test

Covert Actions during the Cold War

Staging and/or Aiding Rebellions

Third World Intervention Types in the Cold War

Proxy Wars Covert Actions Supporting Friendly Regimes

Republicans do what with tariffs in the 1920s?

Push them up, segmenting American economy (problem for Germany: made it difficult to generate export revenues to pay loans)

Reasons for Containment in the Third World

Rejection of American intervention The West as an imperial power Communism as liberation ideology ---Lenin's Theory of Imperialism Domestic threat of communist insurgency Lack of modernization and democratization Problems with military intervention ---Issue of political will ---Unconventional warfare

Reagan Foreign Policy of Confrontation

-Rhetoric- Renewed Confrontation -Arms buildup -Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) -The Reagan Doctrine

Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

Russian and German non aggression agreement, not to attack each other, also, divide up Poland he U.S. began to see similarities between Hitler and Stalin in this ruthless pact between Hitler and Stalin to divide up eastern Europe between them.

What is the fundamental dilemma of politics as presented in lecture?

A government or organization that is powerful enough to enforce its directives is also strong enough to use this power in an abusive and predatory way

Components of Jus Ad Bellum

A just war has a just cause like self-defense A war is just only when armed conflict is taken as a "last resort" and all other means have been exhausted A just war can only be undertaken by a legitimate authority - a state A just war requires a "right intention" (motivated by defense, not aggression) A just war has reasonable chance of success Proportionality: the ends of war must be proportional to the means of war

Dawes Plan

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a successwas facilitated by the ability to float new German government loans on Wall Street which helped to restart the reparations system. JP Morgan used the French government's need for emergency loans to force concessions on the French government. The U.S. relied on private loans to influence European affairs.

Western expansion in the 1840s was promoted by:

A. An ideology of Manifest Destiny that asserted that America's western expansion was part of God's plan for the United States. B. Technological advances, particularly the railroad. C. The domestic politics of slavery.

The module's reading defines war as:

A. Competitive, violent and political B. Between multiple organized participants C. Waged for some political goal

Which of the following characteristics are associated with jus in bello?

A. Proportionality B. Discrimination between civilian and military targets

Why was containment easier in Europe than in the Third World?

Acceptance of US Involvement Immediacy of External Soviet Threat Political, Cultural, and Historical Ties

Components of Jus Post Bellum

After war, victors should achieve the goals of war but not pursue vengeance. Principles of discrimination and proportionality apply. Civilians should not be harmed. Punishments for the conquered should not be severe. Rights should be protected. The ultimate goal of a just war is to re-establish peace. That peace must be preferable to the peace that existed before the war

Legacy of 2003

Allies and UN say no to Iraq, but US does it anyway.

Marshall Plan

American policy-makers counted on the Soviet Union to decline Marshall Plan aid. Arguably, the Soviet Union correctly saw the Marshall Plan as a strategy to attract economies into the fold of American led global capitalism. Overall, the Marshall Plan worked very well. European economies were rebuilt and communism's prospects and appeal dwindled.

Manifest Destiny

Belief that western expansion was the divine right of the U.S. and its citizens. The expansion for material reasons was undergirded by a philosophical argument that claimed expansion was the will of God. It provided the underpinnings for the social and political drive to populate newly acquired western lands.

Ikenberry

Bind military power through institutions (democracy, NATO)

Elements of the Great Depression

Collapsing industrial production, falling agricultural prices (75% drop from 1925-32), rising unemployment (over 20% in some place), international trade contracts significantly (50% drop for some countries)

Was the US isolationist in the 1920s?

