Test #4 Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an advantage of small-n designs, according to Sidman (1960)?

They allow for easier replication and they contribute less to error variance.

An uncontrolled extraneous variable is

a confound.

In a matrix for a factorial design, the row means and column means represent the effects of

a singe factor (variable).

A problem with single-group designs is that

all of the above

Which of the following is true concerning the non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design?

all of the above

A design in which measures are taken at baseline and after the introduction of the independent variable at different times across multiple behaviors is a multiple-baseline across_____ design.

behaviors

Researchers often use factorial designs because:

both a and b.

Ethnicity, gender, and age are all examples of _____ variables.

both nonmanipulated and subject

Small-n and single-case research is often considered a variation of _____ design(s).

both quasi-experimental and within-participant

With small-n designs

complex statistical analyses are not required.

Which of the following is not a type of quasi-experimental design?

correlated-groups design

Two measured variables are to the _____ as one nonmanipulated independent variable and one measured variable are to the _____.

correlational method; quasi-experimental method

The ABAB design is generally considered more _____ than the ABA design because participants are left with the effect of the treatment.

ethical

When graphed, a significant interaction will definitely have

lines with markedly different slopes.

A single-case or small-n design in which the effect of introducing the independent variable is assessed over multiple participants, behaviors, or situations is a(n) _____ design.

multiple-baseline

A design in which measures are taken at baseline and after the introduction of the independent variable at different times across multiple participants is a _____ design.

multiple-baseline across participants

Which of the following is NOT a type of multiple-baseline design?

multiple-baseline across time

A design in which a series of measures are taken on two or more groups both before and after treatment is a(n) _____ design.

multiple-group time-series

Students in two of Mr. Lewis's classes are given a test to assess their knowledge of world geography. Then, students in one of the classes participate in Mr. Lewis's new interactive geography learning modules. Students in the other class learn geography using the traditional lecture method. After three months, all students once again take a test to assess their knowledge of world geography. What kind of design did Mr. Lewis use?

non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest

A design in which at least two nonequivalent groups are measured after the treatment is a(n) _____ design.

nonequivalent control group posttest only

A design in which at least two nonequivalent groups are measured both before and after treatment is a(n) _____ design.

nonequivalent control group pretest/posttest

When subjects are not randomly assigned, but rather come to the study as members of each condition a ____ variable is being used.

nonmanipulated independent

When using a _____ variable, subjects are _____ assigned to groups.

nonmanipulated independent; not randomly

A threat to internal validity in which extreme scores, upon retesting, tend to be less extreme is called

regression to the mean.

A single-case design in which the independent variable is introduced and removed one or more times is a _____ design.

reversal

ABA design is to a(n)_____ design as a small-n design is to _____.

reversal; a design in which only a few participants are used

ABAB design is to a(n)_____ design as single-case design is to _____.

reversal; a design in which only one participant is used

A design in which only one participant is used is to a(n) _____ design as a design in which only a few participants are used is to a _____ design.

single-case; small-n

A design in which a single group of subjects is given a treatment and then tested is a(n) _____ design.

single-group posttest only

Which of the following is NOT a type of small-n design?

single-group posttest only design.

In order to determine the effectiveness of his new teaching method, Mr. Lewis gave his students a test to measure their knowledge before he implemented his new method. He also tested them after he implemented his new teaching method. Mr. Lewis is using a

single-group pretest-posttest design.

A design in which a single group of subjects is tested both before and after treatment is a(n) _____ design.

single-group pretest/posttest

A design in which a single group of participants is measured repeatedly before and after a treatment is a(n) _____ design.

single-group time-series

A design in which measures are taken at baseline and after the introduction of the independent variable at different times across multiple situations is a multiple-baseline across_____ design.

situations

Two variables interact when

the effect of one independent variable depends on the level of the other independent variable.

A main effect indicates

the mean differences among the levels of one variable.

In _____ designs, many measures are taken so that the effect of the treatment can be seen over time.

time-series

A two-way ANOVA means that the experimental design includes

two independent variables.

