Unit 1 PCC

Proponents of multitasking would note ________ to support their opinion, whereas opponents of multitasking would point to ________ to justify their perspective.

divided attention; distraction

Which of the following best describes the result of attention in the context of perception?

enhancement

You look at a rope coiled on a beach and are able to perceive it as a single strand because of the law of

good continuation

A bottom-up process is involved in fixating on an area of a scene that

has high stimulus salience

The first experiments in cognitive psychology were based on the idea that mental responses can be:

inferred from the participant's behavior.

The theory of unconscious inference includes the

likelihood principle

If you are folding towels while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the act of folding while keeping up with the storyline on the TV show. Folding the towels would be an example of a(n) ________ task.

low-load

Semantic regularity refers to the _____

meaning between properties of an object

The main point of the Donders's reaction time experiments was to:

measure the amount of time it takes to make a decision.

Groups of interconnected neurons are referred to as

neural circuits

Groups of neurons or structures that are connected within the nervous system are called __________.

neural networks

People perceive vertical and horizontal orientations more easily than other orientations according to the

oblique effect

John Watson believed that psychology should focus on the study of:

observable behavior.

What is the metabolic center of an individual neuron?

Cell body

What is the study of mental processes that includes determining the characteristics and properties of the mind and how it operates?

Cognitive psychology

Determining the sequence of DNA in humans was a major scientific advance that opened the door to new ideas about illness and approaches to treatment. An individual's unique DNA sequence is similar to which of the following?

Connectome

Which of the following is an example of unconscious inference?

Perceiving that a partially covered automobile continues beneath the cover

Who founded the first laboratory of scientific psychology at the University of Leipzig in Germany?

Wilhelm Wundt

Which of the following is NOT considered a starting point for perception?

thinking

The Gestalt psychologists believe that _____.

perception is affected by experience, but built-in principles can override experience

Reaction time refers to the time between the _______ of a stimulus and a person's response to it.

presentation

The value that stays the same as long as there are no signals in the neuron is known as

resting potential.

The notion that faster responding occurs when enhancement spreads within an object is called

same-object advantage

In which concept is an individual's knowledge most important?

schema

Which of the following methods, often associated with structuralism, was used in the psychology laboratory established by Wilhelm Wundt?

Analytic introspection

Which parts of neurons are also known as a "nerve fiber"?

Axons

Who proposed that children's language development was caused by imitation and reinforcement?

B. F. Skinner

Why can we consider Tolman one of the early cognitive psychologists?

Because he used behavior to infer mental processes

Which of the following could be considered as always taking a "working vacation"?

Default mode network

Which of the following is an experimental procedure used to study how attention affects the processing of competing stimuli?

Dichotic listening

Who introduced the flow diagram to represent what is happening in the mind?

Donald Broadbent

Taking clay and sand to create bricks, which are then used to build modular wall panels, which are then assembled to construct tall buildings, is similar to which of the following neural concepts?

Hierarchical processing

Which of the following does NOT characterize the information processing (IP) approach to the study of cognition?

IP emphasizes stimulus-response relationships in cognitive processes.

In the mid-20th century, the study of the mind began using which technique or model inspired by digital computers?

Information processing model

Which of the following is true about perception?

It involves rapid processes

Scene schema is

Knowledge of what a scene typically contains knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene

The investigation of how behavior is strengthened by the presentation of positive reinforcers (e.g., food) or withdrawal of negative reinforcers (e.g., shock) is best known as:

Operant conditioning

Which part of the nervous system picks up information from the outside environment?

Receptors

Watson became dissatisfied with the method of analytic introspection in which context?

Results were interpreted in terms of invisible inner mental processes.

Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin's (1968) model of memory, which was introduced a year after the publication of Neisser's book, described the flow of information in the memory system as progressing through three stages. Which memory holds incoming information for a fraction of a second and then passes most of this information to short-term memory?

Sensory memory

Which of the following events is most closely associated with a resurgence in interest in the mind within the study of psychology?

Skinner's publication of the book, Verbal Behavior

How is the term mind used in this statement: "When he talks about his encounter with aliens, it sounds like he is out of his mind"?

The mind as a healthy mind being associated with normal functioning, a nonfunctioning mind with abnormal functioning.

With which of the following sentences would the author disagree?

We can consider the mind extraordinary if it is used for extraordinary purposes.

Evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by which of the following examples?

When someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception

Which of the following would have the most semantic regularities?

a shopping mall

The results of Gauthier's "Greeble" experiment illustrate

an effect of experience-dependent plasticity

Regarding children's language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before. From this, he concluded that language development is driven largely by:

an inborn biological program.

Your author points out that studying the mind requires both __________ and __________ experiments.

behavioral; phisiological

During a visit to the local museum, you appreciate the incredible beauty of the paintings displayed. Your ability to see the paintings as complete pictures rather than individual, disconnected dots of color, texture, and location occurs through a process called __________.

binding

A mental conception of the layout of a physical space is known as a(n)

cognitive map.

The relationship between the ____________ is NOT measured directly by cognitive psychologists.

cognitive task and the mental response

Your text describes the occurrence of a "cognitive revolution" during which dramatic changes took place in the way psychology was studied. This so-called revolution occurred parallel to (and, in part, because of) the introduction of:

computers.

Which of the following adjectives has the LEAST connection to perception?

conscious

Donders's main reason for doing his choice reaction time experiment was to study

decision making.

The "filter model" proposes that the filter identifies the attended message based on

physical characteristics

If kittens are raised in an environment that contains only verticals, you would predict that most of the neurons in their visual cortex would respond best to the visual presentation of a

picket fence

Ebbinghaus's "memory" experiments were important because they

plotted functions that described the operation of the mind.

Behaviorists believe that the presentation of ____________ increases the frequency of behavior.

positive reinforcers

The demonstration in your text that asks you to visualize scenes such as an office, a department store clothing section, a lion, and a microscope often results in more details in the scene of the office or department store than the scene with the lion or microscope. The latter two tend to have fewer details because most individuals from modern society have less knowledge of _____ in those scenes

semantic regularities

In Donders's experiment on decision making, when participants were asked to press a button upon presentation of a light, they were engaged in a:

simple reaction time task.

According to your text, the ability to divide attention depends on all of the following EXCEPT

task cueing

Which of the following is similar to early ideas scientists had about the brain's physical properties

web

The idea that specific cognitive functions activate many areas of the brain is known as

distributed representation

In which year was positron emission tomography (PET) introduced and made it possible to see which areas of the human brain are activated during cognitive activity?

1976

According to Treisman's feature integration theory, the first stage of perception is called the __________ stage

preattentive

Saccadic eye movement is a ______________.

rapid, jerky movement from one fixation to the next

As the ________ of a stimulus increases, ________ tends to ________.

salience; fixation; increase

If a Gestalt psychologist was baking a cake for an event, what would they be most focused on?

the cake

With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when

the color and the name differet