History

The Board of Trade and Plantations

1696. It was composed of eight high state officials and eight paid professionals. It was a central administrative unit of the British imperial system throughout the 18th century. Commonly known as the Board of Trade.

Cecilius Calvert

2nd lord Baltimore. It was cecilius Calvert who received the charter for Maryland after his fathers death

Mayflower compact

A preliminary plan of government based on the social contract idea found in separatist church covenants. It promised to establish a government that would pass just and equal laws

Antinomianism

Anne Hutchinson said her knowledge of God was an immediate revelation free of all institutions and independent of all earthly authority. In modern terminology, it means that if you are "born again" you do not have to obey man made laws

The Headright System

Anyone who paid the passage to Virginia for anyone, including himself, receives 50 acres of land

England's claim to the New World

England's claim to the New World were established in 1497/1498, when Henry VII commissioned John Cabot to explore the region around Newfoundland, Labrador and Nova Scotia.

What was the Representative legislature in New England was?

General Court

Calvinism

Religious doctrine developed by the theological John Calvin that argued that God alone determines who will receive salvation and hence, men and women cannot earn their own salvation or even be certain about their final destinies

The Treaty of Tordesillas

Signed in 1494. It gave Spain all of the New World

What two countries were the first two countries to gain nation state status?

Spain and Portugal

John Winthrop

The 1st governor of Massachusetts Bay

The Laws and Liberties of 1648

The Puritan/ Massachusetts Bay law code or constitution that combined old testament law with English common law.

Mercantilism

The ancient doctrine which said that the state must intervene to regulate economic activity in the interest of the public welfare. (It was to put the idea of mercantilism into effect)

East India Company

The east India company organized in 1600 to trade with India and Southeast Asia

Were did the first inhabitants of the Americas come from?

The first inhabitants of the Americas came from Asia. Small bands of nomadic Siberian hunters crossed the land bridge that existed at the time between Asia and present day Alaska. This occurred about 20-30,000 yrs ago.

New Amsterdam

Was later turned into NYC

New Netherlands

Was renamed New York after James Duke of York and is now the state of New York

Georgia

Was settled as a buffer zone to protect the Carolinas from the Spanish in Florida. James Oglethorpe came up with the idea to settle Georgia. Georgian was the last of the 13 original colonies; it was not settled until 1732.X

Five Theories of Salem Witch Hunts

1. A general background of superstition 2. The Puritans experienced a loss of their mission and purpose by the 1680s. Scores of people became preoccupied with material pleasures and comforts. Puritan youth became alienated from world of their parents, especially with regards to the long conversion process. 3. In 1691, Massachusetts became a royal colony. The king now appointed the governor. The Puritans lost their exclusive religious status and had to respect other protestant denomination's right to worship in the colony. Vote now based on land ownership. 4. Fears of a Catholic conspiracy to destroy Protestantism 5. Increase and cotton mathers- these father and son ministers urged that the devil was at work in the area and needed to be rooted out. Their sermons and writings added to the witch hysteria.

Puritans vs "Pilgrims"

1. Both settled New England 2. Both groups were Calivinists 3. The "Pilgrims" or Separatists wanted to separate completely from the Church of England 4. The Puritans wanted to "purify" or change the Church of England from within.

5 inventions in technology that made contributions to the voyages of exploration and discovery

1. Lateen sail w/ caravel ships (triangle sail) 2. Magnetic compass 3. Astrolabes 4. Oceanic charts 5. Printing press

The Puritan migration had 3 important limitations

1. Most English Puritans remained in England to see what God had in store for England and the Puritan experiment in Massachusetts 2. The Puritans accounted for only 30% of the English people who went to the colonies. 3. The Puritan immigration was very brief (1630-1643) after 1643 this immigration fell to only a trickle

Contrasting in New England and Chesapeake societies

1. Most immigrants who came to the Chesapeake came as young male indentured servants and most died soon after arriving. This meant that ordinary family life was an impossibility. 2. Child bearing was extremely hazardous in the unhealthy Chesapeake environment. 3. Chesapeake whom died 20-30 yrs younger than their New England counter parts. 4. In Virginia wealth meant tobacco in large quantities meant a large labor force. Those who were most prosperous collected a large number of dependent workers and worked them as hard as possible. 5. By the early 18th century, the death rate declined and the landed gentry can now pass on their advantages to their children. 6. Ordinary people had little chance to exercise political power or get ahead economically. 7. Tobacco dictated that the Virginia live along the great tidal rivers in easy reach of waterborne commerce. 8. The population dispersed and Virginia became a rural society with no large cities.

Contrasting the New England and Chesapeake Societies

1. New England's healthy environment and strong family life created a regional culture characterized by stability. 2. The New England family differed from the English pattern in one way people lived longer in New England. 3. This meant that people lived long enough to see their children grow up and have children. New England is claimed by some historians to have. 4. In every colony it was necessary to create a new social order because the natural leaders of society (the very rich) did not immigrate to the colonies. 5. Most Englanders married neighbors of whom their families approved. Marriage meant a new household. 6. A New England town was a collection of interrelated households. This was not a society where an individualists felt comfortable because the family controlled almost every aspect of life to include religion and education. 7. Women contributed to the stability and productivity of New England society. 8. In New England, a local gentry of prominent families emerged as the leaders but their positions were sometimes challenged from below by men who had acquired money. 9. Most New Englanders were neither gentry or poor; they were small farmers who worked the land they owned outright. They gave their loyalty to the local community. 10. The high death rate suffered in early Virginia more than any other factor created a society for different from the one that emerged in New England.

