ap euro midterm
the institutes of the christian religion
john calvin's formulation of christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for protestantism
True
Households of 18th century Northwestern Europe were typically nuclear rather than extended.
took over much of the East Indies from Portugal.
In the seventeenth century, the Dutch East India Company
abolishing all of the old noble and church privileges.
In the wake of the Great Fear in the summer of 1789, the National Assembly restored order by
14th century
In what century did the Renaissance begin?
russia
Name one region that remained politically fragmented by the end of the 18th century.
thermidorian reaction
Name the final phase of the French Revolution that ended the Reign of Terror in July 1794.
luddites
Name the group of angry workers who smashed the factory machinery that they believed were putting them out of work
First estate - Clergy (those who pray), Second Estate - nobility (those who fight), Third estate, everyone else (those who labor)
Name the groups that represent the First, Second, and Third Estates respectively.
catherine the great
Name the so-called "enlightened" ruler of Russia (r.1762-1796).
wet nursing
Name the widespread and flourishing "business" in the 18th century in which women were paid to breast-feed other women's babies.
Galileo Galilei and Nicholas Copernicus
Name two major contributors to the Scientific Revolution
continental system
This system created by Napoleon cut off all British trade with the continent.
peace of utrecht
This treaty ended the War of Spanish Succession (1713), established the boundaries for empire in the 18th century, and was violated by Frederick II in 1740.
war of austrian succession
This war was the opening encounter to the series of colonial and trade wars that occurred throughout the 18th century.
great britain
What country assumed the status as a world power after the Seven Years' War (and French and Indian War)?
great britain
What country became a world power following the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War)?
islands off the coast of japan
What did Columbus believe he had found when he arrived in the Caribbean?
It divided the Atlantic Ocean, giving Spain control of everything west of an imaginary line and Portugal everything east of the line.
What did the Treaty of Tordesillas accomplish?
putting out system
This system involved the agents of textile merchants arranging for peasants to spin wool into thread, another family of peasants weaving it into a finished product, and the merchant selling the finishing product.
Treaty of Westphalia.
This treaty ended the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) and thus the major wars of religion.
Treaty of Westphalia
This treaty ended the Thirty Years' War (1648), allowed each German ruler to determine the religion of his land, and gave legal recognition to the Calvinists.
Tennis Court Oath; Storming of the Bastille; Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen; France declares war on Austria
Place the following events in order from earliest to latest: Storming of the Bastille; Tennis Court Oath; France declares war on Austria; Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Seven Years' War
The French and Indian War in North America was a continuation of this war in Europe
declared all men and women to be equal.
The National Assembly that ruled France from 1789 to 1791 passed laws that
Phillip II
The Netherlands revolted against which Spanish monarch in the second half of the 16th century?
the dynastic and romantic concerns of Henry VIII.
The Reformation in England was primarily the result of
The king's plans to reassert his authority were forestalled, permitting the National Assembly to continue its work.
The attack on the Bastille had what political effect?
John Calvin
Followers of this man believed that society required a complete moral transformation and only the "elect" go to heaven
luther understood the power of the new printing press and authorized the publication of his works
what aided martin luther as his call for reform emerged?
a lengthy civil war
what did the saint bartholomew's day massacre lead to
14th century
what century did the renaissance begin
politiques
what was the name given to the Catholic and Huguenot mdoerates in France?
salvation came through faith alone as a free gift of God's grace
which of the following best describes Martin Luther's doctrine of salvation?
country experienced debt, and there was a loss of workers
List two reactions to the plague
absolutism
Term referring to monarchial power being ordained by God
Louis XIV
This monarch revoked the Edict of Nantes in 1685.
huguenots
french calvinists
They traded for slaves with local leaders.
