Test 3: Shoulder Projections and Positioning, Shoulder Girdle Chapter 5, Positioning Chapter 1, Positioning Chapter 3

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Which projection of the shoulder requires that the patient be rotated approximately 60° toward the affected side from a PA position?

Lateral scapula projection

Inferosuperior axial (patient supine) projection, is done through what method?

Lawrence method

How do I know that I produced a good AP Internal Rotation Shoulder?

Lesser tubercle is in profile medially. You can see Scapulohumeral joint and site of insertion of the subscapular tendon when arm is flexed enough for the lesser tubercle to clear the scapular head. You will also see more overlap of humeral head and glenoid cavity.

Where is the CR centered for a transthoracic lateral projection?

Level of surgical neck

Where is the clavicle located?

Lies just above the first rib

Line

Linear elevation; not as prominent as a crest

Method

Refers to a specific radiographic projection developed by an individual

charge-coupled device

Used in digital fluoroscopy, replacing the image intensifier's tv camera tube (CCD)

View

Used to describe the body part as seen by the IR Exact opposite of projection, the preferred term in the United States

place markers on.___.of collimator border

edge

automatic exposure control

electrical system and device terminates exposure time after exact amount of radiation for a given body part has been detected

what exposure factor is used to control involuntary motion?

exposure time

what is the easiest and most convenient way to prevent the spread of microorganisms?

hand washing

Spongy bone

inner trabeculated portion of bone

What respiration phase is requested when the goal is to expand lung fields to the maximum event possible?

inspiration

what are the two phases of respiration?

inspiration and expiration

heart pulsation, chill, peristalsis, tremor, spasm, and pain; all produce motions that are.

involuntary

Is smooth muscle motion voluntary or involuntary?

involuntary (it's on your stomach but you don't tell your stomach to digest)

Is cardiac muscle motion voluntary or involuntary?

involuntary (you don't have to tell your heart to beat)

what bony landmarks are usually able to be felt on obese patients

jugular notch

What exposure factor controls radiographic contrast?

kilovolt peak (kVp)

list the three ways a patient's colon may be cleansed for an abdominal examination.

limited diet, laxatives, enemas

Recumbent position

lying down

Decubitus

lying down on side.

Dorsal recumbent position

lying on back

Ventral recumbent position

lying on front

Supine position

lying on the back

Prone position

lying on the front

enema

medicine taken anally

Xiphoid process on body

middle of ribs. Xavier punched me in the bread basket.

In an AP Clavicle, where should the CR be centered?

midshaft

distortion

misrepresentation of size or shape on any structure

when the radiologist is unable to see the patient, who is responsible for ensuring that an adequate clinical history accompanies the radiographs?

radiographer

how is the radiographic contrast affected when the radiation beam is restricted to only the area under examination?

radiographic contrast is increased because scatter radiation is reduced

Sim's position

recumbent with patient lying on left anterior side with left leg extended and right knee and thigh partially flexed. Legs are positioned kinda like you're running.

Position

refers to the specific placement of the body or patient

what is the major risk factor in transportation and transfer of obese patients

risk of injury

Open

serious fracture that does break through the skin

Displaced

serious fracture where bone does not retain in anatomic alignment

Bones are classified by _________

shape

What respiration procedure provides more lung motion rather than rib motion?

slow deep breathing

Identify the three types of muscular tissue and state the type of motion (voluntary or involuntary) associated with each

smooth, which is involuntary. Cardiac,which is involuntary and striated, which is voluntary.

Vertebra Prominems on body

spine bones on end of your neck

anatomic position

standing with face forward, palms forward and feet flat and forward.

Compact bone

strong, dense outer layer of bone

Physiology

studies the function of the structures

Osteology

study of bones

Anatomy

study of the structures

Lithotomy position

supine with knees and hips flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally, supported by ankle supports. Gynecologist like

Fowler's

supine with the head elevated

Trendelenburg

supine with the head lower than the feet

Is striated muscle motion voluntary or involuntary

voluntary (you have to tell your arm to move)

three guidelines for deterring when gonadal shielding should be used.

when gonads are close to primary X-ray field (5cm), when purpose of exam isn't compromised, and when patient has reasonable reproductive potential

describe how hand and foot radiographs should be displayed.

with digits pointing up and view from perspective of X-ray tube

Superior

Nearer the head or situated above

Proximal

Nearer to the point of attachment or origin

Tangential, supraspinatus outlet projection, is done through what method?

