test 4 ip and lab

histamine

Substance released by mast cells during inflammation.

Intrapulmonary pressure

The air pressure within the alveoli of the lungs.

oxygen loading

The binding of oxygen to hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin at relatively high Po2P o sub 2.

Lung compliance

The distensibility or stretchiness of lungs, measured by the change in volume for a given change in pressure.

Vital capacity

The maximal volume of air that can be moved into or out of the lungs in a single breath.

Residual volume

The minimal lung volume after a maximum forced expiration.

partial pressure

The pressure exerted by a single gas component of a mixture of gases.

Intrapleural pressure

The pressure found within the pleural cavity.

Boyles law

The principle that, for relatively low pressures, the pressure of a gas kept at constant temperature varies inversely with the volume of the container. P= 1/V

oxygen unloading

The release of oxygen from hemoglobin to form deoxyhemoglobin at relatively low Po2P o sub 2.

Airway resistance

The resistance to flow of air in the airways due to friction between the gas molecules and the airway walls.

Which of the following is altered the most in conditions where heart rate is increased? a. PR interval b. QRS interval c. T wave duration d. TP interval

d. TP interval

Select the muscles that need to contract for forced expiration while Kayla is practicing yoga. a. sternocleidomastoid b. scalenes c. external intercostals d. internal intercostals e. external oblique f. diaphragm g. internal oblique h. rectus abdominis i. transversus abdominis

d. internal intercostals e. external oblique g. internal oblique h. rectus abdominis i. transversus abdominis The internal intercostal muscles and the abdominal muscles will contract to decrease the size of the thoracic cavity during forced expiration. The diaphragm, external intercostal muscles, scalenes, and sternocleidomastoid muscles will be relaxed.

Pneumothorax

A collapsed lung caused when air leaks into the space between the lung and chest wall.

cooperative binding

Binding of oxygen to hemoglobin that increases the affinity of hemoglobin to bind more oxygen.

Epinephrine

Catecholamine released from the adrenal medulla during stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system.

During exercise when the heart rate increases, what happens to the time between consecutive R waves? As heart rate increases, which interval decreases most?

During exercise, and increase in heart rate corresponds with a shorter cardiac cycle. The RR interval (the time between two successive R waves) decreases. Most of the reduction occurs in the TP interval (the interval between the T wave of one beat and the P wav of the next beat).

Body temperature and pressure, saturated (BTPS)

In the lungs, inspired air has become fully saturated with water vapor at body temperature (37°C, 98.6°F). This contributes 47 mmHg to the pressure (approximately 760 mmHg at sea level). So the air is at body temperature, atmospheric pressure, and fully saturated.

Quiet expiration

Expiration in a relaxed state, without the contraction of muscles.

Forced expiration

Expiration involving contraction of expiratory muscles.

For expiration to occur, decide which type of pressure changes (atmospheric pressure PATM or intrapulmonary pressure PPUL),

For expiration to occur the intrapulmonary pressure has to increase. Continue

For inspiration to occur, decide which type of pressure changes (atmospheric pressure PATM or intrapulmonary pressure PPUL),

For inspiration to occur, intrapulmonary pressure decreases, while atmospheric remains unchanged.

Asthma would cause resistance to (increase/decrease)

Increase Asthma is associated with inflammation of the bronchi, which decreases the diameter of the airways. Which makes it harder for air to flow through the lungs. An increased resistance would make it more difficult for air to flow. Patients may need to use an inhaler to administer a bronchodilator for quick relief.

tissue oxygen exchange

Movement of gases between the systemic capillaries and the tissues throughout the body.

Acetylcholine

Neurotransmitter released by postganglionic parasympathetic neurons.

oxyhemoglobin

Oxygen-bound form of hemoglobin; contains four molecules of bound oxygen.

deoxyhemoglobin

Oxygen-free form of hemoglobin; contains no molecules of bound oxygen.

Functional residual capacity

Resting volume of the lungs when no respiratory muscles are contracting.

