Test 3: Shoulder Projections and Positioning, Shoulder Girdle Chapter 5, Positioning Chapter 1, Positioning Chapter 3
Which projection of the shoulder requires that the patient be rotated approximately 60° toward the affected side from a PA position?
Lateral scapula projection
Inferosuperior axial (patient supine) projection, is done through what method?
Lawrence method
How do I know that I produced a good AP Internal Rotation Shoulder?
Lesser tubercle is in profile medially. You can see Scapulohumeral joint and site of insertion of the subscapular tendon when arm is flexed enough for the lesser tubercle to clear the scapular head. You will also see more overlap of humeral head and glenoid cavity.
Where is the CR centered for a transthoracic lateral projection?
Level of surgical neck
Where is the clavicle located?
Lies just above the first rib
Line
Linear elevation; not as prominent as a crest
Method
Refers to a specific radiographic projection developed by an individual
charge-coupled device
Used in digital fluoroscopy, replacing the image intensifier's tv camera tube (CCD)
View
Used to describe the body part as seen by the IR Exact opposite of projection, the preferred term in the United States
place markers on.___.of collimator border
edge
automatic exposure control
electrical system and device terminates exposure time after exact amount of radiation for a given body part has been detected
what exposure factor is used to control involuntary motion?
exposure time
what is the easiest and most convenient way to prevent the spread of microorganisms?
hand washing
Spongy bone
inner trabeculated portion of bone
What respiration phase is requested when the goal is to expand lung fields to the maximum event possible?
inspiration
what are the two phases of respiration?
inspiration and expiration
heart pulsation, chill, peristalsis, tremor, spasm, and pain; all produce motions that are.
involuntary
Is smooth muscle motion voluntary or involuntary?
involuntary (it's on your stomach but you don't tell your stomach to digest)
Is cardiac muscle motion voluntary or involuntary?
involuntary (you don't have to tell your heart to beat)
what bony landmarks are usually able to be felt on obese patients
jugular notch
What exposure factor controls radiographic contrast?
kilovolt peak (kVp)
list the three ways a patient's colon may be cleansed for an abdominal examination.
limited diet, laxatives, enemas
Recumbent position
lying down
Decubitus
lying down on side.
Dorsal recumbent position
lying on back
Ventral recumbent position
lying on front
Supine position
lying on the back
Prone position
lying on the front
enema
medicine taken anally
Xiphoid process on body
middle of ribs. Xavier punched me in the bread basket.
In an AP Clavicle, where should the CR be centered?
midshaft
distortion
misrepresentation of size or shape on any structure
when the radiologist is unable to see the patient, who is responsible for ensuring that an adequate clinical history accompanies the radiographs?
radiographer
how is the radiographic contrast affected when the radiation beam is restricted to only the area under examination?
radiographic contrast is increased because scatter radiation is reduced
Sim's position
recumbent with patient lying on left anterior side with left leg extended and right knee and thigh partially flexed. Legs are positioned kinda like you're running.
Position
refers to the specific placement of the body or patient
what is the major risk factor in transportation and transfer of obese patients
risk of injury
Open
serious fracture that does break through the skin
Displaced
serious fracture where bone does not retain in anatomic alignment
Bones are classified by _________
shape
What respiration procedure provides more lung motion rather than rib motion?
slow deep breathing
Identify the three types of muscular tissue and state the type of motion (voluntary or involuntary) associated with each
smooth, which is involuntary. Cardiac,which is involuntary and striated, which is voluntary.
Vertebra Prominems on body
spine bones on end of your neck
anatomic position
standing with face forward, palms forward and feet flat and forward.
Compact bone
strong, dense outer layer of bone
Physiology
studies the function of the structures
Osteology
study of bones
Anatomy
study of the structures
Lithotomy position
supine with knees and hips flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally, supported by ankle supports. Gynecologist like
Fowler's
supine with the head elevated
Trendelenburg
supine with the head lower than the feet
Is striated muscle motion voluntary or involuntary
voluntary (you have to tell your arm to move)
three guidelines for deterring when gonadal shielding should be used.
when gonads are close to primary X-ray field (5cm), when purpose of exam isn't compromised, and when patient has reasonable reproductive potential
describe how hand and foot radiographs should be displayed.
with digits pointing up and view from perspective of X-ray tube
Superior
Nearer the head or situated above
Proximal
Nearer to the point of attachment or origin
Tangential, supraspinatus outlet projection, is done through what method?
