Test Study 1&51
11) What type of signal is long-lasting and works at night? A) olfactory B) visual C) auditory D) tactile E) electrical
A
21) Which of the following is true about imprinting? A) It may be triggered by visual or chemical stimuli. B) It happens to many adult animals, but not to their young. C) It is a type of learning that does not involve innate behavior. D) It occurs only in birds. E) It causes behaviors that last for only a short time (the sensitive period).
A
24) You turn on a light and observe cockroaches scurrying to dark hiding places. What have you observed? A) taxis B) learned behavior C) migration D) visual communication E) operant conditioning
A
35) Parental protective behavior in turkeys is triggered by the cheeping sound of young chicks. What term best applies to this behavior? A) sign stimulus B) habituation C) imprinting D) classical conditioning E) operant conditioning
A
41) Which of the following is least related to the others? A) fixed action pattern B) imprinting C) operant conditioning D) classical conditioning E) habituation
A
44) What probably explains why coastal and inland garter snakes react differently to banana slug prey? A) Ancestors of coastal snakes that could eat the abundant banana slugs had increased fitness. No such selection occurred inland, where banana slugs were absent. B) Banana slugs are difficult to see, and inland snakes, which have poor vision compared with coastal snakes, are less able to see them. C) Garter snakes learn about prey from other garter snakes. Inland garter snakes have fewer types of prey because they are less social. D) Inland slugs are distasteful, so inland snakes learn to avoid them. Coastal banana slugs are not distasteful. E) Garter snakes are conditioned to eat what their mother eats. Coastal snake mothers happened to prefer slugs.
A
54) You discover a rare new bird species, but you are unable to observe its mating behavior. You see that the male is large and ornamental compared with the female. On this basis, you can probably conclude that the species is A) polygamous. B) monogamous. C) polyandrous. D) promiscuous. E) agonistic.
A
56) Fred and Joe, two unrelated, mature male gorillas, encounter one another. Fred is courting a female. Fred grunts as Joe comes near. As Joe continues to advance, Fred begins drumming (pounding his chest) and bares his teeth. Joe then rolls on the ground on his back, gets up, and quickly leaves. This behavioral pattern is repeated several times during the mating season. Choose the most specific behavior described by this example. A) agonistic behavior B) territorial behavior C) learned behavior D) social behavior E) fixed action pattern
A
59) Which of the following is least related to the others? A) altruism B) polygamy C) monogamy D) polygyny E) polyandry
A
n the territorial behavior of the stickleback fish, the red belly of one male elicits attack from another male by functioning as In the territorial behavior of the stickleback fish, the red belly of one male elicits attack from another male by functioning as a sign stimulus. a pheromone. a fixed action pattern. a search image. an imprint stimulus.
A
Which of the following is a false statement regarding DNA?
All forms of life are composed of cells that have a membrane-enclosed nucleus.
1) During a field trip, an instructor touched a moth resting on a tree trunk. The moth raised its forewings to reveal large eyespots on its hind wings. The instructor asked why the moth lifted its wings. One student answered that sensory receptors had fired and triggered a neuronal reflex culminating in the contraction of certain muscles. A second student responded that the behavior might frighten predators. Which statement best describes these explanations? A) The first explanation is correct, but the second is incorrect. B) The first explanation refers to proximate causation, whereas the second refers to ultimate causation. C) The first explanation is biological, whereas the second is philosophical. D) The first explanation is testable as a scientific hypothesis, whereas the second is not. E) Both explanations are reasonable and simply represent a difference of opinion.
B
13) What type of signal is fast and requires daylight with no obstructions? A) olfactory B) visual C) auditory D) tactile E) electrical
B
16) Which scientist determined that digger wasps used landmarks to locate nest entrances? A) Karl von Frisch B) Niko Tinbergen C) Konrad Lorenz D) William Hamilton E) Ivan Pavlov
B
18) A cage containing male mosquitoes has a small earphone placed on top, through which the sound of a female mosquito is played. All the males immediately fly to the earphone and thrust their abdomens through the fabric of the cage. What is the best explanation for this behavior? A) The males learn to associate the sound with females. B) Copulation is a fixed action pattern, and the female flight sound is a sign stimulus that initiates it. C) The sound from the earphone irritates the male mosquitoes, causing them to attempt to sting it. D) The reproductive drive is so strong that when males are deprived of females, they will attempt to mate with anything that has even the slightest female characteristic. E) Through classical conditioning, the male mosquitoes have associated the inappropriate stimulus from the earphone with the normal response of copulation.