Conventional wisdom: Probably yes Most recent wave of historical research: No Isolationists relative to 1796? Definitely not Isolationists relative to what world needed in 1920: Maybe a little

Truman and FDR's Influence of International Political Order in 1945

Democracy promotion and support (think Marshall Plan aid) Nation building in Germany and Japan (reintegrated into Western order) Collective security through NATO Creation of new international organizations (UN, International Monetary Fund, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), World Bank) New international economic order around promoting globalization (Bretton Woods)

Components of Jus In Bello

Discrimination: There are legitimate and illegitimate targets of war. Must be able to discriminate between combatants and noncombatants. Not permissible to kill those not engaged in fighting Proportionality: How much force is morally acceptable? Is anything that weakens the enemy, and can aid one's victory, acceptable? Or are there certain actions that are off limits even in wartime? Most societies have agreed there are atrocities that should be avoided in wartime

Gorbachev's Sinatra Doctrine

Ending Hegemony in Eastern Europe Enabling and accelerating the collapse of communism Contributing to the collapse of the soviet union Loss of empire and prestige Providing a model for ending communism in the USSR

Implications of German Reparations

Ensured German compliance, limits economic growth and redirects any surplus revenues away from the army and towards the Allies Politically difficult for German government to impose new taxes on citizens Stable reparations system emerged in 1924 dependent on American loans to Germany Cycle of credit: Reparations to British and French fed war debts to the US

George Kennan described the Soviet threat as:

Expansionary but cautious

Spring of Nations

Series of Political Upheaval throughout the European he many democratic rebellions that occurred throughout Europe in the mid-19th century. They were largely beaten by authoritarian regimes. These democratic rebellions showed how liberalism (individual rights and freedoms) was wedded with nationalism (groups with common identities should have an independent state). This resonated with the American south which argued that their demand for secession was about states' rights and their right to a society that matched their views and beliefs.

Forms of Supporting Friendly Regimes in the Cold War

Foreign and Military Aid US Support for Anti-Communist Dictatorships

Post WW1 German Reparations

Germany made payments to France, Great Britain, and Belgium for costs of war

new thinking"

Gorbachev changed historically hostile policy against the west, introducing his own. New thinking emphasized mutual and collective security and the advantages that united all countries rather than ideologies that divided east and west. He even argued for the benefits to the Soviet Union of concessions and cooperation to improve their image in the West. The best example of this new thinking are his policies towards the Soviet Union's traditional sphere of influence in eastern Europe. He introduced a revolution in the relationship between the Soviet Union and its satellite states in Eastern Europe by ending the Brezhnev Doctrine.

Soviet Mistrust in US

History of Western Invasion Western Intervention during Russian Revolution Second Front issue during WW2

Allocation of Scarce Resources

Implies some degree of competition or social conflict over that allocation

How are Great Power wars influential in international politics?

Long wars fought among great powers tend to remake the structure of international politics by transforming the main political actors in the system

Outcomes of WW1 peace deals on Germany

Loses navy, merchant marine, colonies, territory in the west (Alsace-Lorraine) and east (Poland, Czechoslovakia) Allies occupy Rhineland (industrial center of Europe) Allies and Wilson demanded democracy

US Mistrust in Soviet Union

Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact Negotiations over Eastern Europe Soviet Army occupied Eastern Europe

Wilson's Influence of International Political Order in 1919

National self determination (new states and anti-imperialism) Support for democracy Collective security in League of Nations

Article Ten

Of the League of Nations stated that if one country went became aggressive in conflict all the member nations would have to engage in war against that nation

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

One of Herbert Hoover's earliest efforts to protect the nation's farmers following the onset of the Great Depression. Tariff raised rates to an all-time highHoover campaigned on increasing agriculture prices and delivered on this by having Congress raise tariffs by passing. This tariff caused new barriers for foreign competition trying to sell to the U.S. Foreign governments responded to this by shutting out American exports with their own tariffs causing international trade to collapse.

Brezhnev Doctrine

declared that the Soviet Union committed to using military force to maintain communist regimes in eastern Europe in the face of popular pressure for change. This intervention occurred numerous times before and after Brezhnev's rule in Hungary and in Poland. In these cases the Soviet Union used repression to end popular demands for change. Gorbachev signaled a change in this policy that became known as

American leaders and foreign policy-makers within the Roosevelt and Truman administrations were eager for the United States to disengage from world affairs and embrace isolationism at the end of World War II.

false

During the Cold War, the United States provided foreign aid and intelligence only to fellow democracies.

false

International factors, such as the prospect of alliances with European powers, played no part in the outcome of the Civil War.