How did Portuguese merchants obtain most of their slaves in Africa?
continental system
A blockade imposed by Napoleon to halt all trade between continental Europe and Britain, thereby weakening the British economy and military
estates general
A legislative body in prerevolutionary France made up of representatives of each of the three classes, or estates; it was called into session in 1789 for the first time since 1614
girondists
A moderate group that fought for control of the French National Convention in 1793
jacobin club
A political club in Revolutionary France whose members were well-educated radical republicans
thermidorean reaction
A reaction to the violence of the Reign of Terror in 1794, resulting in the execution of Robespierre and the loosening of economic controls.
ptolemy's geography
A second-century work that synthesized the classical knowledge of geography and introduced the concepts of longitude and latitude. Reintroduced to Europeans in 1410 by Arab scholars, its ideas allowed cartographers to create more accurate maps
caravel
A small, maneuverable, three-mast sailing ship developed by the Portuguese in the fifteenth century that gave the Portuguese a distinct advantage in exploration and trade.
encomienda system
A system whereby the Spanish crown granted the conquerors the right to forcibly employ groups of Indians; it was a disguised form of slaver
black africans
After losing access to slave trading from the Black Sea, the Genoese obtained which of the following as slaves?
mexican empire
Also known as the Aztec Empire, a large and complex Native American civilization in modern Mexico and Central America that possessed advanced mathematical, astronomical, and engineering technology
became either Lutheran or Catholic, depending on the preference of their prince.
As a result of the Peace of Augsburg, the people of Germany
It harnessed the explosive forces of a planned economy, revolutionary terror, and modern nationalism into a total war effort.
By July 1794, how had the central government in Paris managed to reassert control over the provinces and gain momentum against the First Coalition?
Locke believed in a limited government (social contract theory), while Hobbes believed in a tightly ruled government by an absolute ruler
Contrast the views of Locke and Hobbes
Promulgated by Henry IV in 1598; recognized Huguenot religious freedoms and the rights of Protestants to participate in French public institutions
Discuss the Edict of Nantes. What ruler created in? What was its general premise?
napoleonic code
French civil code promulgated in 1804 that reasserted the 1789 principles of the equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property, as well as the restriction of rights accorded to women by previous revolutionary laws
politiques
French rulers who tended to subordinate theological doctrine to political unity, and worked for a strong government. They helped restore order in France after the religious wars and the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.
second revolution
From 1792 to 1795, the second phase of the French Revolution, during which the fall of the French monarchy introduced a rapid radicalization of politics
They presented themselves as liberators to the peasants and middle class but seemed more like foreign invaders as they requisitioned food and supplies and plundered local treasure.
How did French armies during the French Revolution offer a mixed message to the people they conquered?
The great distance of the Pacific convinced the Spanish to abandon efforts to trade in Asia and develop their American colonies instead.
How did Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe affect Spanish colonization?
He appealed both to disillusioned revolutionaries and members of the old nobility and offered them high posts in the expanding centralized state.
How did Napoleon consolidate his rule?
Negatively; felt that it promoted intolerance, bigotry, suffering, and war; Practiced Deism
How did many of the philosophes view Christianity? What alternative enlightenment religion did many of them follow?
Hard work, well done, was pleasing to God, and all work with a religious aspect was dignified.
How did the Calvinists understand the idea of work or labor?
. The Catholic Church gained the right to practice religion freely, while the French state gained greater control over the nomination of church officers and church activities.
How did the Concordat resolve the crisis over Catholicism in France in the Napoleonic era?
Renaissance came later in the North; northern humanists came from more diverse backgrounds and were more devoted to religious reforms; different patronage of the arts (tapestries and furnishings in the North, more Greek and Roman inspired art in Italy - more religious art)
How did the Northern Renaissance differ from the Italian Renaissance? Provide three examples.
The monarchy established intendants with broad administrative and financial authority who were responsible directly to the monarchy.
How did the Spanish monarchy seek to maintain control over its colonies?
The political leader(s) of the territory or region determined whether to introduce reforms
How did the choice to embrace or reject the reform movement occur in a territory or region in the Holy Roman Empire?
Marriage became virtually the only occupation for upper-class women.
How did the closing of the monasteries and convents affect upper-class women?
They were younger and less cautious; many joined political clubs.
How did the delegates to the Legislative Assembly that convened in October 1791 differ from the delegates to the Estates General/National Assembly?
The Spanish crown granted conquerors the right to employ or demand tribute from groups of Native Americans in exchange for providing food and shelter.
How did the encomienda system function?
Ptolemy asserted that the world was much smaller than it actually is, indicating that Asia was not far removed from Europe to the west.
How did the introduction of Ptolemy's Geography mislead European cartographers?
Initially pleased by the revolution's weakening of France, they came to feel threatened by its increasingly radical message.
How did the reaction of kings and nobles in continental Europe toward the French Revolution change over the revolution's first two years?