Neer method
Which of the following best demonstrates subacromial spurs?
Neer method
Protuberance
Projecting prominence
Epicondyle
Projection above a condyle
contrast
difference in density of any two areas
Which term describes the medial end of the clavicle?
Sternal extremity
Where is the Sternal Extremity of the clavicle located?
Sternal extremity (medial end) articulates with manubrium of sternum (SC joint)
Extension
Straightening of a joint
Joints are classified in what two ways?
Structural and Functional
How do I know that I produced a good Inferosuperior Axial Projection Clements Modifications Shoulder image?
Structures should look similar to other axillary methods.
What is the name of the large fossa found within the anterior surface of the scapula?
Subscapular fossa
Abdominal cavity contains
(My adominal cavity is happy because) (Ur) Ureters, (Lovely) Liver, (Grandmother)Gallbladder, (Kay) Kidneys, (Served)Stomach, (Me)Major blood vessels, (Sweet) Spleen, (incredible) intestines, (Pecan) Pancreas. (Pie) Peritoneum.
how should a posteroanterior projection radiograph of the chest be displayed on a viewing device
(facing) anatomic position
Where is the CR centered for an AC joint projection on a single 14´17-in (35´43-cm) image receptor?
1 in (2.5 cm) above the jugular notch
In an AP External Rotation Shoulder, where should the CR be centered?
1 inch inferior to the coracoid process
AP Neutral Rotation where should the CR be centered?
1" inferior to coracoid process.
In an AP Internal Rotation Shoulder, where should the CR be centered?
1" inferior to coracoid process.
In a Tangential - Bicipital Groove Shoulder, where should the CR be centered?
10 to 15 degrees posterior to the long axis of the humerus. perpendicular to the film when the patient is leaning 10 to 15-degrees.
How much CR angulation is recommended for an asthenic patient for an AP axial projection of the clavicle?
30°
How much posterior CR angulation is required for the supine version of the tangential projection for the intertubercular (bicipital) groove?
10° to 15°
What medial CR angle is required for the inferosuperior axial shoulder (Lawrence method) projection?
15° to 30°
Scapula has how many surfaces?
2, Costal (anterior) Dorsal (posterior)
How many bones comprise typical adult skeleton
206
what is the approximate distance of the pubic symphysis from the jugular notch on a patient who measures 5 feet 3 inches?
22 in
what is the minimum number of personnel that should be used to transfer a helpless patient from a gurney to the radiographic table?
4
Scapula has how many borders?
3, Lateral Medial Superior
Scapula has how many Angles?
3, Superior Inferior Lateral
central nervous system
controls movement of voluntary muscles
._____.inches SID = 1 meter
40
In a Superionferior Axial Shoulder, where should the CR be centered?
5 to 15 degrees angle through the shoulder joint toward the elbow.
Which of the following arm positions demonstrates the greater tubercle in profile medially?
A) External rotation B) Internal rotation C) Neutral rotation D) None of the above
Which of the following arm positions demonstrates the lesser tubercle in profile medially?
A) External rotation B) Internal rotation C) Neutral rotation D) None of the above
In a Scapular Y RAO/LAO Shoulder, where should the CR be centered?
perpendicular to scapulohumeral joint.
Fractures
A break in bone
Deviation
A turning away from the regular or standard course
Which ionization chamber(s) for the AEC should be used for a tangential projection for intertubercular groove?
A) Center chamber B) Both outside chambers C) Left chamber D) None of the above
Part "5" refers to the:
A) Coracoid process B) Superior border of scapula C) Lateral angle of scapula D) None of the above
Which of the following requires some decrease in manual exposure factors?
A) Osteoporosis B) Rheumatoid arthritis C) Osteoarthritis D) All of the above
Part "7" refers to the:
A) Scapulohumeral joint B) Glenohumeral joint C) Glenoid cavity or fossa D) All of the above
Shoulder Girdle Articulates with
Head of humerus (shoulder joint) and Manubrium of sternum (sternoclavicular [SC] joint)
A patient enters the ER with multiple injuries including a possible fracture of the left proximal humerus. Which positioning rotation should be performed to determine the extent of the humerus injury?