B
22) A type of learning that can occur only during a brief period of early life and results in a behavior that is difficult to modify through later experiences is called A) insight. B) imprinting. C) habituation. D) operant conditioning. E) trial-and-error learning.
B
32) Male insects attempt to mate with orchids but eventually stop responding to them. What term best applies to this behavior? A) sign stimulus B) habituation C) imprinting D) classical conditioning E) operant conditioning
B
46) Which of the following is least related to the others? A) agonistic behavior B) cognitive maps C) dominance hierarchy D) ritual E) territory
B
48) Animals tend to maximize their energy intake-to-expenditure ratio. What is this behavior called? A) agonistic behavior B) optimal foraging C) dominance hierarchies D) animal cognition E) territoriality
B
6) Once labor begins in childbirth, contractions increase in intensity and frequency until delivery. The increasing labor contractions of childbirth are an example of which type of regulation? A) a bioinformatic system B) positive feedback C) negative feedback D) feedback inhibition E) enzymatic catalysis
B
6) The proximate causes of behavior are interactions with the environment, but behavior is ultimately shaped by A) hormones. B) evolution. C) sexuality. D) pheromones. E) the nervous system.
B
62) One way to understand how early environment influences differing behaviors in similar species is through the "cross-fostering" experimental technique. Suppose that the curly-whiskered mud rat differs from the bald mud rat in several ways, including being much more aggressive. How would you set up a cross-fostering experiment to determine if environment plays a role in the curly-whiskered mud rat's aggression? A) You would cross curly-whiskered mud rats and bald mud rats and hand-rear the offspring to see if any grew up to be aggressive. B) You would place newborn curly-whiskered mud rats with bald mud rat parents, place newborn bald mud rats with curly-whiskered mud rat parents, and let some mud rats of both species be raised by their own species. Then you would compare the outcomes. C) You would remove the offspring of curly-whiskered mud rats and bald mud rats from their parents, raise them in the same environment, and then compare the outcomes. D) You would see if curly-whiskered mud rats bred true for aggression. E) You would replace normal newborn mud rats with deformed newborn mud rats to see if it triggered an altruistic response.
B
63) The presence of altruistic behavior is most likely due to kin selection, a theory maintaining A) aggression between sexes promotes the survival of the fittest individuals. B) genes enhance survival of copies of themselves by directing organisms to assist others who share those genes. C) companionship is advantageous to animals because in the future they can help each other. D) critical thinking abilities are normal traits for animals and they have arisen, like other traits, through natural selection. E) natural selection has generally favored the evolution of exaggerated aggressive and submissive behaviors to resolve conflict without grave harm to participants.
B
Which of the following is reflective of the phrase "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts"? A) high-throughput technology B) emergent properties C) natural selection D) reductionism E) feedback regulations
B
12) What type of signal is brief and can work at night or among obstructions? A) olfactory B) visual C) auditory D) tactile E) electrical
C
17) Which scientist studied imprinting of greylag geese? A) Karl von Frisch B) Niko Tinbergen C) Konrad Lorenz D) William Hamilton E) Ivan Pavlov
C
19) If mayflies lay eggs on roads instead of in water, this behavior could involve which of the following? A) a defective gene B) trial-and-error learning C) misdirected response to a sign stimulus D) natural behavioral variation in the mayfly population E) insecticide poisoning
C
2) A female cat in heat urinates more often and in many places. Male cats congregate near the urine deposits and fight with each other. Which of the following is a proximate cause of this behavior of increased urination? A) It announces to the males that she is in heat. B) Female cats that did this in the past attracted more males. C) It is a result of hormonal changes associated with her reproductive cycle. D) The female cat learned the behavior from observing other cats. E) All of the above are ultimate causes of behavior.
C
20) The time during imprinting when specific behaviors can be learned is called the A) window of imprinting. B) major period. C) sensitive period. D) timing imprint. E) significant window.
C
23) Sow bugs become more active in dry areas and less active in humid areas. This is an example of A) taxis. B) tropism. C) kinesis. D) cognition. E) net reflex.
C
27) Learning in which an associated stimulus may be used to elicit the same behavioral response as the original sign stimulus is called A) concept formation. B) trial-and-error. C) classical conditioning. D) operant conditioning. E) habituation.