The Inquisition effectively destroyed heresy within the Papal States but had little influence elsewhere.
How widespread was the influence of the Inquisition?
Securing reconciliation with the Protestants
In addition to reforming the church, what was the other goal of the Council of Trent?
The Portuguese, the Spanish, and the Dutch
In chronological order, what were the three successive commercial empires established by Europeans in the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries?
was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes
In religious affairs, Elizabeth I of England followed a policy that
absolutism
In the 17th century, England moved toward constitutionalism while France moved toward
Voting for representatives would be restricted to men of property.
In the eighteenth century, many liberal thinkers believed that representative institutions could defend the liberty and interests of the people. What did this mean in terms of political practice?
High infant mortality rate
It has been argued that preindustrial European families had neglectful or uncaring attitudes toward children. According to historians, why did they have this attitude?
detract from the sovereignty of God.
John Calvin rejected the idea of free will because he believe it would
the mountain
Led by Robespierre, the French National Convention's radical faction, which seized legislative power in 1793.
Increase military power, establish a navy, secure warm water ports, tame the boyars, streltsy, and nobility, Westernize russia
List three goals of Peter the Great
determination to lead a moderate life; determination to lead a promiscuous life; flee; flagellation; isolating oneself
List three reactions to the plague.
religious toleration and trade and manufacture
List two characteristics of a strong, prosperous country during the 18th century
Financial Crisis and The Enlightenment
List two problems of the French monarchy in the late 18th century that led to the French Revolution.
In his 95 Theses Luther complained about how the general public had to pay for indulgences.
List two problems within the Catholic Church that led to the Reformation.
The believers in the Catholic Church had to pay for indulgences and the church was taking their money for themselves and not using it on the right things.
List two problems within the Catholic Church that led to the Reformation.
agricultural output was low compared to modern standards and most farmers battled with maintaining an adequate food supply due to famine.
List two reasons why the Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain.
a spiritual priesthood of all Christian believers
Luther believed that the church consisted of
95 Theses
Martin Luther's "list" of challenges to the Catholic Church, specifically the practice of selling indulgences.
prince henry
Portugal's participation in European expansion was given critical support by
The Northern Renaissance art and the type of humanism that they believed in was different. They believed in civic humanism and still placed some power in the church.
Provide one example of how the Northern Renaissance differed from the Italian Renaissance.
conquistador
Spanish for "conqueror"; Spanish soldier explorers, such as Hernando Cortés and Francisco Pizarro, who sought to conquer the New World for the Spanish crown
family economy
Term applied to the shift that occurred among northwestern European families in which they focused on earning wages instead of producing goods for household consumption.
industrious revolution
Term applied to the shift that occurred among northwestern European families in which they focused on earning wages instead of producing goods for household consumption.
treaty of tordesillas
The 1494 agreement giving Spain everything to the west of an imaginary line drawn down the Atlantic and giving Portugal everything to the east
Putting out system - cottage industry
The 18th century system of rural industry in which a merchant loaned raw materials to workers, who processed them in their own homes and returned the finished products to the merchant
the true strength of the French nation.
The Abbé Sieyès considered the third estate
confidence among Calvinists in their own salvation.
The Calvinist doctrine of predestination led to a
equality before the law.
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen guaranteed
Indian Ocean trade
The European voyages of the fifteenth century were derived from a desire to share in the wealth of the
false (parents practiced rather harsh discipline and the new discourse that emerged was to treat children with more love and tenderness
The discipline of children in the 17th and early 18th centuries was lacking, whereas the new discourse about children that emerged in the 1760s called for harsher treatment and discipline.
resulted from Henry VIII's desire to confiscate their wealth.
The dissolution of the English monasteries
grand empire
The empire over which Napoleon and his allies ruled, encompassing virtually all of Europe except Great Britain and Russia
columbian exchange
The exchange of animals, plants, and diseases between the Old and New worlds
great fear
The fear of noble reprisals against peasant uprisings that seized the French countryside and led to further revolt.
national assembly
The first French revolutionary legislature, made up primarily of representatives of the third estate and a few from the nobility and clergy, in session from 1789 to 1791
liberty, equality, fraternity."
