Test over 11, 12, 13

Which of the following statements about listening is true?

All of these statements about listening are true.

In terms of simplicity and effectiveness, which of the following reinforcement schedules may be the best choice for managers?

Continuous

Which one of the following traits refers to high levels of effort and is characterized by achievement, motivation, ambition, energy, tenacity, and initiative?

Drive

________ is the extent to which people consciously understand and agree to goals.

Goal acceptance

________ is the extent to which goals are detailed, exact, and unambiguous.

Goal specificity

Which of the following is the best leadership style for all situations?

None of these

Which of the following statements about perception and perceptual filters is true?

People perceive according to personality-, psychology-, and experience-based filters

The goal of the Apollo 11 moon flight was to put a man on the moon. According to Charles Garfield, who worked at NASA on the Apollo mission, Apollo 11 was off-course 90 percent of the time between here and the moon. But the crew of Apollo 11 used _________ that allowed it to make rapid course corrections.

Performance feedback

________ is the process of changing behavior by changing the consequences that follow behavior.

Reinforcement

_______ are the cause-and-effect relationships between the performance of specific behaviors and specific consequences.

Reinforcement contingencies

According to the path-goal theory of leadership, what leadership style involves being friendly and approachable to employees, showing concern for them and their welfare, treating them as equals, and creating a friendly climate.

Supportive leadership

According to the path-goal theory, which of the following is an example of an environmental contingency?

The formal authority system

Which of the following statements about the two basic leader behaviors that are central to successful leadership is true?

These behaviors are referred to as initiating structure and consideration.

________ generates awareness and acceptance of a group's purpose and mission and gets employees to see beyond their own needs and self-interest for the good of the group.

Transformational leadership

___________ is leadership that creates a positive image of the future that motivates organizational members and provides direction for future planning and goal setting.

Visionary leadership

Which of the following leadership theories uses a decision tree to determine the appropriate level of participation by subordinates in decision making?

Vroom-Yetton-Jago's normative decision model

Transformational leaders ________.

are accurately described by all of these

The steps in the perceptual process in order are ________.

attention, organization, interpretation, retention

The two primary types of grapevine communications networks are _________.

cluster and gossip

For punishment to work (i.e., to weaken the frequency of undesirable behaviors without creating a backlash), the punishment must be strong enough to stop the undesired behavior and must be administered _________.

consistently, contingently, and quickly

Organizational silence occurs when _______.

employees believe that telling managers about problems will not make a difference

In the model of the communication process presented in the text, ________ occurs when a message is put into a written, verbal, or symbolic form that can be recognized and understood by the receiver.

encoding

The _______ states that people will be motivated to the extent to which they believe that their efforts will lead to good performance, that good performance will be rewarded, and that they are offered attractive rewards.

expectancy theory

According to attribution theory, the defensive bias makes workers more likely to attribute their performance problems to ______.

external attributions

Transformational leaders that pay special attention to followers' individual needs by creating learning opportunities, accepting and tolerating individual differences, encouraging two-way communication, and practice being a good listener describes the component of transformational leadership known as __________?

individualized consideration

According to expectancy theory, in order for people to be highly motivated, ________ must be high.

instrumentality

Reinforcement theory says behavior is a function of _______.

its consequences

Feedback is more likely to be destructive than constructive when it is ______.

judgemental

When Lilah saw her guest wrinkling her nose, she realized that she had not cleaned the litter in her cat box. Nose wrinkling is an example of communication through _____.

kinesics

A directive leader, one who lets his employees know precisely what is expected of them, give them specific guidelines for performing tasks, schedules work, set standards of performance, and makes sure that people follow standard rules and regulations would most likely have ________.

told employees precisely what he expected them to do

An angry and defensive managerial reaction is a common problem associated with ________ communication.

upward

In a(n) ______ reinforcement schedule, consequences follow a behavior after different times, some shorter and some longer, that vary around a specified average time.

variable interval