Two-way ANOVA is to _____ variables as three-way ANOVA is to _____ variables.

two independent; three independent

In a two-way factorial ANOVA, the formula for calculating dfA×B is

(A - 1)(B - 1).

In a study examining the effects of gender (male or female) and major (psychology, computer science, philosophy, or biology) on college students' willingness to perform community service work, how many interaction effects are possible?

1

In a study examining the effects of time of day (morning or afternoon) and temperature (cool, normal, warm) on worker productivity, how many interaction effect(s) are possible?

1

A factorial design has two levels of factor A and three levels of factor B with 6 participants in each condition. The F-ratio for factor A would have _____ degrees of freedom.

1, 30

In a study examining the effects of gender (male or female) and major (psychology, computer science, philosophy, or biology) on college students' willingness to perform community service work, how many main effects are possible?

2

In a study examining the effects of time of day (morning or afternoon) and temperature (cool, normal, warm) on worker productivity, how many main effects are possible?

2

A factorial design has two levels of factor A and three levels of factor B with 6 participants in each condition. The F-ratio for factor B would have _____ degrees of freedom.

2, 30

A factorial design has two levels of factor A and three levels of factor B with 6 participants in each condition. The F-ratio for the interaction of A x B would have _____ degrees of freedom.

2, 30

For a 2 x 4 factorial design, there is the possibility of _____ main effect(s) and _____ interaction effect(s).

2; 1

For a two-way factorial design there is the possibility of _____ main effect(s) and _____ interaction effect(s).

2; 1

In a study with 3 levels of factor A, three levels of factor B, and 6 participants in each condition, the dfs for factors A and B respectively would be _____ and _____.

2; 2

An experiment with four variables each with two levels is a _____ design.

2x2x2x2

In a study examining the effects of time of day (morning or afternoon) and temperature (cool, normal, warm) on worker productivity, the factorial notation would be

2x3.

In a study examining the effects of gender (male or female) and major (psychology, computer science, philosophy, or biology) on college students' willingness to perform community service work, what is the factorial notation?

2x4.

A 2x3x4 factorial design has _____ potential main effects.

3

An experiment with two variables each with three levels is a _____ design.

3x3

A 3x3x3x3 design has _____ potential main effects.

4

In a study with three levels of factor A, three levels of factor B, and 6 participants in each condition, the df for the interaction of A x B would be

4.

In a study with three levels of factor A, three levels of factor B, and 6 participants in each condition, the df error would

45.

How many conditions would there be in a factorial design with 2 levels of factor A and three levels of factor B?

6

In a two-way factorial ANOVA, the formula for calculating dfError is

AB(n - 1).

In a two-way factorial ANOVA, the formula for calculating dfFactor B is

B − 1.

_____ designs help to control for cohort effects.

Both longitudinal and sequential

_____ designs are to studying individuals of different ages at the same time as _____ designs are to studying the same people over a period of time.

Cross-sectional; longitudinal

_____ is the extent to which the results of an experiment can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable rather than to some extraneous variable.

Internal validity

In a two-way factorial ANOVA, the formula for calculating dfFactor A is

K − 1.

In a two-way factorial ANOVA, the final F ratio for Factor A×B is determined by dividing _____ by _____.

MSA×B; MSError

In a two-way factorial ANOVA, the final F ratio for Factor A is determined by dividing _____ by _____.

MSFactor A; MSError

In a two-way factorial ANOVA, the final F ratio for Factor B is determined by dividing _____ by _____.

MSFactor B; MSError

In a two-way factorial ANOVA, the formula for calculating dfTotal is

N − 1.

In a two-way factorial ANOVA, to calculate MSA×B we divide _____ by _____.

SSA×B; dfA×B

In a two-way factorial ANOVA, to calculate MSError we divide _____ by _____.

SSError; dfError

In a two-way factorial ANOVA, to calculate MSFactor A we divide _____ by _____.

SSFactor A; dfFactor A

In a two-way factorial ANOVA, to calculate MSFactor B we divide _____ by _____.

SSFactor B; dfFactor B