Neer method

Which of the following best demonstrates subacromial spurs?

Neer method

Protuberance

Projecting prominence

Epicondyle

Projection above a condyle

contrast

difference in density of any two areas

Which term describes the medial end of the clavicle?

Sternal extremity

Where is the Sternal Extremity of the clavicle located?

Sternal extremity (medial end) articulates with manubrium of sternum (SC joint)

Extension

Straightening of a joint

Joints are classified in what two ways?

Structural and Functional

How do I know that I produced a good Inferosuperior Axial Projection Clements Modifications Shoulder image?

Structures should look similar to other axillary methods.

What is the name of the large fossa found within the anterior surface of the scapula?

Subscapular fossa

Abdominal cavity contains

(My adominal cavity is happy because) (Ur) Ureters, (Lovely) Liver, (Grandmother)Gallbladder, (Kay) Kidneys, (Served)Stomach, (Me)Major blood vessels, (Sweet) Spleen, (incredible) intestines, (Pecan) Pancreas. (Pie) Peritoneum.

how should a posteroanterior projection radiograph of the chest be displayed on a viewing device

(facing) anatomic position

Where is the CR centered for an AC joint projection on a single 14´17-in (35´43-cm) image receptor?

1 in (2.5 cm) above the jugular notch

In an AP External Rotation Shoulder, where should the CR be centered?

1 inch inferior to the coracoid process

AP Neutral Rotation where should the CR be centered?

1" inferior to coracoid process.

In an AP Internal Rotation Shoulder, where should the CR be centered?

1" inferior to coracoid process.

In a Tangential - Bicipital Groove Shoulder, where should the CR be centered?

10 to 15 degrees posterior to the long axis of the humerus. perpendicular to the film when the patient is leaning 10 to 15-degrees.

How much CR angulation is recommended for an asthenic patient for an AP axial projection of the clavicle?

30°

How much posterior CR angulation is required for the supine version of the tangential projection for the intertubercular (bicipital) groove?

10° to 15°

What medial CR angle is required for the inferosuperior axial shoulder (Lawrence method) projection?

15° to 30°

Scapula has how many surfaces?

2, Costal (anterior) Dorsal (posterior)

How many bones comprise typical adult skeleton

206

what is the approximate distance of the pubic symphysis from the jugular notch on a patient who measures 5 feet 3 inches?

22 in

what is the minimum number of personnel that should be used to transfer a helpless patient from a gurney to the radiographic table?

4

Scapula has how many borders?

3, Lateral Medial Superior

Scapula has how many Angles?

3, Superior Inferior Lateral

central nervous system

controls movement of voluntary muscles

._____.inches SID = 1 meter

40

In a Superionferior Axial Shoulder, where should the CR be centered?

5 to 15 degrees angle through the shoulder joint toward the elbow.

Which of the following arm positions demonstrates the greater tubercle in profile medially?

A) External rotation B) Internal rotation C) Neutral rotation D) None of the above

Which of the following arm positions demonstrates the lesser tubercle in profile medially?

A) External rotation B) Internal rotation C) Neutral rotation D) None of the above

In a Scapular Y RAO/LAO Shoulder, where should the CR be centered?

perpendicular to scapulohumeral joint.

Fractures

A break in bone

Deviation

A turning away from the regular or standard course

Which ionization chamber(s) for the AEC should be used for a tangential projection for intertubercular groove?

A) Center chamber B) Both outside chambers C) Left chamber D) None of the above

Part "5" refers to the:

A) Coracoid process B) Superior border of scapula C) Lateral angle of scapula D) None of the above

Which of the following requires some decrease in manual exposure factors?

A) Osteoporosis B) Rheumatoid arthritis C) Osteoarthritis D) All of the above

Part "7" refers to the:

A) Scapulohumeral joint B) Glenohumeral joint C) Glenoid cavity or fossa D) All of the above

Shoulder Girdle Articulates with

Head of humerus (shoulder joint) and Manubrium of sternum (sternoclavicular [SC] joint)

A patient enters the ER with multiple injuries including a possible fracture of the left proximal humerus. Which positioning rotation should be performed to determine the extent of the humerus injury?