false

President Wilson had sought to intervene militarily in World War I shortly after its outbreak in 1914 but was unable to do so because of a lack of public support.

false

The Soviet Union saw the Marshall Plan as a cheap way to rebuild Western Europe and actually accepted Marshall Plan aid.

false

Predation

forceable redistribution of resources

Tight monetary policy in 1928 did what in respect to Europe?

halts credit to europe

Washington Naval Conference

its success suggested that the U.S. was not isolationist. The conference committed the great powers to an naval Arms Control agreement. This helped to provide means to prevent the emergence of new U.S. rivals with strong naval powers.

how did western expansion in the mid 1800s contribute to the emergence of the united states as a global power?

more land more resources more control over north american continent basis for economic growth capitalism promoted expansionism

1. What differentiated Union diplomacy from Confederate diplomacy?

o Union ♣ Anti slavery • This made supporting the confederacy hard as a move in favor would be seen in favor of slavery ♣ Economic ties and industry • Important trading partner with Europe ♣ Russian support o Confederate ♣ King cotton • Cash crop relied on by textile mills in Europe o Failed because Europe had a surplus in cotton ♣ Britian and france • Neutral but favoured confederacy

First Berlin Crisis

occurred in 1948 when the U.S. pushed for the economic reunification of the occupation zones in Germany to facilitate economic recoveryets resisted, worrying it would draw east Germany to the west. When the U.S. tried to make a new German currency in 1948, the Soviets blockaded Berlin. Instead of bombing the Soviets, Truman opted to supply west Berlin with cargo planes.

The Second Berlin Crisis

occurred in 1958 when the Soviet Union demanded a stop to the large flow of immigrants out of east Berlin to west Berlin. The east Berlin solution was the Berlin Wall.

The German Problem

reflects that a politically united Germany challenged European political stability because it was threatening to its neighbors and threatened by its neighbors. After German unification, its neighbors worried if Germany would be satisfied with its territorial borders. Germany's vulnerability to a coordinated attack made it tempting for Germany to expand and carve out buffer-states. This problem began in 1871. Consequently, one historical solution to the German problem is simply disaggregation. The Cold War solution is unstable because the Soviet Union and the U.S. had differing solutions. Germany was eventually divided into occupation zones by the victors of WWI. The U.S. solution to the problem included the partition of Germany into east and west and the acceptance of Soviet domination of the East and the democratization of the West. The U.S. protected zone in West Berlin was hostage to Soviet threats.

Political Order

stable patterns or regularities of social behavior induced by authority relationships and/or coercion

Which of the following is NOT described as being an important political result of the end of World War IA. The end of the multinational Russian, German, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman empires. B. The formation of the European Union. C. The championing of "self determination" by Woodrow Wilson, or the right of nations and peoples to establish their own countries

the formation of the european Union

King Cotton

the reliance of the world market on the cash crop cotton which was required by European textile mills. The south used Europe's reliance on cotton to gain support. Confederate foreign policy relied on this economic basis. This effort failed because of existing cotton surpluses in Europe.

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Before formally entering World War II in 1941, FDR successfully maneuvered around domestic pressure for nonintervention in the war and steadily increased American support for the war efforts of Great Britain through such initiatives as Lend Lease.

true

During the Cold War, the US faced more opposition to its political and military intervention in the Third World than it did to its intervention in Europe.

true

German declaration of unrestricted submarine warfare played a large role in the United States declaring war on Germany.

true

Political order is the patterns or regularities of social behavior that are induced or set by authority relationships or coercion.

true

The Sinatra Doctrine was Gorbachev's belief that the Soviet satellite states in Eastern Europe should be allowed to go their own way politically and economically.

true

The Treaty of Versailles helped cause World War II by destabilizing the Weimar government in Germany and pushing conservatives to pursue revisionist foreign policy goals.

true

The United States contributed to the Great Depression with a restrictive tariff policy and higher interest rates that slowed the flow of credit to Europe.

true

The Reagan Doctrine

undermining Soviet backed regimes in developing countries around the world to reverse Soviet gains. Began in Reagan's first term. During his second term Reagan changed course and softened his rhetoric and pursued arms control.