Contrasting Spain's entry into the New World w/ England's

1. Spain's entry was quick, England's slow. 2. Spain's exploration was deliberate and decisive/ the English were unsure of their purpose. 3. Wealth from the New World came quickly for Spain; England suffered more losses than profit in the beginning.

The two preconditions that had to be in place for European colonization in the New World

1. Spread of new technology 2. Rise of the nation state

The ways the Virginia Company was successful

1. The company opened up the North American coast line to settlement and populated a small portion of the coastline. 2. It experimented with the economic potential of the Chesapeake region. 3. The company left behind a representative legislature and English common law courts. 4. The company set the pattern for Virginia future development.

Two distinct pressures

1. The investors did not expect to put their money into these companies and draw a steady income. They expected to benefit from a quick liquidation of the entire enterprise in a single voyage or set number or years, at the end of which the original capital, plus whatever profits, would be divided among the stockholders. 2. The backers of the settlements were personally liable for all debts that the settlement might incur.

Discourse of Western planting

1. To Christianize the Indians 2. Colonies could be used as military bases against the Spanish 3. Colonies could provide England with exotic goods that England was now having to purchase from the Spanish empire 4. Colonies could provide markets for English manufacturing goods 5. Colonies could serve as a place for England's unemployed

Two changes that brought England into colonizing business

1. a change in England's economy 2. a change in international relations

Chattel slavery developed in Virginia because of the following three things

1. a drastic shortage of labor 2. a tobacco based economy 3. an insensitivity to cruelty.

Virginia and Maryland's early histories differed but both were characterized by

1. an aggressive individualism 2. lack of public spirit 3. tobacco based economy

The Ways England dealt with its economic crises

1. foreign merchants were exhibited from England and English merchants were given preferential treatment. 2. textile production was limited. 3. land that had been converted to pasturing sheep was reconverted to growing crops. 4. newcomers were barred from entering the trade guilds. 5. the merchant community spent large amounts of capital in trying to discover over sea markets for English products.

The 2 Ways

1. freed them from a nomadic hunting and gathering lifestyle. 2. allowing them to make permanent settlements such as towns and villages.

Roanoke

Raleighs lost colony of Roanoke. John white, leader of the third and largest group of settlers on Roanoke island

Dale Code & Laws of 1612

Divided the colony into a quasi military corp committed to compulsory work on common projects. Severe penalties were inflicted on those who failed to work or share in military obligations

Drakes Global Route

Drakes global route was the first Englishman to sail around the globe

Peter Minuet

Dutch governor of the New Netherlands--purchased Manhattan Island for about $26.00 in trade goods from the local Manhatt Indians

Gilbert

In 1578, Gilbert's first attempt to establish a colony.

Edwin Sandys

In 1618 he took control of the Virginia Company from Thomas Smith

Charter of Liberties of 1701

It created in Pennsylvania an unicameral legislature

Fundamental Constitution of the Carolinas

It gave most political power to the hereditary elite who owned most of the land in the Carolinas but it protects the rights of small land owners

The Board of Trade

It remained an information gathering body and the colonial office of that era responsible for a lot of information flowing to and from the colonies. It could not make appointment, enforce regulations.

Navigation Act of 1660

It restricted the shipping and marketing of colonial products to English subjects. All colonial products had to be shipped in English owned ships and 3 quarters of the crew had to be English. This act established an enumerated list-these were products that the colonies could only ship to England. The enumerated list included all the products that England did not produce itself.

Dominion of New England

It was the idea of King Charles 2nd. The governor general of the Dominion of New England was Edmond Andros, a professional soldier. It was designed to enforce the Navigation Acts and bring efficiency to colonial affairs.

Maryland

Maryland was established as refuge for Catholics

The Four Middle Colonies

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware

The Secretary of State for the Southern Department

One of England's important secretary of state offices. The Western Hemisphere came under its jurisdiction.

Roger Williams

Pastor of Salem church 1631. He advocated separation of church and state, freedom of religion and total separation of the Puritan churches from the Church of England. He was expelled from the colony of Massachusetts and founded providence plantation (later the colony of Rhode Island)

Sir Thomas Dale

The governor of the Virginia colony in 1612, instituted the death penalty for offenses such as stealing grapes and trading with Indians.

Pennsylvania

The most important of the middle colonies owed its settlement to a religious group known as Quakers(officially called the Society of Friends) organized by George Fox in England in the 1650s.

The Staple Act of 1663

This act gave England a monopoly of all European manufactured goods shipped to colonial America

Proprietary colony

This colony was owned by one or more individuals

Royal/crown colony

This type of colony was run by the English government

Joint stock company colony

this colony was owned by a commercial corporation

Profit Seeking Joint Stock Companies

all of these 17th century English overseas colonies were financed out of necessity