Test 8 chapters 37 and 38

Vladimir Putin

Vladimir Putin What: President of Russia When: 2000 (Elected) Where: Russia Sig: He launched reforms aimed at boosting growth and budget revenues and keeping Russia on a strong economic track.

Great Leap Forward

What: "Giant step back" When:(1958-1961) Where: China Sig: most disastrous impact on agricultural production in china Mao split up all the land and gave everyone equal amount of all production but it failed bc peasants wouldn't meet their quota

Descomisados

What: "shirtless ones" When: 1950's Where: argentina Sig: eva administered to them and they formed the core of Juan's supporters

World Health Organization****

What: An international body of health care professionals who studies and responds to health needs and trends worldwide. When: Where: Sig: goal was to prevent the spread of diseases globally

Climate change

What: Any significant change in measures of climate, such as temperature, precipitation, or wind, lasting for an extended period of a decade or longer. When: Today Where: World :( Sig: global warming

Juan & Eva Peron

What: Argentine president( most of his success is due to his wife) When: 1946 Where: Argentina Sig: Juan:promoted a nationalistic populism, calling for industrialization, support of working class, and protection of the economy from foreign control Eva: rose from the ranks of the poor, argentina's first lady and is a political leader, tirelessly ministered to the needs of the poor

Kyoto Protocol***

What: Controlling global warming by setting greenhouse gas emissions targets for developed countries When: Where: Sig:

PRI

What: Institutional Revolutionary Party When: 1990s Where: Mexico Sig: acted harshly and experimented with various economic strategies that decreased or increased mexico's reliance on foreign markets and capital

Mao Zedong

What: Leader of the Communist Party in China When: late 1800s-1900s Where: China Sig: reunified china for the first time since the collapse of the qing dynasty

Islamism

What: Muslims in many countries began to seek the revival of islamic values in the political and social sphere When: 1970s Where: Islam

Indira Gandhi

What: Nehru's daughter/leader of congress party When: 1900s Where: india Sig: served as prime minister of India under her leadership India embarked on green revolution

Organization of African Unity

What: OAU, organization that recognized decolonization problems, and worked to prevent conflicts that could lead to intervention by former colonial powers When: 1963 Where: Africa Sig: Wanted to create unity throughout country

Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi***

What: Shaw of Iran that was overthrown When: Where: Iran Sig:

Mikhail Gorbachev

What: Soviet leader When: 1931- Where: Soviet Union Sig: Tried to save the Soviet Union from disintegration by restructuring the economy and liberalizing society. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.

Red Guard

What: The youths who led Mao's Cultural Revolution and wore red armbands and carried his book. Terrorized Chinese citizens and determined who went to camps When: Where: Sig:

Iran-Iraq War

What: War between Iran and Iraq When: 1990s Where: Sig: killed as many as one million soldiers

Glasnost

What: a term that referred to the opening of soviet society to public criticism and admission of past mistakes When: Where: soviet Union Sig: this unleashed a torrent of criticism that shook the Soviet state to its foundation

Tiananmen Square

What: chinese demonstration When: 1989 Where: China Sig: demonstrating for freedom and reform

United Fruit Co.

What: company that owned 160,000 acres of land in the Caribbean but the U.S. bought fully 90% of Nicaragua's bananas there. When: 1913 Where: Caribbean Sig: achieved business success with lots of advertisement for products like Chiquita bananas which were advertised by Carmen Miranda

Nicolae Ceausescu

What: dictator of Romania When:1918-1989 Where: Romania Sig: refused to acknowledge the necessity of reform (uprisings ended Ceausescu and his wife)

Cultural Revolution

What: far reaching policies that contrarily hampered the very political and economic development created by Moa When: (1966-1976) Where: China Sig: Resulted in deaths of thousands

BRICs

What: fast-growing and developing economies:Brazil, Russia, India, and china When:after cold war Where:world Sig :nations that were hit the hardest financially but recovered quickly

Club of Rome

What: group of international people that talk about the earth and how sustainable to current rate of growth is. When: 1960s Where:world Sig: focused on the worst of everything

Global warming

What: increasing average air temp near the surface of the earth When: over the past two centuries Where :world Sig: change in environment

Velvet Revolution

What: little violence was associated with the transfer of power in societies formerly know as the iron fist When: 1990 Where: Europe Sig: this swept the communists out of office

GATT

What: main vehicle for the promotion of unrestricted global trade(General Agreement on tariffs and trade) When:1990's Where:world Sig:signed an agreement to establish the world trade organization

El Milagro Mexicano****

What: mexican economic miracle, a period of prosperity that lasted for decades. When: Where:

PEMEX***

What: national oil company in control of mexico's petroleum products When: Where: mexico Sig