AP and horizontal beam transthoracic lateral shoulder

A patient comes to radiology for treatment of an arthritic condition of the right shoulder. The radiologist orders AP internal/external rotation projections as well as an inferosuperior axiolateral projection of the scapulohumeral joint. However, the patient can't abduct the arm for this projection. Which other projection will best demonstrate the scapulohumeral joint space?

AP oblique

How do I know I produced a good AP Scapula image?

AP of all of the Scapula visible through lungs with the lateral portion away from ribs and lungs.

What projection should be performed using a breathing technique?

AP scapula

A patient enters the ER with multiple injuries. The physician is concerned about a dislocation of the left proximal humerus. The patient is unable to stand. Which of the following routines is advisable to best demonstrate this condition?

AP shoulder and recumbent AP scapular Y projection

How do I position for an AP Internal Rotation Shoulder

Abduct and flex arm slightly. Internally rotate hand and arm to place dorsal hand ion the hip. Epicondyles perpendicular to IR.

How do I position for an AP External Rotation shoulder?

Abduct arm slightly. Hand is supinated with the Epicondyles parallel to IR. (Upright position is more comfortable for patient.)

How do I position for an Inferosuperior Lawrence Method Axial Shoulder?

Abduct the arm 90 degrees to body and in external rotation. Support arm on sponge. Turn head away from affected side.

What are the names of the two extremities of the clavicle?

Acromial Extremity and Sternal Extremity

Where is the Acromial Extremity of the clavicle located?

Acromial extremity (lateral end) articulates with acromion on scapula (AC joint)

Ellipsoid Joint

Allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction (Example: radiocarpal (wrist) joint)

Saddle Joint

Allows movement similar to ellipsoid, Difference is in the shape of the top (bottom of thumb)

Pivot Joint

Allows rotation around a single axis

ASRT

American Society of Radiologic Techs

ARRT

Americian Registry of Radiologic Techs

Dorsum

Anterior, or top, of the foot or the back of the hand

Sagital Plane

Any plane that divides the body left and right

A radiograph of an AP clavicle reveals that the sternal extremity is partially collimated off. What should the technologist do?

Ask the radiologist whether he or she wants the projection repeated

Peripheral

At or near the surface, edge, or outside of another body part

Lateral

Away from the median plane or away from the middle of a part

2 main divisions of skeleton

Axial and Appendicular

Answers to, Which of the following arm positions demonstrates the lesser tubercle in profile medially?

B

Sternal Angle on body

Bump below sternal notch

Posterior (dorsal)

Back part of body or part

Coracoid or coronoid

Beaklike or crownlike process

Flexion

Bending of a joint. Like your flexing

How do I know that I produced a good Tangential - Bicipital Groove Shoulder image?

Bicipital groove (intertubercular groove) in profile.

Oblique projection and position

Body is rotated so that the coronal plane is not parallel with the table or IR Named according to side and surface of body closer to table or IR (EX: RAO, LAO, LPO, and RPO)

Bilateral

Both Sides mirror each other

Expiration

Breathing out

Part "5" refers to the: Answer

D

Part "7" refers to the: Answer

D

Which ionization chamber(s) for the AEC should be used for a tangential projection for intertubercular groove? Answer

D

Which of the following requires some decrease in manual exposure factors? Answer

D

Answer to, Which of the following arm positions demonstrates the greater tubercle in profile medially?

D) None of the above - greater tubercle is in profile LATERALLY for an external rotation; LESSER tubercle is in profile medially for an internal rotation

Mastoid tip section

C1

Gonion section

C2 and C3

Hyoid bone section

C3 and C4

Thyroid Cartilage Section

C5

Vertebra Prominems section

C7 and T1. T 1s on your neck where you c 7.

Inferosuperior Axial Method Shoulder West Point Method where should the CR be centered?

CR 25 degrees anteriorly from the horizontal and 25-degrees medially. Enters 5" inferior and 1-1/2" medial to Acromion will exit through axilla

Tangential projection

CR directed along the outer margin of a curved body surface.

Oblique Projection

CR enters from side angle Entrance and exit surfaces still specified (e.g., PA oblique)

In an Inferosuperior Axial Projection Clements Modifications Shoulder, where should the CR be centered?

CR horizontal through axilla

In an AP/PA Clavicle, where do I center to CR?