Surface tension

The tension in the surface layer of an aqueous liquid in contact with a gas. It is caused by the attractive forces between water molecules and causes the surface layer to behave elastically.

Tidal volume

The volume of air moved into or out from the lung during pulmonary ventilation. It averages 500 ml during resting metabolism.

Standard temperature and pressure, dry (STPD)

We need to have some standard conditions to compare O2 consumption and CO2 production under different conditions. For this, we use a standard temperature (273°K), standard pressure (760 mmHg), and completely dry air.

For no air movement to occur, decide which type of pressure changes (atmospheric pressure PATM or intrapulmonary pressure PPUL),

When atmospheric and intrapulmonary pressures are equal, air will not move into or out of the lungs.

Ambient temperature and pressure, saturated (ATPS)

When the expired air is collected for analysis, it is at the ambient temperature, atmospheric pressure, and fully saturated at the ambient temperature.

Which of the following partial pressures of oxygen would cause hemoglobin to have the highest percent of oxygen saturation on the O2O sub 2-Hb dissociation curve? a. 100 mm Hg b. 15 mm Hg c. 25 mm Hg d. 40 mm Hg

a. 100 mm Hg Hemoglobin is almost 100% saturated at a Po2P o sub 2 of 100 mm Hg.

In a vigorously exercising muscle, which of the following factors would promote oxygen unloading by changing the shape of hemoglobin? a. An increase in carbon dioxide in the blood b. A decrease in temperature c. An increase in blood pH d. A decrease in the concentration of BPG (2, 3-bisphosphoglycerate)

a. An increase in carbon dioxide in the blood The concentration of carbon dioxide increases in an exercising muscle. Increased carbon dioxide changes the shape of hemoglobin in a way that promotes oxygen unloading.

As a result of excess mucus and inflammation, this group of alveoli has a lower Po2P o sub 2, because of the decreased ventilation.​ Will the arteriole indicated by the arrow vasodilate or vasoconstrict in response? a. Constrict b. Dialte

a. Constrict In response to the decrease in Po2P o sub 2, the local arterioles would vasoconstrict to reduce blood flow or perfusion to the alveoli. This will allow more blood to be directed to alveoli with better ventilation and higher Po2P o sub 2.

Pax has been training for his first 5K. He just finished running 2 miles - a record for him so far. However, the physical activity has caused the pH of his quadriceps and hamstrings to decrease. Will it increase or decrease oxygen unloading? a. Increase b. Decrease

a. Increase Decreased pH will decrease the ability of hemoglobin to bind with oxygen so that more oxygen unloads from oxyhemoglobin. This results in increased oxygen delivery to the muscle tissue.

Pax has been training for his first 5K. He just finished running 2 miles - a record for him so far. However, the physical activity has caused the pH of his quadriceps and hamstrings to decrease. Will this increase or decrease the amount of oxygen the muscle cells receive? a. Increase b. Decrease

a. Increase Decreased pH will decrease the ability of hemoglobin to bind with oxygen so that more oxygen unloads from oxyhemoglobin. This results in increased oxygen delivery to the muscle tissue.

Sydney has chronic bronchitis. This causes inflammation of her bronchi and increased mucus production. Will this affect oxygen loading, oxygen transport, or oxygen unloading? a. Oxygen loading b. Oxygen transport c. Oxygen unloading

a. Oxygen loading Inflammation and increased mucus from chronic bronchitis will affect oxygen loading during pulmonary oxygen exchange.

Jevonte has pulmonary edema. This causes fluid to build up in his lungs and increases the thickness of his respiratory membrane. Will this affect oxygen loading, oxygen transport, or oxygen unloading? a. Oxygen loading b. Oxygen transport c. Oxygen unloading

a. Oxygen loading The increase in the thickness of the respiratory membrane will affect oxygen loading during pulmonary oxygen exchange.

Which of the following refers to the maximum volume of air moved into and out of the lungs during forceful breathing? a. Vital capacity b. Residual volume c. Tidal volume d. Functional residual capacity

a. Vital capacity Vital capacity is the maximal volume of air moved during a single breath.