AP and horizontal beam transthoracic lateral shoulder
A patient comes to radiology for treatment of an arthritic condition of the right shoulder. The radiologist orders AP internal/external rotation projections as well as an inferosuperior axiolateral projection of the scapulohumeral joint. However, the patient can't abduct the arm for this projection. Which other projection will best demonstrate the scapulohumeral joint space?
AP oblique
How do I know I produced a good AP Scapula image?
AP of all of the Scapula visible through lungs with the lateral portion away from ribs and lungs.
What projection should be performed using a breathing technique?
AP scapula
A patient enters the ER with multiple injuries. The physician is concerned about a dislocation of the left proximal humerus. The patient is unable to stand. Which of the following routines is advisable to best demonstrate this condition?
AP shoulder and recumbent AP scapular Y projection
How do I position for an AP Internal Rotation Shoulder
Abduct and flex arm slightly. Internally rotate hand and arm to place dorsal hand ion the hip. Epicondyles perpendicular to IR.
How do I position for an AP External Rotation shoulder?
Abduct arm slightly. Hand is supinated with the Epicondyles parallel to IR. (Upright position is more comfortable for patient.)
How do I position for an Inferosuperior Lawrence Method Axial Shoulder?
Abduct the arm 90 degrees to body and in external rotation. Support arm on sponge. Turn head away from affected side.
What are the names of the two extremities of the clavicle?
Acromial Extremity and Sternal Extremity
Where is the Acromial Extremity of the clavicle located?
Acromial extremity (lateral end) articulates with acromion on scapula (AC joint)
Ellipsoid Joint
Allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction (Example: radiocarpal (wrist) joint)
Saddle Joint
Allows movement similar to ellipsoid, Difference is in the shape of the top (bottom of thumb)
Pivot Joint
Allows rotation around a single axis
ASRT
American Society of Radiologic Techs
ARRT
Americian Registry of Radiologic Techs
Dorsum
Anterior, or top, of the foot or the back of the hand
Sagital Plane
Any plane that divides the body left and right
A radiograph of an AP clavicle reveals that the sternal extremity is partially collimated off. What should the technologist do?
Ask the radiologist whether he or she wants the projection repeated
Peripheral
At or near the surface, edge, or outside of another body part
Lateral
Away from the median plane or away from the middle of a part
2 main divisions of skeleton
Axial and Appendicular
Answers to, Which of the following arm positions demonstrates the lesser tubercle in profile medially?
B
Sternal Angle on body
Bump below sternal notch
Posterior (dorsal)
Back part of body or part
Coracoid or coronoid
Beaklike or crownlike process
Flexion
Bending of a joint. Like your flexing
How do I know that I produced a good Tangential - Bicipital Groove Shoulder image?
Bicipital groove (intertubercular groove) in profile.
Oblique projection and position
Body is rotated so that the coronal plane is not parallel with the table or IR Named according to side and surface of body closer to table or IR (EX: RAO, LAO, LPO, and RPO)
Bilateral
Both Sides mirror each other
Expiration
Breathing out
Part "5" refers to the: Answer
D
Part "7" refers to the: Answer
D
Which ionization chamber(s) for the AEC should be used for a tangential projection for intertubercular groove? Answer
D
Which of the following requires some decrease in manual exposure factors? Answer
D
Answer to, Which of the following arm positions demonstrates the greater tubercle in profile medially?
D) None of the above - greater tubercle is in profile LATERALLY for an external rotation; LESSER tubercle is in profile medially for an internal rotation
Mastoid tip section
C1
Gonion section
C2 and C3
Hyoid bone section
C3 and C4
Thyroid Cartilage Section
C5
Vertebra Prominems section
C7 and T1. T 1s on your neck where you c 7.
Inferosuperior Axial Method Shoulder West Point Method where should the CR be centered?
CR 25 degrees anteriorly from the horizontal and 25-degrees medially. Enters 5" inferior and 1-1/2" medial to Acromion will exit through axilla
Tangential projection
CR directed along the outer margin of a curved body surface.
Oblique Projection
CR enters from side angle Entrance and exit surfaces still specified (e.g., PA oblique)
In an Inferosuperior Axial Projection Clements Modifications Shoulder, where should the CR be centered?
CR horizontal through axilla
In an AP/PA Clavicle, where do I center to CR?