Truman Doctrine

was a landmark foreign policy statement that set a precedent for the rest of the Cold War. The civil war in Greece between the Greek government and communist forces sparked this doctrine. Truman argued that the U.S. needed to support the Greek government against communism. Great Britain's withdrawal of its support from the region left a power vacuum. In replacing Great Britain, It established the...

Domino Theory

was applied regularly throughout the Cold War to legitimate 3rd world intervention to prevent the spread of communism. The next challenge the U.S. faced was economic devastation in Europe. Economic dislocation was a central cause of mass attraction to extreme ideologies such as communism. By tying the European economy to the global capitalist economy, the U.S. could contain communism and fuel domestic economic growth.

Sinatra Doctrine

was the name that the Soviet government of Mikhail Gorbachev used jokingly to describe its policy of allowing neighboring Warsaw Pact nations to determine their own internal (named after Frank Sinatra song "my way") because under the doctrine eastern European countries would be able to do things their way. Communist regimes would no longer be kept in power by the threat of Soviet force. The introduction of this doctrine had enormous consequences for the end of the Cold War. The removal of the threat of force to maintain Communism emboldened protestors and reformers within eastern Europe, leading to the dismantling of Communist regimes. Those committed to change no longer had to fear repression by Soviet intervention.

ccording to Ikenberry (cited in lecture), why was the 2003 invasion of Iraq so problematic for the constraint of U.S. military power?

• Allies and un say no to Iraq but we do it anyway • Show America unbound and questions whether power still legitimate outside of the us • Makes question is power regulated even if world needs us as military power

1. According to Walter LaFeber and the Wisconsin School (covered in lecture), how did crucial business interests and the need for foreign markets contribute to the timing of American expansion in the 1890s?

• America was in extended economic downturn o Deflation ♣ Businesses started to fail because they couldn't sell anything ♣ Was thought to be merely overproduction or capitalism being too efficient ♣ Business lobbied for foreign markets through territorial expansion ♣ Foreign markets • Raise domestic prices by keeping foreign products out of American market ♣ Business fixed Americas economic downturn by appealing to nationlist causes to expand American market while keeping it insulated from European completion by keeping it behind tariff walls o High tariffs to increase revenue for military spending and raise domestic prices naval spending and territorial annexation o Acquire foreign markets through territorial expansion ♣ Easier than domestic reform in after math of economic crisis

How did the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a Bosnian nationalist named Gavrilo Princip lead to the outbreak of World War I?

• Austria hungary declared war in Serbia because the guy that killed him was apart of a Serbian national group o Interlocking alliances sparked world war I

What made the American Civil War an international event

• Because the fate of the American expierence hung in the balance as a potential great power dominating north America • Possibly social progressby democracy • Since democracy was unstable people looked at America to see if it was a good thing o The us was one of the only democratic countries in the 19th century

hat is the central dilemma of the use of force to establish political order in domestic politics? How does this same dilemma frame the problem of war and political order in the international order?

• Coercion dilemma o Government strong enough to enforce its directives is strong enough to leverage authority for its own gain o Violence facilitates predation ♣ Forceable redistribution of resources o Successful societyies in long run have figured out how regulate use of violence in way that constrains its arbitrary use and make deployment legitimate

Why was containment so much more difficult in the Third World than it was in Europe?

• Europe accepted us involvement more more immediacy of external soviet threat and political historical and cultural ties • Rejection of us intervention W as imperial power communism as liberation ideology • Domestic threat of communist insurgency o Lack of modernization and democratization • Had to build democratic infrastructure from scratch • American intervention not viewed as better alternative to soviet influence and hegemony • Communisim associated with liberation • Threats are greater in 3rd world countries

How did FDR get around an isolationist Congress and support the Allied powers (particularly the British war effort) against Germany?