A person's airway resistance will ____ with histamine. a. increase b. decrease c. remain the same

a. increase Histamine contracts airway smooth muscle, causing bronchiole constriction and making it harder for air to flow.

A person's airway resistance will ____ with parasympathetic activity (acetylcholine). a. increase b. decrease c. remain the same

a. increase Parasympathetic activity contracts airway smooth muscle, causing bronchiole constriction and making it harder for air to flow.

Select the muscles that need to contract for deep inspiration while Kayla is steadily kayaking across the lake. a. sternocleidomastoid b. scalenes c. external intercostals d. internal intercostals e. external oblique f. diaphragm g. internal oblique h. rectus abdominis i. transversus abdominis

a. sternocleidomastoid b. scalenes c. external intercostals f. diaphragm The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract more forcefully than during quiet breathing and are aided by the scalenes and sternocleidomastoid muscles for deep inspiration.

What occurs when intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure? a. Air is moving into the lungs during inspiration. b. Air is moving out of the lungs during expiration. c. Air is not moving, and the lungs are expanded. d. Air is not moving, and the lungs are recoiled.

b. Air is moving out of the lungs during expiration. When intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure, air will move down the pressure gradient from the alveoli and out of the lungs.

Sydney has chronic bronchitis. This causes inflammation of her bronchi and increased mucus production. Will it tend to increase or decrease oxygen loading? a. Increase b. Decrease

b. Decrease Chronic bronchitis would interfere with airflow to the alveoli and lower the partial pressure of oxygen. This would decrease oxygen loading in the lungs, resulting in decreased oxygen delivery to the muscle tissue.

Sydney has chronic bronchitis. This causes inflammation of her bronchi and increased mucus production. Will this tend to increase or decrease the amount of oxygen the muscle cells receive? a. Increase b. Decrease

b. Decrease Chronic bronchitis would interfere with airflow to the alveoli and lower the partial pressure of oxygen. This would decrease oxygen loading in the lungs, resulting in decreased oxygen delivery to the muscle tissue.

Prisha has iron deficiency anemia. This causes her RBCs to have less hemoglobin than normal. Will it increase or decrease oxygen transport? a. Increase b. Decrease

b. Decrease Having a hemoglobin deficiency would decrease oxygen transport to the muscle tissue. This would decrease the amount of oxygen delivered to the muscle tissue.

Prisha has iron deficiency anemia. This causes her RBCs to have less hemoglobin than normal. Will this increase or decrease the amount of oxygen the muscle cells receive? a. Increase b. Decrease

b. Decrease Having a hemoglobin deficiency would decrease oxygen transport to the muscle tissue. This would decrease the amount of oxygen delivered to the muscle tissue.

Maria suffers from panic attacks. This causes her to hyperventilate, which lowers her blood carbon dioxide levels. Will it increase or decrease oxygen unloading? a. Increase b. Decrease

b. Decrease Hyperventilation would decrease the amount of carbon dioxide in the muscle tissue. This would increase the ability of hemoglobin to bind with oxygen, so that less oxygen unloads from oxyhemoglobin. The result is decreased oxygen delivery to the muscle tissue.

Maria suffers from panic attacks. This causes her to hyperventilate, which lowers her blood carbon dioxide levels. Will this increase or decrease the amount of oxygen the muscle cells receive? a. Increase b. Decrease

b. Decrease Hyperventilation would decrease the amount of carbon dioxide in the muscle tissue. This would increase the ability of hemoglobin to bind with oxygen, so that less oxygen unloads from oxyhemoglobin. The result is decreased oxygen delivery to the muscle tissue.

Jevonte has pulmonary edema. This causes fluid to build up in his lungs and increases the thickness of his respiratory membrane. Will it tend to increase or decrease oxygen loading? a. Increase b. Decrease

b. Decrease Pulmonary edema would increase the distance across the respiratory membrane for oxygen to diffuse from the alveoli into the bloodstream. This would decrease oxygen loading in the lungs and decrease the amount of oxygen delivered to the muscle tissue.