CR perpendicular to film. Centered to midshaft.
Medullary Cavity
Central cavity or canal inside long bones
Circulation
Circular movement of a limb
Shoulder Girdle Consists of
Clavicle and Scapula
How do I know that I produced a good AP/PA Clavicle image?
Clavicle in center of cassette. Medial ½ of clavicle will superimpose thorax
How do I know that I produced a good AP Axial Clavicle image?
Clavicle projected free of the ribs (medial end over 1st or 2nd rib) PA Axial: Patient PA or Prone with the CR angled caudally 15 to 30 degrees
Fissure
Cleft or deep groove
4 types of fractures
Closed, Open, Nondisplaced and Displaced
Malleolus
Club-shaped process
CT
Computed Tomagraphy
Short bones basic facts
Consist mainly of cancellous bone with a thin outer layer of compact bone Example: carpal bones
Flat bones basic facts
Consist of two plates of compact bones Middle layer of cancellous bone called diploë Examples: sternum and cranium
What is the difference between the woman and males clavicle
Curve more pronounced in males than in females
A radiograph of an anterior oblique scapular Y position reveals that the scapula is situated slightly obliquely (the vertebral and axillary borders are not superimposed). The axillary border of the scapula is determined to be more lateral compared with the vertebral border. Which of the following modifications should be made for the repeat exposure?
Decrease obliquity of thorax
Projection
Defined as the path of the CR
Arthrology
Defined as the study of joints, or articulations, between bones
Medial Rotation
Turning of the body or part around its axis toward middle
Lateral Rotation
Turning of the body or part around its axis toward side
How do I position for a Lateral Scapula?
Erect RAO/LAO with affected side closest to IR Rotate the patient's unaffected side away from the IR so that the MCP form an angle of 45 to 60 degrees to the IR. ARM: Acromion & Coracoid: flex elbow and place the back of the hand on the back Body: arm up with forearm resting on head or across the chest grasping the other shoulder
How do I position for an AP/PA Clavicle?
Erect preferred.
How do I position for an AP Axial Clavicle?
Erect preferred. Patient placed in lordortic position.
How do I position for an AC Joint
Erect. AP with weights (5-10 lbs.) each tied to wrist. AP without weight.
Head (on bone)
Expanded end of a long bone
Before beginning a radiographic examination, what should the radiographer do to gain the cooperation of a coherent patient?
Explain the procedure
Processes or Projections
Extend beyond or project out from the main body of a bone
Appendicular
Extremities, shoulder, pelvic area and hip
True or False, Part "10" refers to the axillary angle of the scapula. Answer
False
True or False, Shuttering of direct digital images is an acceptable substitute for proper collimation
False
True or False, The erect tangential projection for the intertubercular groove results in about twice the skin dose compared with the same projection taken with the patient supine because of the shorter SOD (source-object distance) with the erect position.
False
True or False, A posterior dislocation of the shoulder occurs more frequently than an anterior dislocation.
False - 95% of shoulder dislocations are anterior
True or False, The Hill-Sachs defect is a fracture of the articular surface of the glenoid cavity
False - it is on the humeral head
True or False, The proper name for the AP oblique projection is the "Lawrence method."
False - it is the Grashey
True or False, The arm should be abducted about 45° for an AP scapula.
False - should be abducted 90 degrees
Deep
Far from the surface
Distal
Farthest from the point of attachment or origin
What are the three Structural groups?
Fibrous, Cartilaginous, and Synovial
Tangential, intertubercular groove projection, is done through what method?
Fisk method
Thoracic cavity contains
For our thoracic (Please) Pleural membranes, (Lets) Lungs, (each) Esophagus, (protect)Pericardium, (The)Trachea (heart and lungs) and Heart and great vessels
Hyper Extension
Forced or excessive straightening of a joint
Hyper Flexion
Forced over bending of a joint
Scapula forms what portion of the Shoulder Girdle?
Forms the posterior portion of the shoulder girdle
Anterior (ventral)
Forward or front part of the body or of a part
How do I position for a AP Oblique Grashey (Glenoid Cavity)
From AP Position Rotate patient 35 to 45-degrees toward the affected side. Abduct and internally rotate arm to place hand over abdomen. If supine rotate more
describe how lateral projection radiographs should be displayed
From perspective of the X-ray tube
Sulcus
Furrow or trench
Steps you take before obtaining an image.