CR perpendicular to film. Centered to midshaft.

Medullary Cavity

Central cavity or canal inside long bones

Circulation

Circular movement of a limb

Shoulder Girdle Consists of

Clavicle and Scapula

How do I know that I produced a good AP/PA Clavicle image?

Clavicle in center of cassette. Medial ½ of clavicle will superimpose thorax

How do I know that I produced a good AP Axial Clavicle image?

Clavicle projected free of the ribs (medial end over 1st or 2nd rib) PA Axial: Patient PA or Prone with the CR angled caudally 15 to 30 degrees

Fissure

Cleft or deep groove

4 types of fractures

Closed, Open, Nondisplaced and Displaced

Malleolus

Club-shaped process

CT

Computed Tomagraphy

Short bones basic facts

Consist mainly of cancellous bone with a thin outer layer of compact bone Example: carpal bones

Flat bones basic facts

Consist of two plates of compact bones Middle layer of cancellous bone called diploë Examples: sternum and cranium

What is the difference between the woman and males clavicle

Curve more pronounced in males than in females

A radiograph of an anterior oblique scapular Y position reveals that the scapula is situated slightly obliquely (the vertebral and axillary borders are not superimposed). The axillary border of the scapula is determined to be more lateral compared with the vertebral border. Which of the following modifications should be made for the repeat exposure?

Decrease obliquity of thorax

Projection

Defined as the path of the CR

Arthrology

Defined as the study of joints, or articulations, between bones

Medial Rotation

Turning of the body or part around its axis toward middle

Lateral Rotation

Turning of the body or part around its axis toward side

How do I position for a Lateral Scapula?

Erect RAO/LAO with affected side closest to IR Rotate the patient's unaffected side away from the IR so that the MCP form an angle of 45 to 60 degrees to the IR. ARM: Acromion & Coracoid: flex elbow and place the back of the hand on the back Body: arm up with forearm resting on head or across the chest grasping the other shoulder

How do I position for an AP/PA Clavicle?

Erect preferred.

How do I position for an AP Axial Clavicle?

Erect preferred. Patient placed in lordortic position.

How do I position for an AC Joint

Erect. AP with weights (5-10 lbs.) each tied to wrist. AP without weight.

Head (on bone)

Expanded end of a long bone

Before beginning a radiographic examination, what should the radiographer do to gain the cooperation of a coherent patient?

Explain the procedure

Processes or Projections

Extend beyond or project out from the main body of a bone

Appendicular

Extremities, shoulder, pelvic area and hip

True or False, Part "10" refers to the axillary angle of the scapula. Answer

False

True or False, Shuttering of direct digital images is an acceptable substitute for proper collimation

False

True or False, The erect tangential projection for the intertubercular groove results in about twice the skin dose compared with the same projection taken with the patient supine because of the shorter SOD (source-object distance) with the erect position.

False

True or False, A posterior dislocation of the shoulder occurs more frequently than an anterior dislocation.

False - 95% of shoulder dislocations are anterior

True or False, The Hill-Sachs defect is a fracture of the articular surface of the glenoid cavity

False - it is on the humeral head

True or False, The proper name for the AP oblique projection is the "Lawrence method."

False - it is the Grashey

True or False, The arm should be abducted about 45° for an AP scapula.

False - should be abducted 90 degrees

Deep

Far from the surface

Distal

Farthest from the point of attachment or origin

What are the three Structural groups?

Fibrous, Cartilaginous, and Synovial

Tangential, intertubercular groove projection, is done through what method?

Fisk method

Thoracic cavity contains

For our thoracic (Please) Pleural membranes, (Lets) Lungs, (each) Esophagus, (protect)Pericardium, (The)Trachea (heart and lungs) and Heart and great vessels

Hyper Extension

Forced or excessive straightening of a joint

Hyper Flexion

Forced over bending of a joint

Scapula forms what portion of the Shoulder Girdle?

Forms the posterior portion of the shoulder girdle

Anterior (ventral)

Forward or front part of the body or of a part

How do I position for a AP Oblique Grashey (Glenoid Cavity)

From AP Position Rotate patient 35 to 45-degrees toward the affected side. Abduct and internally rotate arm to place hand over abdomen. If supine rotate more

describe how lateral projection radiographs should be displayed

From perspective of the X-ray tube

Sulcus

Furrow or trench

Steps you take before obtaining an image.