• Fdr wanted to confront hitler but was constrained by neutrality acts that were designed to limit exec authority and preserve nonintervention o Fdr delicate game of expanding us support for british war effort while not publicly commiting us to fight war ♣ Gets congress to repeal arms embargo of neutrality acts ♣ Us navy patrolling atlantic ♣ Traded destoyers for naval bases deal with british by executive order ♣ Land lease: us as arsenal for democracy • 50 billion given to allies • 32 billion of it going to great britian ♣ domestic constraints fall away with pearl harbor so enter militarily at this point

What is the case for an important role of Reagan foreign policy in the end of the Cold War? How did the foreign policy regarding the Soviet Union differ in Reagan's first term and his second term?

• First one is confrontation o Rhetoric is renewed confrontation arms build up and missile attack to undermine the balance of powers in the realm of nuclear weapons ♣ Sdi and Reagan doctrine o RR confronted ussr in his first term in amny ways o He pursued concrete policies like arms build up and anti missle defense system that threatened to undermine balance of power of NW o Reagan doctrine undermined soviet backed regimes in developing countries to reverse some of the gains USSr gained in the third world o Added up to more cold war competition • 2nd is negotiation o cooing rhetoric embrace soviet reform and arms control to reduce nuclear power each superpower possessed ♣ under pressure from advisors to not trust gorbachev but he ignored those warnings

How did the U.S. address the central dilemma of the use of force in the international realm after World War II? What role did international organizations play in constraining U.S. military power?

• Go to war to impose limits on or regulate violence • If you don't counter force with force future political impotence as target of extortion • Dilemma for the united states o Us dilemma ♣ American military power necessary to defeat hitler but how constrains American capacity for violence after 1945 o Completion with soviet union o Ikenbery bind American power through instituions ♣ Internal democracy ♣ External nato

How was the Cold War similar to a great power conflict and how did the end of the Cold War resemble a peace settlement following a great power war? What "losses" did Russia suffer at the end of the Cold War and what "gains" did the U.S. and the West achieve?

• Had state territorial change • Not a great power war • Regime change • Distribution of military power change o Bipolar to unipolar • Enforcement mechanisms changed o Warsaw pact gone and nato and eu expanded • Post communist Russia as a defeated ountry of cold war • Russia losses o Matter of territory o Lost of an empire hegemony controlled by soviet union in eatern Europe o Superpower status and influence o Lost ideology and identity • America gains o Military hegemony over eastern Europe ♣ Expansion of nato o Economi hegemony ♣ Expansion of European union and entered free market refom o Ideological hegemony o Unipolarity

1. Discuss U.S. foreign policy during the 1920s. In what ways was American foreign policy isolationist during this period and in what ways did the U.S. remain involved in world affairs?

• Isolationist because senate rejected treaty of Versailles o Signaling a return to isolationism o Us uncommitted to European economy o Repubilicans push up tariff segmenting American economy which problem for Germany o Failure to grant war debt relief to britian and france o Create tight monetary policy that halt credit to Europe ♣ Failure of the federal reserve • Heavy involvement in daws plan that stabilized reparations and European economy o Preference for relying on economic rather than military ♣ Relied on private economic actors • Dramatic success of washing naval conference • Used activist foreign policy but resereved the right to act unilaterally

According to this module's reading, what are the requirements of Just War theory within its three realms (jus ad bellum - just resort to war; jus in bello - just conduct of war; and jus post bellum - just aftermath of war)?

• Jus ad bellum o States can legitimately wage defensive wars to protect themselves from military aggression that violates their territorial integrity or sovereignty o These just wars halt aggression and punish it o States can launch preemptive wars when facing a imminent attack by an adversary ♣ This moral sanction does not extend to preventive wars that are fought to preserve distribution of power among states or weaken a state that can pose a threat in future • Jus in bello o Soldiers must respect the rights of civilians not to be killed ♣ They should grant them passage to get clear of battle field • Even if it heightens the dangers that soilders face • Jus post bellum o The victorious government should restore basic civil order ♣ Implies leaving a new government in place that is capable of protecting its own citizens ♣ Punish the acts the justified the war in the first place

How do great powers structure international politics after great power wars like World War I and World War II? Describe the main changes in the international system that occur in the aftermath of these wars and the peace settlement that follows.