Get the room as ready possible. (Get x ray detented or at least close to area) Greet patient (say hi my name is Shea and I'll be taking your images) Verify there information (I just need your name and DOB then check it against there tag and clip board) LMP Sheild there gonads And ask which side of the body is hurting.
What structure is not part of the proximal humerus?
Glenoid process
Posterior oblique, glenoid cavity projection, is done through what method?
Grashey method
Which of the following shoulder projections best demonstrates the scapulohumeral joint space?
Grashey method
How do I know that I produced a good Superionferior Axial Shoulder image?
Great position to include the entire humeral head and rib area. Structures should look similar to other axillary methods.
How do I know that I produced a good AP External Rotation Shoulder image?
Greater tubercle and Humeral head are in profile. You can Scapulohumeral joint. Area of subacromial bursae, site of insertion of supraspinatus tendon and a slight overlap of humeral head and glenoid cavity
A patient enters the ER with a possible bony defect or fracture of the mid-wing area of the scapula. The patient is able to stand. In addition to the routine AP scapula projection with arm abducted, which of the following would best demonstrate the involved area?
Have patient reach across the chest and grasp opposite shoulder for a lateral scapula projection
Foramen
Hole in a bone for transmission of vessels and nerves (hole for a man)
Depressions
Hollow or depressed areas
Hamulus
Hook-shaped process
Inferosuperior Lawrence Method Axial Shoulder where should the CR be centered?
Horizontally through the axilla trough AC joint area. Medial angulation 15 to 30-degrees
Horn
Hornlike process
Factors that control recorded detail
IP phosphor, screen, motion, distance, geometry and focal spot size
central ray is always centered to.______.
Image Receptor
lateral projection is marked as the side of the body closest to.____.
Image Receptor
What additional maneuver must be added to the inferosuperior axial shoulder (Lawrence method) projection to best demonstrate a possible Hill-Sach's defect?
Increase external rotation of the affected arm
A radiograph of an AP oblique projection for the glenoid cavity reveals that the anterior and posterior rims of the glenoid process are not superimposed. Which of the following modifications should produce a more acceptable image?
Increase obliquity of the body
What adjustment can be made by the radiographer to compensate for an increase in Object to Image Distance?
Increase the Source to Image Distance
Notch
Indentation in the border of a bone
Internal
Inside the body or part
Which AP projection of the shoulder and proximal humerus is created by placing the affected palm of the hand against the thigh?
Internal rotation
Which rotation of the humerus will result in a lateral position of the proximal humerus?
Internal rotation (epicondyles perpendicular to image receptor)
Inversion
Inward turning of the foot at the ankle
Which of the following modalities best demonstrates shoulder joint pathology such as rotator cuff tears using dynamic evaluation techniques during joint movements?
Ultrasound
Inferior costal (rib) margin section
L2, L3
Iliac Crest section
L4, L,5
Tuberosity
Large, rounded, and elevated process
Clavicle is classified as what type of bone?
Long Bone
Bone classifications
Long, Short, Flat, Irregular, and Sesamoid
Styloid Process
Long, pointed process
milliampere-second
Ma*time
A referring physician suspects that a subacromial spur may be the cause for a patient's arm numbness. She asks the technologist for a projection that would best demonstrate any possible spurs. Which of the following projections would accomplish this objective?
PA scapular Y lateral with 10° to 15° caudal angle
Central
Mid area or main part of an organ
central
Mid area or main part of an organ
Inferior
Nearer the feet or situated below
When tube is detented and correct height and CR isn't properly centered, how do I fix this problem
Move patient.
Abduction
Movement of a part away from the central axis of the body
Adduction
Movement of a part toward the central axis of the body
Superficial
Near the skin or surface
How much CR angulation should be used for a scapular Y projection?
No CR angle should be used
A patient enters the ER with a possible AC joint separation. The patient is paraplegic; therefore, the study can't be done erect. Which of the following routines would be performed to diagnose this condition
Non-weight-bearing and weight-bearing type projections performed with the patient recumbent by pulling down on the shoulders
Factors that mAs affect in digital imaging
OD, image noise, and patient dose
two factors that control radiographic magnification
OID, and SID
Anything between PA and lateral, or AP and lateral, is automatically what type of angle?