C
3) A female cat in heat urinates more often and in many places. Male cats congregate near the urine deposits and fight with each other. Which of the following would be an ultimate cause of the male cats' response to the female's urinating behavior? A) The males have learned to recognize the specific odor of the urine of a female in heat. B) When the males smelled the odor, various neurons in their brains were stimulated. C) Male cats respond to the odor because it is a means of locating females in heat. D) Male cats' hormones are triggered by the odor released by the female. E) The odor serves as a releaser for the instinctive behavior of the males.
C
30) Which of the following statements about learning and behavior is incorrect? A) Operant conditioning involves associating a behavior with a reward or punishment. B) Associative learning involves linking one stimulus with another. C) Classical conditioning involves trial-and-error learning. D) Behavior can be modified by learning, but some apparent learning is due to maturation. E) Imprinting is a learned behavior with an innate component acquired during a sensitive period.
C
33) A salmon returns to its home stream to spawn. What term best applies to this behavior? A) sign stimulus B) habituation C) imprinting D) classical conditioning E) operant conditioning
C
37) Sparrows are receptive to learning songs only during a sensitive period. What term best applies to this behavior? A) sign stimulus B) habituation C) imprinting D) classical conditioning E) operant conditioning
C
38) Classical conditioning and operant conditioning differ in that A) classical conditioning takes longer. B) operant conditioning usually involves more intelligence. C) operant conditioning involves consequences for the animal's behavior. D) classical conditioning is restricted to mammals and birds. E) classical conditioning is much more useful for training domestic animals.
C
4) Which of the following is a behavioral pattern that results from a proximate cause? A) A cat kills a mouse to obtain food. B) A male sheep fights with another male because it helps it to improve its social position and find a mate. C) A female bird lays its eggs because the amount of daylight is decreasing slightly each day. D) A goose squats and freezes motionless because that behavior helps it to escape a predator. E) A cockroach runs into a crack in the wall and avoids being stepped on
C
4) Which of the following types of cells utilize deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as their genetic material but do not have their DNA encased within a nuclear envelope? A) animal B) plant C) archaea D) fungi E) protists
C
52) In the evolution of whelk-eating behavior in crows, which of the following did natural selection minimize? A) the average number of drops required to break the shell B) the average height a bird flew to drop a shell C) the average total energy used to break shells D) the average size of the shells dropped by the birds E) the average thickness of the shells dropped by the birds
C
58) Which one of these concepts is not associated with sociobiology? A) parental investment B) inclusive fitness C) associative learning D) reciprocal altruism E) kin selection
C
60) Which of the following does not have a coefficient of relatedness of 0.5? A) a father to his daughter B) a mother to her son C) an uncle to his nephew D) a brother to his brother E) a sister to her brother
C
62) Animals that help other animals of the same species are expected to A) have excess energy reserves. B) be bigger and stronger than the other animals. C) be genetically related to the other animals. D) be male. E) have defective genes controlling their behavior.
C
64) In Belding's ground squirrels, it is mostly the females that behave altruistically by sounding alarm calls. What is the likely reason for this distinction? A) Males have smaller vocal cords and are less likely to make sounds. B) Females invest more in foraging and food stores, so they are more defensive. C) Females settle in the area in which they were born, so the calling females are warning kin. D) The sex ratio is biased. E) Males forage alone; therefore, alarm calls are useless.
C
A localized group of organisms that belong to the same species is called a A) biosystem. B) community. C) population. D) ecosystem. E) family.
C
In order to understand the chemical basis of inheritance, one must understand the molecular structure of DNA. This is an example of the application of ____ to the study of biology. A) emergent properties B) feedback regulation C) reductionism D) evolution E) the cell theory
C
Life is diverse. How many species are estimated to be presently on the earth? A) 1,800 B) 180,000 C) 1,800,000 D) 18,000,000 E) 180,000,000
C
The lowest level of biological organization that can perform all the activities required for life is the
Cell
15) Which scientist formulated four questions that motivate the modern study of animal behavior? A) E. O. Wilson B) Jane Goodall C) J. B. S. Haldane D) Niko Tinbergen E) William Hamilton
D
26) Which of the following could be classified as habituation? A) You enter a room and hear a fan motor. After a period of time, you are no longer aware of the motor's noise. B) You hear a horn while driving your car. You step on the brakes but notice the sound came from a side street. You resume your previous speed. C) One morning you awake to a beep-beep-beep from a garbage truck working on a new early morning schedule. The next week the garbage truck arrives at the same time and makes the same noise, but does not wake you up. D) A and C only E) A, B, and C
D
29) The type of learning that causes specially trained dogs to salivate when they hear bells is called A) insight. B) imprinting. C) habituation. D) classical conditioning. E) trial-and-error learning.