The ideals of the French Revolution were encapsulated in the phrase
liberty, equality, fraternity
The ideals of the French Revolution were encapsulated in what phrase or motto?
sans-culottes
The laboring poor of Paris, so called because the men wore trousers instead of the knee breeches of the aristocracy and middle class; the word came to refer to the militant radicals of the cit
Russia, Austria, Prussia, Great Britain
The last coalition against Napoleon in 1814 consisted of what four countries?
everyone who was not a noble or member of the clergy.
The legal definition of the composition of the prerevolutionary third estate included
viceroyalites
The name for the four administrative units of Spanish possessions in the Americas: New Spain, Peru, New Granada, and La Plata.
reign of terror
The period from 1793 to 1794 during which Robespierre's Committee of Public Safety tried and executed thousands suspected of treason and a new revolutionary culture was imposed
gold and spices
The phase of European discovery and exploration that occurred during the Renaissance was prompted by the quest for these two items
gold and spices
The phase of European discovery and exploration that occurred during the Renaissance was prompted mainly by the quest for
patriotism and the superior numbers supplied by the draft.
The string of French military victories after the winter of 1793-94 owed largely to
putting out system
The system in which textile merchants would arrange for peasants to spin wool into thread and then into a finished product.
estates
The three legal categories, or orders, of France's inhabitants: the clergy, the nobility, and everyone else
british navigation acts
These acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships and also gave British merchants a monopoly on trade with the British colonies.
Congress of Vienna
This "Congress" reorganized the map of Europe after Napoleon and supported the position that no single state should be allowed to dominate Europe
St. Bartholmew's day massacre
This 1527 massacre resulted in the murder of 3,000 Huguenots and distrust among Protestants and Catholics.
Bill of Rights (1689)
This English document was signed as a result of the Glorious Revolution.
Peter the Great
This Russian tsar admired the West, wanted to increase Russia's military power, secure a warm water port, and tame the boyars and streltsy
Concordat of 1801
This agreement between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII declared that Catholicism would be the religion of a great majority of French citizens.
prussia
This country became synonymous with military power in the 18th century.
The Dutch Republic
This country was considered the wealthiest in Europe throughout the 17th century.
constitution of the year VIII
This document established the Consulate and the rule of Napoleon as First Consul.
Constitution of the Year VIII
This document established the Consulate and the rule of Napoleon as the First Consul
mercantiism
This economic theory involved strict government regulation of trade and commerce in order to increase national wealth.
Edict of Nantes
This edict recognized Huguenot religious freedoms and rights of Protestants to participate in French public institutions.
encolsure method
This invention made possible urbanization and industrialization.
Edict of Fontainebleau
This major blunder of Louis XIV closed Protestant churches and schools, and led to the emigration of a quarter million French.
Congress of Vienna
This meeting restructured the map of Europe after Napoleon's conquests, restored the French Bourbon monarchy, and concluded that no single state should be allowed to dominate Europe.
enclosure method
This method improved the outdated open-field system and transformed a large number of peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners.
Volitare
This philosophe was known for his great wit, including the saying: 'To stop criticism they say one must die.'
voltaire
This philosopher was known for his bold statement, "Crush the Infamy."
Queen Elizabeth
This queen of England tried to maintain a middle ground by establishing a moderate form of Protestantism based on traditional Catholic doctrine and ritual.
deism
This religion describes God as a divine watchmaker that created the universe but then played no additional role in shaping the course of events.
the middle class
What group of people benefited the most from large price increases in the sixteenth century?
At the Council of Trent, Luther was condemned for his 95 Theses and they threatened to execute him.
What happened at the Council of Trent (1545-1563)?
Small pox vaccination
What is considered the greatest achievement of 18th century medical science?
Napoleon returned from exile to rule France briefly.
What occurred during the Hundred Days in France?
The pursuit of natural knowledge was considered a male vocation, so they were excluded from education. They were involved in informal scientific communities though. Noblewoman worked through their husbands and Artisan women assisted husbands, fathers, or sons.
What role did upper-class women play during the Enlightenment?
Roundheads (Parliament); Oliver Cromwell
What side was victorious in the English Civil War? Under the direction of what man?
frederick II of prussia invaded silesia
What started the War of Austrian Succession?
treaty of paris
What treaty ended the French and Indian War?
The equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property
What two fundamental principles of the French Revolution were incorporated into the Napoleonic Code?