• Long wars fought among great powers tend to remake structure of international politics by transforming main political actors in system • Many of these changes ratified or instituted at great power settlements that end these wars • Victors write the rules of the system and shape its long term sustainability s o Set requirements for membership and redraw territory o Regime type of new members o Distribution of military power o Enforcement mechanisms o And division of territory among surviving great powers

What were the main pillars of the peace settlement after World War I? How did President Woodrow Wilson influence the international system in 1919?

• National self determination new states and anti imperialism • Support for democracy • Collective security in league of nations

How did Gorbachev's foreign policy (his "New Thinking") differ from classic Soviet foreign policy? How did Gorbachev's refusal to use force to sustain communist rule in Eastern Europe contribute to the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union?

• New ideas about security o Mutual and collective security that united all countries rather than divided east and west • Ended Brezhnev doctrine o Affirming rights of soviet union to intervene in the affairs of communist countries and ending hegemony in e Europe with Sinatra doctrine o Enables and accelerates collapse of communism and collapse of soviet union loss of empire and prestige and provide model for ending communism in ussr

What explains the absence of great power war since the mid-20th century?

• Nuclear deterrence o Secure 2nd strike capabilities make military invasion less likely • Economic interdependence o Growing economic specialization o Its not benefical to fight wars as it would create siginificant economic problens ♣ Globalization has reduced imperative to expand by by equalizing access to economic resources of territory o May fight proxy war but avoid direct confrontation o Still compete but limited o Unipolarity of US

How did George Kennan view the Soviet threat? How did Kennan's definition of the Soviet threat naturally give rise to the containment strategy?

• Patience and Marxist ideology o Russians don't want war because weak from ww2 so they are patiently and temporarily retreated o They are expansionary but cautious ♣ Called for specific strategy to meet threat go with ideas that capitalism will fall because inequality and working class will rise up and establish workers state ♣ Water metaphor the soviets would take advantage of any concessions given to thme but would not aggressively push against borders must be contained other wise they would just keep expanding until they were unstoppable ♣ The Us goal should be long term vigilant containment

How did American policies contribute to the Great Depression?

• Polices o Federal reserve pushes interest rate up ♣ Harder for Germany to borrow money to pay reparations o Hoover says we need to raise agricultural prices ' ♣ Raise tariffs on imports smoot Hawley act ♣ Created a barrier for foreign countries to sell to us ♣ Foreign gov shut out American exports of there own ♣ Global trade collapse o Fdr took Us off of the gold standard to offset deflation ♣ Wanted to make us exports more competitive to other countries ♣ Damages international monetary relations o Congress passed a series of neutraility acts ♣ 1st act prevent president from helping any sides ♣ 2nd act ban loans to state fighting the war ♣ 3rd require other countries to use their own ship for import goods to us

1. What were the military, political, and economic impacts of the U.S. entrance in World War I?

• Polictical o War and Wilson support of self determination facilitates imperial collapse and democracy o Get collective security system centered around league of nations ♣ Trying to conduct a new international org to combat war • Economic o Us preeminent power of world and victors credit o Victors borrowed a lot of money from the us national bank to win war and sold many assets to pay ♣ Agriculture and industrial capacity in the us had really scaled up in the us because they needed someone to produce the goods they were consuming ♣ Lots of europes labor force was dead or engaged in battle • Military o Shifts in balance of power alters german perception of potential victory o U.S. entry helped determine which side will win the war

Summarize the arguments made by Pavlovsky. What are some of weaknesses of the Russian state (or government) under Putin's leadership? How do these weaknesses complicate policymaking in Russia? How does Russian support of Ukrainian separatists illustrate these policymaking challenges?