Oblique
Unilateral
One Side
Contralateral
Opposite sides
External
Outside the body or part
Eversion
Outward turning of the foot at the ankle
How do I position for an AP Neutral Rotation?
Palm of hand against thigh. Epicondyles form a 45-degree angle to IR. (Just have them relax with arm by side)
Palmar
Palm of the hand
Caudad
Parts away from the head of the body
Cephalad
Parts toward the head
anteroposterior
Passing from front to rear
How do I position for an Superionferior Axial Shoulder
Patient extends arm over edge of table. Flex elbow 90 degrees and pronate hand Curved cassette preferred to eliminate OID
How do I position for AP Scapula?
Patient is AP with arm abducted to a right angle with the body to draw the scapula laterally. The elbow is flexed. The top of the IR should be @ 2" above the top of the Shoulder.
Left Lateral decubitus
Patient is laying down on their left side
Right Lateral decubitus
Patient is laying down on their right side
AP position
Patient is positioned standing up with their back to the image receptor
Left lateral position
Patient is positioned with left side on IR.
Right lateral position
Patient is positioned with right side on IR
PA position
Patient is positioned with their back towards you.
How do I position for an Inferosuperior Axial Method Shoulder West Point Method?
Patient prone. Abduct arm 90-degrees to body. Arm dangles off stretcher to the floor.
How do I position for an Inferosuperior Axial Projection Clements Modifications Shoulder?
Patient recumbent lateral. Affected side up. Abduct arm 90- degrees and extend arm towards ceiling
Left posterior oblique
Patient's left side and back is closer to the machine
Left anterior oblique
Patient's left side and front is closer to the machine
Right posterior oblique
Patient's right side and back is closer to the machine
Right anterior oblique position
Patient's right side and front is closer to the machine
Hinge Joint
Permits flexion and extension only (Examples: elbow and knee)
Ball and Socket Joint
Permits widest range of motion (Examples: hip and shoulder)
Transthoracic Lateral Lawrence Method Shoulder where should the CR be centered?
Perpendicular to surgical neck. Angle 10 to 15-degrees cephalad if unable to lift arm.
Fossa
Pit, fovea, or hollow space
Mid-Coronal
Plane that divides the body front and back directly in the middle
Coronal Plane
Plane that divides the body front and back. (same as Frontal Plane)
Mid-Sagital
Plane that divides the body left and right directly in the middle
Horizontal/Transverse/ Axial Plane
Plane that divides the body top and bottom
A radiograph for an AP projection of the proximal humerus reveals that the greater tubercle is profiled laterally. What should be changed to improve this image for a repeat exposure?
Positioning is acceptable; don't repeat it
Bone Markings and Features are classified into what categories?
Processes or Projections, Depressions and Fractures
five ways voluntary motion can be controlled by a radiographer
Provide patient comfort by applying immobilization and adjusting support devices, then give clear instructions and decrease exposure time
Greater trochanter - pubic symphysis and coccyx on body
Pubic symphysis the bone near the pubics, Coccyx is the lowest bone in the sacrum (alien looking thingy) Greater Trochanter is top bony sections leg near private area.
Sinus
Recess, groove, cavity, or hollow space
Pelvic portion contains
Rectum, Urinary bladder, and parts of the reproductive system
peristalsis
Rhythmic motion of smooth muscle
Crest
Ridgelike process
external rotation
Rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body.
internal rotation
Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body.
Pronation
Rotation of forearm so that the palm is down. Like a Pro basketball player.
Supination
Rotation of forearm so that the palm is up. Like you're holding soup.
Condyle
Rounded process at an articular end
ASIS section (Anterior Superior Iliac Spine)
S1, S2. Remember two S's in Asis so that gives you S1 and S2 s is for sacrum
Ipsilateral
Same Side
Which joint is considered to have a spheroidal type of movement?
Scapulohumeral joint
How do I position for a Tangential - Bicipital Groove Shoulder
Several versions - AP with cassette touching top of shoulder vertically. Standing method with patient learning over cassette (Fisk).
Groove
Shallow linear channel
Spine (process)
Sharp process
Inferior Angle of the Scapula
Under scapula. Bottom of where it sticks out.