Get the room as ready possible. (Get x ray detented or at least close to area) Greet patient (say hi my name is Shea and I'll be taking your images) Verify there information (I just need your name and DOB then check it against there tag and clip board) LMP Sheild there gonads And ask which side of the body is hurting.

What structure is not part of the proximal humerus?

Glenoid process

Posterior oblique, glenoid cavity projection, is done through what method?

Grashey method

Which of the following shoulder projections best demonstrates the scapulohumeral joint space?

Grashey method

How do I know that I produced a good Superionferior Axial Shoulder image?

Great position to include the entire humeral head and rib area. Structures should look similar to other axillary methods.

How do I know that I produced a good AP External Rotation Shoulder image?

Greater tubercle and Humeral head are in profile. You can Scapulohumeral joint. Area of subacromial bursae, site of insertion of supraspinatus tendon and a slight overlap of humeral head and glenoid cavity

A patient enters the ER with a possible bony defect or fracture of the mid-wing area of the scapula. The patient is able to stand. In addition to the routine AP scapula projection with arm abducted, which of the following would best demonstrate the involved area?

Have patient reach across the chest and grasp opposite shoulder for a lateral scapula projection

Foramen

Hole in a bone for transmission of vessels and nerves (hole for a man)

Depressions

Hollow or depressed areas

Hamulus

Hook-shaped process

Inferosuperior Lawrence Method Axial Shoulder where should the CR be centered?

Horizontally through the axilla trough AC joint area. Medial angulation 15 to 30-degrees

Horn

Hornlike process

Factors that control recorded detail

IP phosphor, screen, motion, distance, geometry and focal spot size

central ray is always centered to.______.

Image Receptor

lateral projection is marked as the side of the body closest to.____.

Image Receptor

What additional maneuver must be added to the inferosuperior axial shoulder (Lawrence method) projection to best demonstrate a possible Hill-Sach's defect?

Increase external rotation of the affected arm

A radiograph of an AP oblique projection for the glenoid cavity reveals that the anterior and posterior rims of the glenoid process are not superimposed. Which of the following modifications should produce a more acceptable image?

Increase obliquity of the body

What adjustment can be made by the radiographer to compensate for an increase in Object to Image Distance?

Increase the Source to Image Distance

Notch

Indentation in the border of a bone

Internal

Inside the body or part

Which AP projection of the shoulder and proximal humerus is created by placing the affected palm of the hand against the thigh?

Internal rotation

Which rotation of the humerus will result in a lateral position of the proximal humerus?

Internal rotation (epicondyles perpendicular to image receptor)

Inversion

Inward turning of the foot at the ankle

Which of the following modalities best demonstrates shoulder joint pathology such as rotator cuff tears using dynamic evaluation techniques during joint movements?

Ultrasound

Inferior costal (rib) margin section

L2, L3

Iliac Crest section

L4, L,5

Tuberosity

Large, rounded, and elevated process

Clavicle is classified as what type of bone?

Long Bone

Bone classifications

Long, Short, Flat, Irregular, and Sesamoid

Styloid Process

Long, pointed process

milliampere-second

Ma*time

A referring physician suspects that a subacromial spur may be the cause for a patient's arm numbness. She asks the technologist for a projection that would best demonstrate any possible spurs. Which of the following projections would accomplish this objective?

PA scapular Y lateral with 10° to 15° caudal angle

Central

Mid area or main part of an organ

central

Mid area or main part of an organ

Inferior

Nearer the feet or situated below

When tube is detented and correct height and CR isn't properly centered, how do I fix this problem

Move patient.

Abduction

Movement of a part away from the central axis of the body

Adduction

Movement of a part toward the central axis of the body

Superficial

Near the skin or surface

How much CR angulation should be used for a scapular Y projection?

No CR angle should be used

A patient enters the ER with a possible AC joint separation. The patient is paraplegic; therefore, the study can't be done erect. Which of the following routines would be performed to diagnose this condition

Non-weight-bearing and weight-bearing type projections performed with the patient recumbent by pulling down on the shoulders

Factors that mAs affect in digital imaging

OD, image noise, and patient dose

two factors that control radiographic magnification

OID, and SID

Anything between PA and lateral, or AP and lateral, is automatically what type of angle?