• Putins foreign policy to annex crimea is reckless and to interfere in Syria is risky o This was done because the Russian political system allows a lot of independence between advisors of key bureaucratic offices because there is so much autonomy from putting despite an image as a strong leader o Putin makes mistakes and failed to build an effective cohesive state apparatus that can respond to change o It was hard to pull back after lending support to Ukrainian separatist illustrating the complication in policy making

Why did the United States enter World War I

• Reintroduction of unrestricted submarine warfare o Germany resumed warefare in 1917 germany gambled on defeating the british before the Us had a chance to mobilize

1. How did the Versailles Treaty, particularly the harsh terms imposed on Germany, contribute to World War II?

• Reparations and territorial clauses helped destabilize the new Weimar democracy in Germany o Democracy died in Germany opened the door for hitlers nazi party • Activates conservatives in Germany to pursue revisionist Fp o Retake territory hitler and his Nazis overthrow the treaty by force • Wilson failure of treaty ratification in us begins withdrawl that led to Wilson defeat because democratic and republican parties supported war and internationalist senate rejects it o Article 10 played a critical role in killing treaty

Summarize the arguments made by Lukyanov. How do they illustrate the destabilizing consequences of shifts in the distribution of power among great powers?

• Russia reached breaking point after Us support of internal revolutions in geogia Ukraine and kyrgystan and this support followed nato expansion o When Ukraine tried to move closer to EU Russia pushed back and seized crimea • There was a brief moment of Russian unipolarity although the Us messed up by moving into neutral xones and the us mistook silence from Russia as indifference to the expansion of Nato o Russia was actually opposed to Nato expansion but they were too weak to do anything • Consequently NATO expansion created a resentment against the US and Europe • Nato was no longer a defensive alliance but rather a way to expand US and war in Serbia was the turning point of NATo and the wars in Afghanistan had solidified • There are many signals of an American decline with military and political blunders

. How did American capital play an important role in keeping the reparations system afloat and the withdrawal of American capital contribute to the end of German reparation payments?

• The payment cycle of german reparations become stable when American loans to Germany • Cycle of credit o Linked to british and French war debt to us • Problem for Germany because couldn't export revenues to repay loans complicate Germany adherence to treaty • Isolationist sentiment in US after great depression limits how fdr can respond to german theart • When capital slows to Germany the reparation deal begins to collapse and the treaty does as well

1. According to Fareed Zakaria (covered in lecture), why was America slow in expanding from a continental power to a global power?

• They slowed expanding from a continental power to a global power because they frequently had to curtail their plans for expansion • They lacked a strong central gov the could harness the economic power for the purposes of foreign policy • America was a stong nation with a weak state • Consequences of the Civil war o Norths journey of reconstruction and expansion of federal authority o Congress controlled foreign policy and limitied new federal expenditures to pay war debts • Repbulicans delegated more power to the president over foreign policy o Political institution at home affected US foreign policy o American territorial expansion outside of North America after civil was was limited because executive branch did not oversee ambitious enough foreign policy

Why did the United States adopt the Marshall Plan? What were the policy's goals and how did the policy play to American strengths and contribute to American prosperity

• Though economic growth best way to fix and prevent organic communist party affinity in EU countires post WWII gain power over soviets • Help contain communism and gain more markets to fuel domestic economic growth at home • European economies rebuilt and communist parties dwindled • Solidify division of western half with hegemony and soviet reinforcing the iron curtain • Weak countries were attracted to communist parties as us aid strenghtend these nations so dwindled the commies

Why did wartime cooperation between the United States and Soviet Union so quickly collapse after World War II?

• US had competing goals Us wanted to be universal and ambiguous o Maintain international engagement o Promote democracy free and fair elections o Promote free and open markets o Un and collective security • Soviet wanted to be concrete and territorial o Have buffer zone o Sphere of influence in eastern Europe • Us had mutual suspicions of ussr wanting worldwide revolution • Soviets saw us as capitalist imperialst hypocrites

What is the German security problem? What was the American solution to this problem? What was the Soviet solution? How was the German problem aggravated by Eisenhower's willingness to rearm Germany, potentially with nuclear weapons? Why was Berlin such an important signal of American commitment to protect Western Europe from Soviet aggression?