To cut off all British trade to the continent (all areas under French rule) Economic warfare with Britain
What was Napoleon's Continental System and what was its aim?
An enlarged France, a number of satellite kingdoms, and the independent but allied states of Austria, Prussia, and Russia.
What was Napoleon's Grand Empire?
John Calvin believed that salvation was given to you and that you could not pay for your indulgences.
What was at the core of John Calvin's beliefs regarding salvation?
the two countries were disagreeing over what land was theirs
What was one cause of the hundred years war
To use dictatorial powers to respond to threats to France from without and within
What was the goal of the Committee of Public Safety?
Land dispute in France; dispute over succession to the French throne
What was the most important cause of the Hundred Years' War.
The inability of Spanish agriculture and manufacturing to meet the growing demand for goods
What was the primary cause of the emergence of inflation in Spain in the sixteenth century?
To supervise labor and birth, treat female difficulties (venereal disease, breast-feeding problems, etc.)
What was the role of midwives?
Low Countries (Netherlands) and Great Britain
Where (2 countries) did the Agricultural Revolution of the 17th and 18th centuries begin?
portugal
Which European nation—with the help of Genoese financiers, merchants, and navigators—initiated an exploration along the Atlantic Coast of Africa in search of new sources of gold, silver, and copper?
Europe was a minor outpost that produced few products desired by other civilizations
Which of the following characterizes the role of Europe in the system of world trade prior to the voyage of Columbus?
desire for material profit
Which of the following was a major motivation for European exploration?
Several thousand Parisian women
Who forced the king and the royal family to abandon Versailles and return to Paris? Selected:
edmund burke
Who predicted in Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790) that reform like that occurring in France would lead only to chaos and tyranny?
Mary became implicated in a plot to assassinate Elizabeth.
Why did Elizabeth I have her cousin and heir Mary, Queen of Scots, executed?
Henry VIII created the church of England so that he could control what religion everyone was and so Catholicism reentered Europe.
Why did Henry VIII create the Church of England?
They viewed marriage as a contract for mutual support, and married partners who failed to provide support endangered their souls and the entire community.
Why did Protestants allow the dissolution of marriages in divorce?
They believed that Robespierre might soon have them arrested and executed.
Why did members of the National Convention turn against Robespierre on the Ninth of Thermidor?
The Directory understood that big, victorious armies kept men employed.
Why did the Directory continue French wars of conquest begun by early revolutionary governments?
France lacked a central bank and paper currency.
Why was France unable to manage its debt in the eighteenth century, even though that debt was much smaller, relative to its population, than the debt of either Great Britain or Holland?
They needed economic independence in order to start their own households
Why were Europeans getting married at a later age throughout the 18th century?
James II
William and Mary replaced this English monarch during the Glorious Revolution
edict of nantes
a document issued by Henry IV of France in 1598, grating liberty of conscience and of public worship to Calvinists, which helped restore peace in France
indulgence
a document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sin
politiques
catholic and protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse
edict of nantes
granted french huguenots the right to worship in 150 towns
luther gained a larger audience for his reform ideas, and others began to challenge the church's teachings and practices
how did Luther benefit from his appearance before the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms
the immorality of priests who were drunkards and neglected the rule of celibacy
in the early sixteenth century, anticlericalism focused primarily on which of the following issues?
great britain and the low countries
in what two locations did the Agricultural Revolution of the 17th and 18th centuries begin?
appealed to the national sentiment of German princes
luther's ideas about Roman exploitation of Germany
jesuits
members of the society of jesus, founded by ignatius layola, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith
anticlericalism
opposition to the clergy
national assembly, legislative assembly, national convention, the directory, napoleon
put the following people/groups in the order in which they governed France: the directory, napoleon, legislative assembly, national convention, national assembly
spanish armada
sent by spain's phillip II in 1588, this fleet constituted a religious crusade against English Protestantism; the English fleet and bad weather defeated it
union of utrecht
the alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands
james, mary, william III
the glorious revolution in england involved the overthrow of ___________ and the accession of _________ and ___________________
protestant
the name originally given to lutherans, which came to mean all non-Catholic Western Christian groups
holy office
the official roman catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrinal heresy
humanism
the scholarly interest in the study of the classical culture of Greece and Rome
predestination
the teaching that God has determined the salvation or damnation of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit or works