Oblique

Unilateral

One Side

Contralateral

Opposite sides

External

Outside the body or part

Eversion

Outward turning of the foot at the ankle

How do I position for an AP Neutral Rotation?

Palm of hand against thigh. Epicondyles form a 45-degree angle to IR. (Just have them relax with arm by side)

Palmar

Palm of the hand

Caudad

Parts away from the head of the body

Cephalad

Parts toward the head

anteroposterior

Passing from front to rear

How do I position for an Superionferior Axial Shoulder

Patient extends arm over edge of table. Flex elbow 90 degrees and pronate hand Curved cassette preferred to eliminate OID

How do I position for AP Scapula?

Patient is AP with arm abducted to a right angle with the body to draw the scapula laterally. The elbow is flexed. The top of the IR should be @ 2" above the top of the Shoulder.

Left Lateral decubitus

Patient is laying down on their left side

Right Lateral decubitus

Patient is laying down on their right side

AP position

Patient is positioned standing up with their back to the image receptor

Left lateral position

Patient is positioned with left side on IR.

Right lateral position

Patient is positioned with right side on IR

PA position

Patient is positioned with their back towards you.

How do I position for an Inferosuperior Axial Method Shoulder West Point Method?

Patient prone. Abduct arm 90-degrees to body. Arm dangles off stretcher to the floor.

How do I position for an Inferosuperior Axial Projection Clements Modifications Shoulder?

Patient recumbent lateral. Affected side up. Abduct arm 90- degrees and extend arm towards ceiling

Left posterior oblique

Patient's left side and back is closer to the machine

Left anterior oblique

Patient's left side and front is closer to the machine

Right posterior oblique

Patient's right side and back is closer to the machine

Right anterior oblique position

Patient's right side and front is closer to the machine

Hinge Joint

Permits flexion and extension only (Examples: elbow and knee)

Ball and Socket Joint

Permits widest range of motion (Examples: hip and shoulder)

Transthoracic Lateral Lawrence Method Shoulder where should the CR be centered?

Perpendicular to surgical neck. Angle 10 to 15-degrees cephalad if unable to lift arm.

Fossa

Pit, fovea, or hollow space

Mid-Coronal

Plane that divides the body front and back directly in the middle

Coronal Plane

Plane that divides the body front and back. (same as Frontal Plane)

Mid-Sagital

Plane that divides the body left and right directly in the middle

Horizontal/Transverse/ Axial Plane

Plane that divides the body top and bottom

A radiograph for an AP projection of the proximal humerus reveals that the greater tubercle is profiled laterally. What should be changed to improve this image for a repeat exposure?

Positioning is acceptable; don't repeat it

Bone Markings and Features are classified into what categories?

Processes or Projections, Depressions and Fractures

five ways voluntary motion can be controlled by a radiographer

Provide patient comfort by applying immobilization and adjusting support devices, then give clear instructions and decrease exposure time

Greater trochanter - pubic symphysis and coccyx on body

Pubic symphysis the bone near the pubics, Coccyx is the lowest bone in the sacrum (alien looking thingy) Greater Trochanter is top bony sections leg near private area.

Sinus

Recess, groove, cavity, or hollow space

Pelvic portion contains

Rectum, Urinary bladder, and parts of the reproductive system

peristalsis

Rhythmic motion of smooth muscle

Crest

Ridgelike process

external rotation

Rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body.

internal rotation

Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body.

Pronation

Rotation of forearm so that the palm is down. Like a Pro basketball player.

Supination

Rotation of forearm so that the palm is up. Like you're holding soup.

Condyle

Rounded process at an articular end

ASIS section (Anterior Superior Iliac Spine)

S1, S2. Remember two S's in Asis so that gives you S1 and S2 s is for sacrum

Ipsilateral

Same Side

Which joint is considered to have a spheroidal type of movement?

Scapulohumeral joint

How do I position for a Tangential - Bicipital Groove Shoulder

Several versions - AP with cassette touching top of shoulder vertically. Standing method with patient learning over cassette (Fisk).

Groove

Shallow linear channel

Spine (process)

Sharp process

Inferior Angle of the Scapula

Under scapula. Bottom of where it sticks out.