D
36) A guinea pig loves the lettuce kept in the refrigerator and squeals each time the refrigerator door opens. What term best applies to this behavior? A) sign stimulus B) habituation C) imprinting D) classical conditioning E) operant conditioning
D
40) Among song birds, a -crystallized- song is one that A) is high pitched. B) is aimed at attracting mates. C) extremely young chicks sing. D) is the final song that some species produce. E) warns of predators.
D
42) Imagine that you are designing an experiment aimed at determining whether the initiation of migratory behavior is largely under genetic control. Of the following options, the best way to proceed is to A) observe genetically distinct populations in the field and see if they have different migratory habits. B) perform within-population matings with birds from different populations that have different migratory habits. Do this in the laboratory and see if offspring display parental migratory behavior. C) bring animals into the laboratory and determine the conditions under which they become restless and attempt to migrate. D) perform within-population matings with birds from different populations that have different migratory habits. Rear the offspring in the absence of their parents and observe the migratory behavior of offspring. E) All of the above are equally productive ways to approach the question.
D
45) Which statement below about mating behavior is incorrect? A) Some aspects of courtship behavior may have evolved from agonistic interactions. B) Courtship interactions ensure that the participating individuals are nonthreatening and of the proper species, sex, and physiological condition for mating. C) The degree to which evolution affects mating relationships depends on the degree of prenatal and postnatal input the parents are required to make. D) The mating relationship in most mammals is monogamous, to ensure the reproductive success of the pair. E) Polygamous relationships most often involve a single male and many females, but in some species this is reversed.
D
47) Which of the following statements about evolution of behavior is correct? A) Natural selection will favor behavior that enhances survival and reproduction. B) An animal may show behavior that maximizes reproductive fitness. C) If a behavior is less than optimal, it is not completely evolved but will eventually become optimal. D) A and B only E) A, B, and C
D
55) The evolution of mating systems is most likely affected by A) population size. B) care required by young. C) certainty of paternity. D) B and C only E) A, B , and C
D
61) Which scientist devised a rule that predicts when natural selection should favor altruism? A) Karl von Frisch B) Niko Tinbergen C) Konrad Lorenz D) William Hamilton E) Ivan Pavlov
D
65) The central concept of sociobiology is that A) human behavior is rigidly predetermined. B) the behavior of an individual cannot be modified. C) our behavior consists mainly of fixed action patterns. D) most aspects of our social behavior have an evolutionary basis. E) the social behavior of humans is homologous to the social behavior of honeybees.
D
7) Which of the following groups of scientists is closely associated with ethology? A) Watson, Crick, and Franklin B) McClintock, Goodall, and Lyon C) Fossey, Hershey, and Chase D) von Frisch, Lorenz, and Tinbergen E) Hardy, Weinberg, and Castle
D
2) Which of the following is not a theme that unifies biology?
D) Reductionism
Which of the following is a false statement regarding deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)?
DNA is an enzyme that puts together amino acids to make a protein.
10) Animal communication involves what type of sensory information? A) visual B) auditory C) chemical D) A and C only E) A, B, and C
E
25) Loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no new information is called A) adapting. B) spacing. C) conditioning. D) imprinting. E) habituation.
E
31) A type of bird similar to a chickadee learns to peck through the cardboard tops of milk bottles left on doorsteps and drink the cream from the top. What term best applies to this behavior? A) sign stimulus B) habituation C) imprinting D) classical conditioning E) operant conditioning
E
49) Feeding behavior with a high energy intake-to-expenditure ratio is called A) herbivory. B) autotrophy. C) heterotrophy. D) search scavenging. E) optimal foraging.
E
5) Which of the following is a behavioral pattern resulting from an ultimate cause? A) A male robin attacks a red tennis ball because it resembles the breast of another male. B) A male robin attacks a red tennis ball because hormonal changes in spring increase its aggression. C) A male robin attacks a red tennis ball because a part of its brain is stimulated by red objects. D) A male robin attacks a red tennis ball because several times in the past red tennis balls have been thrown at it, and it has learned that they are dangerous. E) A male robin attacks a red tennis ball because it confuses it with an encroaching male who will steal his territory.
