of radioactivity law of superposition principle of original horizontality

principle of cross-cutting relationships law of superposition principle of original horizontality

The ________ is the concept that ancient life forms evolved in a definite order and therefore their fossils can help determine the geologic ages of strata. principle of cross correlation law of fossil regression law of correlative indexing principle of fossil succession

principle of fossil succession

Even if rock layers are presently folded, what law tells geologists that the rock layers were deformed after deposition? View Available Hint(s) principle of uniformitarianism principle of cross-cutting relationships principle of inclusions principle of original horizontality law of superposition

principle of original horizontality

Cinder cones are made of________. pyrobasalt deposits granite flows pyroclastic deposits basalt flows

pyroclastic deposits

What term describes hot mixtures of gas, ash, and pumice that race down the flanks of volcanoes at speeds up to 125 mi/hr? lava pyroclastic flow aa flow pahoehoe flow lahar

pyroclastic flow

Which type of volcanic hazard results in a very fast-moving cloud of super-heated ash and toxic gases? View Available Hint(s) bomb aa pyroclastic flows lahar flows pahoehoe

pyroclastic flows

Which of the following methods do coastal scientists consider the best permanent option to counteract beach erosion? View Available Hint(s) seawalls breakwaters jetties beach nourishment relocation of at-risk structures

relocation of at-risk structures

Which of the two following features compose a passive continental margin? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) accretionary wedge abyssal plain trench shelf slope

shelf slope

Mauna Loa, a volcano in Hawaii, is an excellent example of a ________. volcanic neck composite volcano cinder cone shield volcano

shield volcano

What is the term for a tabular igneous pluton that occurs in an orientation that is concordant with the bedding surfaces of adjacent sedimentary rocks? batholith stock sill dike laccolith

sill

Which one of the following salts is most abundant in seawater? sodium bicarbonate potassium bromide magnesium chloride sodium chloride

sodium chloride

What two elements make up the most abundant seawater salt? View Available Hint(s) potassium, bromine sodium, chlorine calcium, chlorine calcium, bromine magnesium, chlorine

sodium, chlorine

An echo sounder operates by measuring the time required for a ________. radar beam to travel from a ship to the seafloor and back radar beam to travel from a harbor patrol boat to a fuzz-buster on a speeding yacht light beam to travel from a satellite at a known altitude to the sea bottom and back sound pulse travels from a ship to the seafloor and back

sound pulse travels from a ship to the seafloor and back

A ridge of sand projecting into a bay and often having a hooked end is a ________. spit jetty groin sea stack

spit

Fetch is ________. the distance over which the wind blows over open water a method of shoreline erosion control the circular pattern made by water particles when a wave passes the distance between the trough of a wave and the still water level

the distance over which the wind blows over open water

Which of the following geologic observations would not bear directly on working out the sequence of geologic events in an area? a well-exposed dike of basalt in sandstone the feldspar and quartz contents of a granite inclusions of sandstone in a granite pluton an unconformity between a granite and sandstone

the feldspar and quartz contents of a granite

Which principle of relative age dating is important for determining the relative age of igneous rock that has intruded into overlying rock? the principle of cross-cutting relationships the principle of original horizontality the principle of intrusive relationships the principle of superposition

the principle of cross-cutting relationships

What are tides? the regular daily rises and falls in sea level caused by the gravitational attraction of the Moon on Earth the regular daily rises and falls in sea level caused by the gravitational attraction of the Moon and Sun on Earth the regular daily rises and falls in sea level caused by the gravitational attraction of the Sun on Earth the regular weekly rises and falls in sea level caused by the gravitational attraction of the Moon and Sun on Earth the regular weekly rises and falls in sea level caused by the gravitational attraction of the Moon on Earth

the regular daily rises and falls in sea level caused by the gravitational attraction of the Moon and Sun on Earth

A sand ridge connecting an island to the mainland or to another island is a ________. jetty tombolo breakwater sea stack

tombolo

A poleward-moving ocean current is ________. warm cold warm only in the Southern Hemisphere warm only in the Northern Hemisphere

warm

Catastrophism ________. was based on the belief that the earth was only a few thousand years old was a philosophy that was first expounded by the early Greeks is a modern term used to describe earthquakes and volcanic activity helped man understand the true nature of the forces that shaped the Grand Canyon

was based on the belief that the earth was only a few thousand years old