How do I know that I produced a good Inferosuperior Axial Method Shoulder West Point Method

Shoulder joint. Structures similar to other axillary methods. Bony abnormalities of the anterior inferior rim

Gliding Joint

Simplest synovial joint

Tubercle

Small, rounded, and elevated process

Facet

Small, smooth-surfaced articular process

Plantar

Sole of the foot

What are the three functional groups?

Synarthroses, Amphiarthroses and Diarthroses

2" above Jugular and sternal notch section

T1

Jugular and sternal notch section

T2 and T3

Sternal Angle section

T4 and T5

Inferior Angle of the Scapula section

T7. Make T 7 with your arm to see it.

Xiphoid process section

T9 and 10. X=10 in Roman numerals.

How do I position for an Transthoracic Lateral Lawrence Method Shoulder?

Upright Lateral whenever possible but can do x-table. Affected side against wall bucky. Raise unaffected arm up and rest arm on head.

Lordotic

Upright position in which the patient is leaning backward. Remember Chest Pop

The anterior surface of the scapula is referred to as:

The costal surface

Visceral

The covering of an organ

How do I position for a Scapular Y RAO/LAO Shoulder?

Upright with anterior side of injured shoulder against the IR. Rotate patient away from the affected side so that MCP forms and angle of 45 to 60 to IR.

A radiograph of a transthoracic lateral projection reveals that it is difficult to visualize the proximal humerus due to the ribs and lung markings. The following exposure factors were used: 75 kVp, 30 mAs, 40-in (102-cm) SID, grid, suspended respiration. Which of the following changes will improve the quality of the image?

Use a breathing technique

AP projection

The projection goes through from the front to the back

PA projection

The projection goes through from their back to their front.

Why is it necessary to ensure that any folds in cloth gowns are straightened out before making the radiographic exposure?

To prevent shadows

Parietal

The wall or lining of a body cavity

Medial

Toward the median plane of the body or toward the middle of a body part

Caudal

Towards feet

Cephalic

Towards head

Tilt

Tipping or slanting a body part slightly

Shoulder Girdle Function

To connect the upper limb to the trunk of the body

Scapula is what shape?

Triangular

True or False, AP with a 0° CR angle and AP axial with a 15° to 30° CR cephalic angle are both common basic or routine projections for the clavicles in a majority of U.S. and Canadian hospitals.

True

True or False, All of the joints of the shoulder girdle are diarthrodial.

True

True or False, All radiographs yield some degree of magnification

True

True or False, Creating an image using a larger than required field size is a violation of the ASRT Code of Ethics

True

True or False, Part "4" refers to the greater tubercle. Answer

True

True or False, The female clavicle is usually shorter and less curved than that of the male.

True

True or False, The recommended SID for AC joints is 72 in (183 cm).

True

True or False, For a Grashey method projection of the shoulder, the CR is centered to the scapulohumeral joint.

True - the scapulohumeral joint can be found 2" medial and 2" inferior to the superolateral border of the shoulder

Meatus

Tubelike passageway

US

Ultra Sound

Axial projection

Vertical angle of CR of 10 degrees or more caudal

Sesamoid bones basic facts

Very small and oval Develop inside and beside tendons Protect the tendon from excessive wear Largest is patella

Inferosuperior axial (patient prone) projection, is done through what method?

West Point method

Which of the following projections best demonstrates a Bankart lesion?

West Point method

magnification

distortion which makes image appear larger

How do I know that I produced a good AP Neutral Rotation

You will be able to see Humeral head in partial profile and Posterior part of the supraspinatus insertion which can profile small calcific deposits

How do I know that I produced a good Transthoracic Lateral Lawrence Method Shoulder

You will be able to see Lateral image of shoulder and proximal humerous. You will also see the Scapula in the spine and the unaffected clavicle and humerous above the affected shoulder.

How do I know that I produced a good AP Oblique Grashey (Glenoid Cavity) image?

You will see Rotation will place the scapula parallel to the film and Head of humerus is in contact with cassette.

How do I know that I produced a good Scapular Y RAO/LAO Shoulder image?

You will see Scapula in lateral profile and will demonstrate subacromial (posterior) or subcoracoid (anterior dislocations of the humeral head.

How do I know that I produced a good AC Joint image?