Vietnamization

What: nixon's strategy for turning the war over the the south vietnamese When: 1900s Where:us& nam Sig:this plan slowly took americans out of the war

"domino theory"

What: once one falls to communism the all do(created by Dwight D. Eisenhower) When: 1954 Where: Sig: one country become communists then there would be a domino effect and other states/countries would become communist

"green revolution"

What: period When: 1900s Where: India Sig: increased agricultural yields for india's eight hundred million people. Aided wealthier farmers but masses of peasants fell deeper into poverty

intifada

What: popular mass movement When: 1987 Where: Israel Sig: initiated a series of demonstrations, strikes, and riots against Israeli rule in the Gaza Strip and other occupied territories

Saddam Hussein

What: president of Iraq When: 1900-2000s Where: Iraq Sig: launched attack on Iran which started conflict which turned to war of attrition

Solidarity/Lech Walesa

What: president of Poland When: (1943-) Where: poland Sig:was the head of the solidarity movement and was elected by the people to be the president

Perestroika

What: restructuring When: Where: soviet union sig: Gorbachev contemplated different kinds of reform using this term to describe his efforts to decentralize the economy

Dependency Theory

What: theory of economic development created by Prebisch When: 1900s Where: Latin America

6 Days War

What: war between Israel and Arab (Egypt, Jordan, and Syria) When: june 5-10 1967 Where: ??? Sig: Israel won and gained more land

Anastacio Somoza Garcia

What: was a General, President, and dictator from 1936 to 1956. When: (1896-1956) Where: Nicaraguan Sig: His administration,was supported by the United States because it was viewed as anti-communist.

Mujahideen

What:Islamic warriors who gradually gained control of the countryside When:fought for 9 years Where:soviet union sig:to save a marxist regime, soviet military fought against these warriors

Viet Cong

What:a member of the communist guerrilla movement When: 1954 Where:vietnam Sig: fought the south vietnamese government

Free trade

What:freedom from state-imposed limits and constraints on trade across borders When: 1990s Where: world wide Sig: free trade enhances the prosperity of a society

Little Tigers

What:hong kong singapore south korea taiwan experienced rapid growth rates earned them this title When:1980s Where:asia Sig: these countries have become major economic powers

Japanese miracle

What:jap's economic situation completely changed When: 1949 Where:japan Sig: U.S helped japan save their money from spending it on the military. Jap focused on promoting economic policy

EU

What:most famous & strongly integrated regional bloc When: Where:Europe sig: (treaty of Rome) is alliance of no taxing of importing and exporting goods

OPEC

What:most successful economic alliances (organization of petroleum exporting countries) When:established 1960 Where:mostly arab and muslim member Sig:sought to raise prices of oil

Iranian Revolution

What:overthrow of the Shaw When: 1970's Where: Iran Sig: installed new government (Islamic religious government)

Globalization

What:reduction and removal of barriers between national borders to facilitate the flow of goods When:after cold war Where:world Sig: international trade is the driving force behind it

Ayatollah Khomeini

What:religious leader that came into power When: 1970's Where: Iran Sig: he headed revolution and became the leader of Iran

ASEAN

What:well established economic partnership (Association of southeast Asian Nations) When:established in 1967 Where:Thailand malaysia singapore indonesia and the philippines Sig:accelerate economic development and promote political stability in southeast asia

Apartheid

Who/What- "Separateness" Laws created by the Afrikaner National Party that were designed to control the restive black population and squash any move toward black independence When- 1948 Where- South Africa Significance- Shows the oppressive of white rulers to blacks and the racial segregation. It was a system that forced blacks to stay in a position of political, social and economic subordination.

Jawaharlal Nehru

Who/What- A congress party leader/ prime minister who urged Indians to act as one nation in unity. Similar to Gandhi. Promoted nonalignment strategy and helped other countries find positions for newly independent nations caught in conflicts from the cold war caught in contest for the loyalties of super powers. Was the most visible participant in the Bandung Conference? When- (1889-1963) Where- India Significance- This idea of resistance from the Muslim league was known as communalism (religious over national identity) Favored non alignment or "third path"

Geneva Conference

Who/What- A peace conference that determined that Vietnam would be temporarily divided north and south at 17th parallel. When- 1954 Where- Geneva Significance- North Vietnam was led by Ho and was communist and south stayed no comments. This communist North Vietnam lead US to aid to French and South Vietnam (less popular). The US then ignored elections and elected Ngo Dinh Diem. North received assistance from the USSR and china.