• Unified Germany both threatening and threatened • German problem o Cold war activated and sustained in its first 20 years in what to do with Germany it reflects a diliema ♣ Germany is threatening because of its strong economic and military power in Europe enabling more territorial expansion and they are threatened because large powers surrounding them could potentially attack 2 fron war o Franco polish Czech russo security problem ♣ German economic and military strength significant threat want territorial buffers o American solution ♣ Partition occupy democratize w Germany and integrate it econoicallly militarily in soviet led bloc o Soviet solution ♣ Partition occupy communize east Germany and integrate it economically and militarily soviet led block o Berlin was important because if we conceded soviets might doubt the commitment to w Germany and france and consider invading those countries o Eisenhower was worried that us might not be able to afford the long term economic costs of exteneded contest with soviets want to give them weapons maybe even nucks sending soviets into a panic blocading west Germany making it tricky to deliever stuff

What were the causes and implications of the Truman Doctrine?

• Us needed to support the greek gov against greek communist o Great britian have left region leaving a power vaccum o Doctrine replaces GB by establishing US as a global leader ♣ Set a precedent of Us intervention on conflicts around the world o Domino theory ♣ Greece was not important to US security intertitself but this theory made the American interests expansive o Established anti communism as a basis of American foreign policy o Establishing American global leadership o Set precedent of us intervention o Counter soviet expansion through political economic and social means

What is politics (as defined in lecture)? What are the two central components of this definition?

• Use of authority to allocate scarce resources means of coordinating social behavior • Two elements o Authority capacity to direct social behavior ♣ Often relies on coercion • Capacity to impose cost if directive is not followed ♣ But presence of authority also rests on some legitimacy • Target of directive recognizes right of person org to do so o Allocation of scarce resources ♣ Implies some degree of competiton or social conflict over that allocation

How does violence shape political order? Give an example of how the use of coercion by a legitimate authority helps to establish political order.

• Violence often necessary for enforcement of directives o Hobbes leviathan ♣ Centralize power and give its holders the capacity to deploy it so that people don't harm each other and their property ♣ Ensure society can function

1. What was President Woodrow Wilson's position on the war during the presidential campaign in 1916? Why did his position change?

• Wilson tried to keep Us out of war • Position changed german submarine campaign shifts public opion makes it impossible to stay out of war • Wilson wanted a broader peace coalition with many countries o And if us wanted leverage they had to join war

What were the main elements of the peace settlement after World War II and how did the United States influence the political order after 1945?

• emocracy promotion and support • Nation building in Germany japan • Collective security through nato • Creation of new internation orgs • New international economic order around promoting globalization

1. What role did the threat of nationalist uprisings in the Austro-Hungarian empire play?

• erbian nationalist movement threatened the austo Hungarian empire with dissolution • Serbia sought to incorporate serbs in bosnia then Romanians in hungary might do the same • If Serbia was allowed to secede then Austria hungary might lose other territories in their empire • A-h went to war to squash nationlist movements in their empire o This lead to world war because of a complicated network of alliances in Europe • Russia thought Germany would fight with its ally austira hungary o So it built up its army • Germany declared war on Russia and france captured paris • Europe was at war fast

What were the political consequences of the Great Depression and how did they contribute to World War II?

• relation to ww2 created time for hitler to grow overseas due to economic crises and these policies more farmers and small businesses in Germany support hitler • political consequences o public wants to focus on domestic situation which leads to isolationism o congress made this possible by passing neutrality acts

Legitimacy

Target of directive recognizes right of person or organization to do so, even if they disagree with the command

The alliance between the United States and the Soviet Union during World War II quickly collapsed and was replaced by an adversarial relationship and a Cold War because:

The two countries had radically different political and economic systems with incompatible goals.

Politics

The use of authority to allocate scarce resources

Proxy Wars during the Cold War

US - Korea, Vietnam Soviet Union - Afghanistan

Hobbes Leviathan

Violence (deployment or threat of it) often necessary for enforcement of directives

US as Indispensable Nation

World needs US military power

Authority

capacity to direct social behaviro

Coercion

capacity to impose cost if directive is not followed

According to lecture, political authority is made up of

coercion and legitimacy

War

conflict between organizations that possess trained combat forces equipped with deadly weapons