How do I know that I produced a good Inferosuperior Axial Method Shoulder West Point Method
Shoulder joint. Structures similar to other axillary methods. Bony abnormalities of the anterior inferior rim
Gliding Joint
Simplest synovial joint
Tubercle
Small, rounded, and elevated process
Facet
Small, smooth-surfaced articular process
Plantar
Sole of the foot
What are the three functional groups?
Synarthroses, Amphiarthroses and Diarthroses
2" above Jugular and sternal notch section
T1
Jugular and sternal notch section
T2 and T3
Sternal Angle section
T4 and T5
Inferior Angle of the Scapula section
T7. Make T 7 with your arm to see it.
Xiphoid process section
T9 and 10. X=10 in Roman numerals.
How do I position for an Transthoracic Lateral Lawrence Method Shoulder?
Upright Lateral whenever possible but can do x-table. Affected side against wall bucky. Raise unaffected arm up and rest arm on head.
Lordotic
Upright position in which the patient is leaning backward. Remember Chest Pop
The anterior surface of the scapula is referred to as:
The costal surface
Visceral
The covering of an organ
How do I position for a Scapular Y RAO/LAO Shoulder?
Upright with anterior side of injured shoulder against the IR. Rotate patient away from the affected side so that MCP forms and angle of 45 to 60 to IR.
A radiograph of a transthoracic lateral projection reveals that it is difficult to visualize the proximal humerus due to the ribs and lung markings. The following exposure factors were used: 75 kVp, 30 mAs, 40-in (102-cm) SID, grid, suspended respiration. Which of the following changes will improve the quality of the image?
Use a breathing technique
AP projection
The projection goes through from the front to the back
PA projection
The projection goes through from their back to their front.
Why is it necessary to ensure that any folds in cloth gowns are straightened out before making the radiographic exposure?
To prevent shadows
Parietal
The wall or lining of a body cavity
Medial
Toward the median plane of the body or toward the middle of a body part
Caudal
Towards feet
Cephalic
Towards head
Tilt
Tipping or slanting a body part slightly
Shoulder Girdle Function
To connect the upper limb to the trunk of the body
Scapula is what shape?
Triangular
True or False, AP with a 0° CR angle and AP axial with a 15° to 30° CR cephalic angle are both common basic or routine projections for the clavicles in a majority of U.S. and Canadian hospitals.
True
True or False, All of the joints of the shoulder girdle are diarthrodial.
True
True or False, All radiographs yield some degree of magnification
True
True or False, Creating an image using a larger than required field size is a violation of the ASRT Code of Ethics
True
True or False, Part "4" refers to the greater tubercle. Answer
True
True or False, The female clavicle is usually shorter and less curved than that of the male.
True
True or False, The recommended SID for AC joints is 72 in (183 cm).
True
True or False, For a Grashey method projection of the shoulder, the CR is centered to the scapulohumeral joint.
True - the scapulohumeral joint can be found 2" medial and 2" inferior to the superolateral border of the shoulder
Meatus
Tubelike passageway
US
Ultra Sound
Axial projection
Vertical angle of CR of 10 degrees or more caudal
Sesamoid bones basic facts
Very small and oval Develop inside and beside tendons Protect the tendon from excessive wear Largest is patella
Inferosuperior axial (patient prone) projection, is done through what method?
West Point method
Which of the following projections best demonstrates a Bankart lesion?
West Point method
magnification
distortion which makes image appear larger
How do I know that I produced a good AP Neutral Rotation
You will be able to see Humeral head in partial profile and Posterior part of the supraspinatus insertion which can profile small calcific deposits
How do I know that I produced a good Transthoracic Lateral Lawrence Method Shoulder
You will be able to see Lateral image of shoulder and proximal humerous. You will also see the Scapula in the spine and the unaffected clavicle and humerous above the affected shoulder.
How do I know that I produced a good AP Oblique Grashey (Glenoid Cavity) image?
You will see Rotation will place the scapula parallel to the film and Head of humerus is in contact with cassette.
How do I know that I produced a good Scapular Y RAO/LAO Shoulder image?
You will see Scapula in lateral profile and will demonstrate subacromial (posterior) or subcoracoid (anterior dislocations of the humeral head.
How do I know that I produced a good AC Joint image?