Balfour Declaration

Who/What- British govt. committed itself to the support of a homeland for Jews in Palestine, engineered by the Zionist movement (dedicated to combating the violent anti-Semitism in central and e Europe by establishing a national Jewish state.) Zionist dream to move back to P (place they come from) When- 1917 (opposition in 1920s and 30s) Where- Palestine Significance- British enable them to but it created conflict with the Palestine Arabs who lived there. So British's limited the migration and settlement of Jews and promised to protect Arabs rights. But Arab states began to grow independent and spread pan-Arab nationalism and opposition of possible Jewish migration.

Dienbienphu

Who/What- French fortress that Ho Chi Minh and General VO Nguyen Giap and Vietnam resistance forces defeated French with guerilla warfare from the countryside When- 1954 or 2? Where- Dien Bien Phu Significance- Lead to Vietnam independence

"vivisection"

Who/What- Gandhi's term referring to cutting up a living body in response to partition or the division of India into 2 separate states When- 1947 (when they got independence from Britain) Where- India Significance- Partition violate Nehru's and Ganoids ideas for India to be united. Lead to the migration of 10 mil refuges to either India or Pakistan

1948 War of Independence (Naqba)

Who/What- Jews in Palestine proclaimed the creation of the independent state of Israel. This proclamation provoke many military conflicts between Arab and Israeli forces for 5 decades When- 1948 Where- Israel Significance- Lead to civil war, Egypt, Jordan, Syria and Iraq declared war on Israel, but Israel achieved victory and claimed large territories than the UN partition had granted

Bandung Conference

Who/What- Leader of new African and Asian countries first discussed nonalignment. Leaders form 23 Asian and6 African nations meet to find an alternate to choosing either the US ores Soviet Union- nonalignment (3rd path) When- April 1955 Where- Bandung, Indonesia Significance- First international conference of colored people

Nelson Mandela

Who/What- Leader of the ANC (African national Congress), who inspired direct action against the apartheid, he and other activist face repression from challenging white rule. The government declared all of its opponent's communists and it lead to many conflicts and then white regimes banned black organizations (ANC) and jailed him and white South African rule grew. Asian and African nation called for UN against South Africa and SA declared itself a republic. Still great resistance. Then F.W de Klerk fixed everything: M out of jail, ended white minority rule, dismantled the apartheid system, legalized the ANC, new constitution Mandela the president.

Gamal Abdel Nasser

Who/What- Military leaders under Nasser seized power in 1952 and ended the monarchy, he became prime minister and a leader of pan-Arab nationalism, and he had Egypt accept aid from both superpowers (neutralism) (condemned states that chose one of the other, Bagdad pacts) and worked to end imperialism and destroying the state of Israel. Gave aid to Algerians against French and abolished British military rights to the Suez Canal When- 1910-1917 Where- Egypt Significance- took command of the Arab world and grew to great power through a political revolution and campaign (similar to Nehru) Became great leader using pan-Arab throughout Asia and North Africa

Suez Crisis (War)

Who/What- Nasser decide to nationalize the Suez canal and used money to construct a dam on the Nile and did not let international control of other nations come in so British, French and Israeli forces combined to get control away from Nasser over the canal. Whey won but messed with cold water policies by not consulting the US and US forced them to withdraw, so it backfired. The Soviet Union objected and became seen as an Arab supporter of nationalism and Nasser gained tremendous prestige. He then became leader against imperial holdovers in southwest Asia and North Africa. When- started in 1956? Where- Egypt? Significance- enhanced Nasser's prestige and left him in a dominant position in the Arab world

FLN

Who/What- National Liberation front lead Algeria in the war against the French. Used guerrilla warfare and had base in outlying mountains. When they move to more urbanized areas French sent half a mil of troops, hard because Algerians and French had to fight against each other, many civilians' casualties and 100 of 1000s died When- 1954 Where- Algeria/Africa Significance- It helped lead Algeria to independence in 1962, part of decolonization in Africa

Non-Aligned movement

Who/What- Nations meet to find an alternate to choosing either the US or Soviet Union- nonalignment (3rd path) Held meeting to discuss matters such as relation with the 2 superpowers. Goal was to remain neutral When-1955 Where- Bandung Significance- Movement lacked unity and many members sought aid from the US or the USSR so it failed because the choose ties

Ngo Dinh Diem

Who/What- The first president of the republic of (South Vietnam) When- (1901-1963) Where- South Vietnam Significance- Did not gain popular support with people

Ho Chi Minh

Who/What- Vietnam's nationalist communist leader who eventually brought Vietnam to independence from French control and issued the Vietnamese Declaration of Independence (modeled by the US declaration) When- (1890-1969). Where- Vietnam Significance- Fought French control and declared independence in Vietnam. French was defeated by Japanese but they fought and got back control of Vietnam but then Vietnam resistance force lead by Ho with aid from China defeated French at their fortress Dien Bien Phu