Jevonte has pulmonary edema. This causes fluid to build up in his lungs and increases the thickness of his respiratory membrane. Will this tend to increase or decrease the amount of oxygen the muscle cells receive? a. Increase b. Decrease

b. Decrease Pulmonary edema would increase the distance across the respiratory membrane for oxygen to diffuse from the alveoli into the bloodstream. This would decrease oxygen loading in the lungs and decrease the amount of oxygen delivered to the muscle tissue.

Which statement is true regarding expiratory reserve volume (ERV)? a. ERV is kept at a low volume so that the vast bulk of the alveolar gas can be replaced with fresh air during the next inspiration. b. ERV is the maximal amount of air that can be exhaled from the lungs after a normal expiration. c. ERV is very small and unimportant in normal respiration.

b. ERV is the maximal amount of air that can be exhaled from the lungs after a normal expiration.

Which of the following could be administered during an allergic response to dilate the airways and make it easier to breathe? a. Acetylcholine (ACh) b. Epinephrine c. Increased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system d. Histamine

b. Epinephrine Epinephrine associated with activity of the sympathetic nervous system causes bronchiole dilation.

Which of the following measures the air pressure within the alveoli of the lungs? a. Hydrostatic pressure b. Intrapulmonary pressure c. Atmospheric pressure d. Intrapleural pressure

b. Intrapulmonary pressure Intrapulmonary pressure is the air pressure within the alveoli of the lungs.

Pneumonia causes inflammation of the alveoli, affecting the walls of the alveoli. What effect does this change in thickness of the respiratory membrane tend to have on oxygen diffusion? a. It increases the rate of oxygen diffusion. b. It decreases the rate of oxygen diffusion. c. It does not affect oxygen diffusion.

b. It decreases the rate of oxygen diffusion. That's right. Pneumonia increases the thickness of the respiratory membrane, decreasing oxygen diffusion.

Which statement is true regarding total lung capacity (TLC)? a. It increases as the frequency of breathing increases. b. It is a measure of the volume of gas in the respiratory system at the end of a maximal inspiration. c. It is constant in amount from person to person.

b. It is a measure of the volume of gas in the respiratory system at the end of a maximal inspiration.

Which statement is true regarding tidal volume (VT)? a. It is the volume breathed during forced breathing. b. It is the volume breathed in each breath. c. It is the volume breathed in each minute. d. It is unaffected by the frequency of breathing.

b. It is the volume breathed in each breath.

Prisha has iron deficiency anemia. This causes her RBCs to have less hemoglobin than normal. Will this affect oxygen loading, oxygen transport, or oxygen unloading? a. Oxygen loading b. Oxygen transport c. Oxygen unloading

b. Oxygen transport Iron deficiency anemia will affect the ability to transport oxygen in the bloodstream from the lungs to the muscle tissue.

At rest, the heart rate is most affected by which of the following? a. Circulating epinephrine b. Parasympathetic (vagal) nervous innervation c. Sympathetic nervous system

b. Parasympathetic (vagal) nervous innervation

Emphysema affects the surface area of the alveoli. What effect does this change in surface area of the respiratory membrane tend to have on Po2P o sub 2 levels in the blood leaving the alveoli? a. Po2P o sub 2 increases. b. Po2P o sub 2 decreases. c. Po2P o sub 2 does not change.

b. Po2P o sub 2 decreases. Emphysema decreases the surface area of the respiratory membrane, decreasing oxygen diffusion and Po2P o sub 2 in the blood.

Smoking causes irritation and inflammation in the respiratory airways, increasing mucus production. Additionally, the destruction of cilia allows mucus to accumulate in the bronchi. How would you expect the Po2P o sub 2 of the alveoli that receive air from a bronchus that is inflamed with excess mucus to be affected? a. Po2P o sub 2 will increase. b. Po2P o sub 2 will decrease. c. Po2P o sub 2 will remain the same.

b. Po2P o sub 2 will decrease. Inflammation and mucus will reduce airflow to the alveoli, decreasing ventilation, and lowering Po2P o sub 2.