You will see Separation of AC joint. Shield thyroid
How do I know that I produced a good Lawrence Method Axial Shoulder
You'll see the Scapulohumeral joint, AC joint, Lateral portion of the coracoid. The Lesser tubercle will be in profile. You will see the Insertion site of the subscapular tendon on the lesser tubercle and Insertion point of teres minor tendon on the greater tubercle.
image receptor
a device that receives the energy of the X-ray beam to produce an image
placement of the marker on the boarder of the collimated field, acceptable or unacceptable?
acceptable
Name of Shoulder Girdle articulation
acromioclavicular [AC] joint)
Five factors that control or affect shape distortion
alignment, angulation, anatomic part, central ray, and IR
ASRT
american society of radiologic technologists
describe two most common ways that lateral decubitus radiographs are displayed
anatomic position, or in the way the IR was positioned when exposure happened
which term (antiseptic or disinfectant) classifies isopropyl alcohol?
antiseptic
When using film/screen cassettes or computed radiography imaging plates, how is the field size limited to prevent overexposing the patient?
automatic collimator automatically adjusts to size of the IR
Inferior costal (rib) margin on body
below ribs.
outline of bone will be.___. if patient is moving
blurry
Gonion on body
bottom end of jaw under the ear. Also known as Mandibular Angle.
Inspiration
breathing in
What are 5 types of Image Receptors?
cassette with film, image plate, solid state detectors, portable direct radiography, and fluoroscopic screen
disinfectant
chemical substance that kills pathogenic bacteria (chlorine)
antiseptic
chemical substance that slows growth of pathogenic microorganisms without necessarily killing them
outline of bone will be.___. if patient is not moving
clear
the single most effective way to control voluntary motion
clear instructions
optical density
degree of blackening
what devices must be removed from patient when the skull is examined?
dentures, bridgework, earrings, necklaces, hairpins, and glasses
Scapula is classified as what type of bone?
flat bone
Long bones basic facts
found only in limbs Consist of body and two enlarged articular ends Examples: femur and humerus
Closed
fracture that doesn't break through the skin
Nondisplaced
fracture where bone retains normal alignment
what protective apparel should radiographers wear if the possibility of touching blood exists?
gloves
Axial has
head, neck, and trunk
some examinations require an additional marker to indicate the._____.after the introduction of a contrast medium.
increased time
How have equipment manufacturers responded to the growing obesity problem in US?
increased weight limits to 700 lbs
Jugular and Sternal Notch on body
indention in the middle of the clavicle
what information should be included in a procedures book that identifies each exam performed in the radiography department?
outline of procedures, number of staff required and their duties,and a list of required sterile and non sterile items
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, all human blood and bodily fluids should be treated as if the contain?
pathogenic microorganisms
four items of identification information that should be on every radiograph
patients name, date of exam, institutional identity, and side marker
Irregular bones basic facts
peculiarly shaped Examples: vertebrae and facial bones
central ray is always._____.to structure being angled
perpendicular
In an AP Scapula, where do I center the CR?
perpendicular @ 2" inferior to the coracoid process
In an AP Oblique Grashey (Glenoid Cavity), where should the CR be centered?
perpendicular to glenoid cavity. 2" medial and 2" inferior to the superior lateral border of the shoulder.
In an AC Joint projection, where should the CR be centered?
perpendicular to midline of body at the level of the AC joint.
radiolucent
term meaning X-rays can go through it
radiopaque
term meaning it absorbs the X-ray and they can't go through it
recorded detail
the ability to visualize small structures
sterilization
the destruction of all microorganisms
disinfection
the process of killing only pathogenic microorganisms
Which body parts are most affected, in terms of increased size, by morbid obesity
thorax, stomach, and colon
Iliac crest on body
tip of hips
ASIS on body (Anterior Superior Iliac Spine)
top two sections of the sacrum.
Periosteum
tough fibourous membrane that covers the bone, except where bone is covered by articular cartilage
True or False, In direct digital imaging, the field size or collimation must be manually adjusted
true
placement of the marker on anatomy of interest is, acceptable or unacceptable?
unacceptable
use of electronic insertion of the side marker in digital imaging is, acceptable or unacceptable?
unacceptable
writing the side marker on hard copy images is, acceptable or unacceptable?
unacceptable
Mastoid tip on body
under bottom of ear
Hyoid Bone on body
under chin, back of throat
Thyroid Cartilage on body
under hyoid bone. Remember Hi ty