E
50) Modern behavioral concepts relate the cost of a behavior to its benefit. Under which relationship might a behavior be performed? A) cost is greater than the benefit B) cost is less than the benefit C) cost is equal to the benefit D) A and C only E) B and C only
E
51) Optimal foraging involves all of the following except A) maximizing energy gained by the forager. B) minimizing energy expended by the forager. C) securing essential nutrients for the forager. D) minimizing the risk of predation on the forager. E) maximizing the population size of the forager.
E
53) Which of the following might affect the foraging behavior of an animal in the context of optimal foraging? A) risk of predation B) prey size C) prey defenses D) A and B only E) A, B, and C
E
57) Which of the following is least related to the others? A) fixed action pattern B) pheromones C) sign stimulus D) hormones E) optimal foraging
E
67) Which scientist developed the concept of inclusive fitness? A) E. O. Wilson B) Jane Goodall C) J. B. S. Haldane D) Niko Tinbergen E) William Hamilton
E
9) Which of the following statements is (are) true of fixed action patterns? A) They are highly stereotyped, instinctive behaviors. B) They are triggered by sign stimuli in the environment and, once begun, are continued to completion. C) An inappropriate stimulus can sometimes trigger them. D) A and B only E) A, B, and C
E
Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains? A) Bacteria and Eukarya B) Archaea and Monera C) Eukarya and Monera D) Bacteria and Protista E) Bacteria and Archaea
E
Some dogs love attention, and Frodo the beagle learns that if he barks, he gets attention. Which of the following might you use to describe this behavior? Some dogs love attention, and Frodo the beagle learns that if he barks, he gets attention. Which of the following might you use to describe this behavior? A)The dog has been classically conditioned. B)The dog is performing a social behavior. C)The dog is trying to protect its territory. D)The dog is displaying an instinctive fixed action pattern. E)The dog's behavior is a result of operant conditioning.
E
The dynamics of any ecosystem include the following major processes: A) the flow of energy from sunlight to producers B) the flow of energy from sunlight to producers and then to consumers C) the recycling of chemical nutrients D) the flow of energy to producers and the recycling of nutrients E) the flow of energy from sunlight to producers and then to consumers, and the recycling of chemical nutrients. E) the flow of energy from sunlight to producers ahen to consumers, and the recycling of chemical nutrients.
E
When blood glucose level rises, the pancreas secretes insulin, and as a result blood glucose level declines. When blood glucose level is low, the pancreas secretes glucagon, and as a result blood glucose level rises. Such regulation of blood glucose level is the result of A) catalytic feedback B) positive feedback C) protein-protein interactions D) bioinformatic regulation E) negative feedback
E
Which of the following properties or processes do we associate with living things? a) growth and reproduction b) evolutionary adaptations c) responding to the environment d) energy processing e) all of the above
E
Which scientist suggested that human social behavior may have a genetic basis?
E. O. Wilson
A type of protein critical to all cells is organic catalysts called
Enzymes
A common form of regulation in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows that process is called positive feedback. true or false
False
The main source of energy for producers in an ecosystem is?
Light Energy
A chemical produced by an animal that serves as a communication to another animal of the same species is called
Pheromone
Which of the following statements concerning prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is not correct?
Prokaryotic cells contain small membrane-enclosed organelles.
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells generally have which of the following features in common?
Ribosomes
A stickleback fish will attack a fish model as long as the model has red coloring. What term best applies to this behavior?
Sign Stimulus
Which branch of biology is concerned with the naming and classifying of organisms?
Taxonomy
Which of the following sequences represents the hierarchy of biological organization from the least to the most complex level?
molecule, cell, organ system, population, ecosystem, biosphere
Which of these is a correct representation of the hierarchy of biological organization from least to most complex?
molecule, intestinal cell organelle, intestinal cell, intestinal tissue, digestive system, organism
In terms of the hierarchical organization of life, a bacterium is at the __________ level of organization, whereas a human is at the __________ level of organization. single tissue; multicellular organism tissue; organism single-celled organism; multicellular organism organelle; organ system single organelle; organism
single-celled organism; multicellular organism
For most ecosystems _____________ is (are) the ultimate source of energy, and energy leaves the ecosystem in the form of __________
sunlight, heat
Organisms interact with their environments, exchanging matter and energy. For example, plant chloroplasts convert the energy of sunlight into
the potential energy of chemical bonds.