Which statement is true regarding residual volume (RV)? a. RV is mostly found in the anatomical dead space. b. RV is the volume of gas left in the respiratory system after exhaling maximally. c. RV usually decreases in individuals with chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD).

b. RV is the volume of gas left in the respiratory system after exhaling maximally.

Which statement is true regarding vital capacity (VC)? a. vVC is a measure of the amount of gas that it is vital to retain in the respiratory system at the end of expiration. b. VC is a measure of the maximum volume of gas in the respiratory system that can be exchanged with each breath. c. VC is a measure of the volume of gas normally exchanged with each breath.

b. VC is a measure of the maximum volume of gas in the respiratory system that can be exchanged with each breath.

During inspiration, the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles ________, causing the thoracic cavity ________. a. vcontract; to compress b. contract; to expand c. contract; to relax d. relax; to contract e. relax; to expand

b. contract; to expand

A person's lung inflation will _____ with increased fibrous connective tissue. a. increase b. decrease c. remain the same

b. decrease Increased fibrous connective tissue would decrease the stretchiness of the lungs, making it harder to inflate the lungs.

A person's lung inflation will _____ with paralysis of external intercostal muscles. a. increase b. decrease c. remain the same

b. decrease Paralysis of the external intercostal muscles would limit expansion of the thoracic cavity during inspiration, making it harder to inflate the lungs.

A person's lung inflation will _____ with decreased levels of surfactant. a. increase b. decrease a. remain the same

b. decrease Surfactant decreases surface tension of the alveoli making it easier to inflate the lungs. So, decreased levels of surfactant would reduce lung inflation.

A person's airway resistance will ____ with sympathetic activity (epinephrine). a. increase b. decrease c. remain the same

b. decrease Sympathetic activity relaxes airway smooth muscle, causing bronchiole dilation and making it easier for air to flow.

Contraction of which muscles would decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity? a. Sternocleidomastoid muscle and scalenes b. External intercostals and internal intercostals c. Abdominal muscles and internal intercostals d. Diaphragm and external intercostals

c. Abdominal muscles and internal intercostals The abdominal muscles will decrease the volume in the vertical direction while the internal intercostals will decrease the volume in the anterior and lateral directions.

In COPD, what does lung tissue damage result in? a. Decreased RV b. Decreased TLC c. Decreased % FEV1/FVC

c. Decreased % FEV1/FVC

During exercise, the heart rate is most affected by which of the following? a. Decreased levels of circulating epinephrine. b. Increased parasympathetic (vagal) nervous innervation. c. Increased sympathetic nervous innervation.

c. Increased sympathetic nervous innervation.

Which statement is true regarding forced expired volume in one second (FEV1)? a. It has the units of L/min. b. It is the same whatever the starting volume in the airways. c. It provides a measure of the resistance of the airways to flow.

c. It provides a measure of the resistance of the airways to flow.

Which statement regarding expiratory reserve volume (ERV) is false? a. ERV is approximately 1.5 L in a healthy young adult. b. ERV is the volume of air that can be expired from the end of a normal inspiration. c. Not all of the ERV can be expired.

c. Not all of the ERV can be expired.

Pax has been training for his first 5K. He just finished running 2 miles - a record for him so far. However, the physical activity has caused the pH of his quadriceps and hamstrings to decrease. Will this affect oxygen loading, oxygen transport, or oxygen unloading? a. Oxygen loading b. Oxygen transport c. Oxygen unloading

c. Oxygen unloading Decreased pH will affect the unloading of oxygen at the muscle.

Maria suffers from panic attacks. This causes her to hyperventilate, which lowers her blood carbon dioxide levels. Will this affect oxygen loading, oxygen transport, or oxygen unloading? a. Oxygen loading b. Oxygen transport c. Oxygen unloading

c. Oxygen unloading The lower CO2C O sub 2 levels resulting from hyperventilation will affect the unloading of oxygen at the muscle.