You will see Separation of AC joint. Shield thyroid

How do I know that I produced a good Lawrence Method Axial Shoulder

You'll see the Scapulohumeral joint, AC joint, Lateral portion of the coracoid. The Lesser tubercle will be in profile. You will see the Insertion site of the subscapular tendon on the lesser tubercle and Insertion point of teres minor tendon on the greater tubercle.

image receptor

a device that receives the energy of the X-ray beam to produce an image

placement of the marker on the boarder of the collimated field, acceptable or unacceptable?

acceptable

Name of Shoulder Girdle articulation

acromioclavicular [AC] joint)

Five factors that control or affect shape distortion

alignment, angulation, anatomic part, central ray, and IR

ASRT

american society of radiologic technologists

describe two most common ways that lateral decubitus radiographs are displayed

anatomic position, or in the way the IR was positioned when exposure happened

which term (antiseptic or disinfectant) classifies isopropyl alcohol?

antiseptic

When using film/screen cassettes or computed radiography imaging plates, how is the field size limited to prevent overexposing the patient?

automatic collimator automatically adjusts to size of the IR

Inferior costal (rib) margin on body

below ribs.

outline of bone will be.___. if patient is moving

blurry

Gonion on body

bottom end of jaw under the ear. Also known as Mandibular Angle.

Inspiration

breathing in

What are 5 types of Image Receptors?

cassette with film, image plate, solid state detectors, portable direct radiography, and fluoroscopic screen

disinfectant

chemical substance that kills pathogenic bacteria (chlorine)

antiseptic

chemical substance that slows growth of pathogenic microorganisms without necessarily killing them

outline of bone will be.___. if patient is not moving

clear

the single most effective way to control voluntary motion

clear instructions

optical density

degree of blackening

what devices must be removed from patient when the skull is examined?

dentures, bridgework, earrings, necklaces, hairpins, and glasses

Scapula is classified as what type of bone?

flat bone

Long bones basic facts

found only in limbs Consist of body and two enlarged articular ends Examples: femur and humerus

Closed

fracture that doesn't break through the skin

Nondisplaced

fracture where bone retains normal alignment

what protective apparel should radiographers wear if the possibility of touching blood exists?

gloves

Axial has

head, neck, and trunk

some examinations require an additional marker to indicate the._____.after the introduction of a contrast medium.

increased time

How have equipment manufacturers responded to the growing obesity problem in US?

increased weight limits to 700 lbs

Jugular and Sternal Notch on body

indention in the middle of the clavicle

what information should be included in a procedures book that identifies each exam performed in the radiography department?

outline of procedures, number of staff required and their duties,and a list of required sterile and non sterile items

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, all human blood and bodily fluids should be treated as if the contain?

pathogenic microorganisms

four items of identification information that should be on every radiograph

patients name, date of exam, institutional identity, and side marker

Irregular bones basic facts

peculiarly shaped Examples: vertebrae and facial bones

central ray is always._____.to structure being angled

perpendicular

In an AP Scapula, where do I center the CR?

perpendicular @ 2" inferior to the coracoid process

In an AP Oblique Grashey (Glenoid Cavity), where should the CR be centered?

perpendicular to glenoid cavity. 2" medial and 2" inferior to the superior lateral border of the shoulder.

In an AC Joint projection, where should the CR be centered?

perpendicular to midline of body at the level of the AC joint.

radiolucent

term meaning X-rays can go through it

radiopaque

term meaning it absorbs the X-ray and they can't go through it

recorded detail

the ability to visualize small structures

sterilization

the destruction of all microorganisms

disinfection

the process of killing only pathogenic microorganisms

Which body parts are most affected, in terms of increased size, by morbid obesity

thorax, stomach, and colon

Iliac crest on body

tip of hips

ASIS on body (Anterior Superior Iliac Spine)

top two sections of the sacrum.

Periosteum

tough fibourous membrane that covers the bone, except where bone is covered by articular cartilage

True or False, In direct digital imaging, the field size or collimation must be manually adjusted

true

placement of the marker on anatomy of interest is, acceptable or unacceptable?

unacceptable

use of electronic insertion of the side marker in digital imaging is, acceptable or unacceptable?

unacceptable

writing the side marker on hard copy images is, acceptable or unacceptable?

unacceptable

Mastoid tip on body

under bottom of ear

Hyoid Bone on body

under chin, back of throat

Thyroid Cartilage on body

under hyoid bone. Remember Hi ty


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