Which of the following refers to the friction gas molecules encounter as they flow along the airways? a. Surface tension b. Pressure c. Resistance d. Compliance

c. Resistance Resistance is the friction gas molecules encounter as they flow along the airways.

During exercise, there is a large increase in blood flow to which of the following? a. Brain b. Kidneys c. Skeletal muscles d. Skin

c. Skeletal muscles

What does a peak flow meter allow you to assess? a. A person's VC. b. A person's VT. c. The maximum rate of flow that a person can achieve during a forced expiration.

c. The maximum rate of flow that a person can achieve during a forced expiration.

Select the muscles that need to contract for quiet breathing while Kayla is resting. a. sternocleidomastoid b. scalenes c. external intercostals d. internal intercostals e. external oblique f. diaphragm g. internal oblique h. rectus abdominis i. transversus abdominis

c. external intercostals f. diaphragm During quiet breathing the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract to expand the thoracic cavity. The internal intercostal muscles, scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, and abdominal muscles will be relaxed.

The respiratory membrane ____________________. a. allows oxygen to diffuse from the blood into body tissues b. allows oxygen to diffuse from the blood into the alveoli c. is very thin to allow for rapid gas diffusion d. has a small surface area for oxygen diffusion

c. is very thin to allow for rapid gas diffusion The thinness of the respiratory membrane allows rapid oxygen diffusion.

If the Po2P o sub 2 is 104 mm Hg in an alveolus and 40 mm Hg in the blood entering the alveolar capillaries, oxygen will diffuse: a. into the alveoli until the Po2P o sub 2 in the capillaries is 104 mm Hg. b. into the capillaries until the Po2P o sub 2 in the alveoli is 40 mm Hg. c. into the alveoli until the Po2P o sub 2 in the alveoli is 40 mm Hg. d. into the capillaries until the Po2P o sub 2 in the capillaries is 104 mm Hg.

d. into the capillaries until the Po2P o sub 2 in the capillaries is 104 mm Hg. Oxygen diffuses down the partial pressure gradient until the Po2P o sub 2 of the blood equilibrates with that of the alveolus.

Most of the oxygen in the bloodstream is transported in the form of _______________. a. carboxyhemoglobin b. carbon dioxide in plasma c. dissolved oxygen in plasma d. oxyhemoglobin

d. oxyhemoglobin Oxyhemoglobin accounts for about 98.5% of the oxygen transported in blood.

A decrease in Po2P o sub 2 in an alveolus should cause the nearby arterioles to ______. a. vasodilate to decrease blood flow around that alveolus. b. vasoconstrict to increase blood flow around that alveolus. c. vasodilate to increase blood flow around that alveolus. d. vasoconstrict to decrease blood flow around that alveolus.

d. vasoconstrict to decrease blood flow around that alveolus. The arterioles will vasoconstrict, redirecting blood flow toward alveoli with high Po2P o sub 2 levels, thereby maintaining ventilation-perfusion coupling.

During exercise, cardiac output increases. Which of the factors below does not contribute to this increase? a. Increased heart rate. b. Increased levels of circulating epinephrine. c. Increased stroke volume. d. Increased sympathetic nerve activity to the heart. e. Vasoconstriction in the exercising muscles.

e. Vasoconstriction in the exercising muscles.

during exercise vagal activity decreases and sympathetic activity increases. This combines with increased levels of circulating epinephrine, to result in increased heart rate.

heart rate.

It is important to not only know the different static volumes, but also how quickly these volumes can be inspired or expired. Dynamic means to be changing, thus, dynamic lung parameters are those that depend on time. That is, the rate of airflow, as this indicate the openness of the airways. One example of a lung parameter that depends on rate is forced vital capacity (FVC). This is the maximum volume of air that a person can forcibly expire after a

maximal inspiration.