TestOut Network Pro - Chapter 2

-Molded onto the cable -Used in 10Base2 ethernet networks

Describe how the BNC connector is connected and its uses.

-Used with single and multi-mode cabling -Has a keyed bayonet-type connector -Also called a push-in and twist connector -Each wire has a separate connector -Nickel plated with a ceramic ferrule to ensure proper core alignment and prevent light ray deflection. - ST = Set and twist or straight tip

Describe the ST fiber optic connector.

Known good spares

A set of components that are known to be in proper functioning order.

Short

An electrical _____ occurs when electrical signals take a path other than the intended path. In the case of twisted pair wiring, it means that a signal sent on one wire arrives on a different wire.

Transceiver mismatch

Well-manufactured network devices have interfaces that can be tailored to different cable types, protocols, and speeds. This is done by connecting a hot swappable transceiver to the interface. When connecting one network device to another, matching transceivers must be used. For twisted pair cabling, a mismatch in speed is a common issue.

Flexibility, cost, ease-of-use, and works with newer protocols.

What are the advantages of twisted pair cabling?

Speed test website

A ____ ____ _____ is an online tool that is used to test the bandwidth of your internet connection.

-Data transfers through the core using a single light path -Core diameter is 8-10.5 microns -Cable lengths can extend great distances -There is less modal dispersion, so bandwidth can be higher. -Higher-cost electronics are required to send signals down a single path. -Optimized for the 1310 nm and 1550 nm light sources.

Describe single-mode fiber cable.

-Typically used with single-mode cabling. -Each wire has a separate connector. -Uses a threaded connector. -Designed to stay securely connected in environments where it may experience physical shock or intense vibration.

Describe the FC connector.

-Has eight connectors. -Supports four pairs of wires. -Backwards compatible with RJ45 -Four additional conductors in the corners of the connector that duplicate and replace the four inner pins on the RJ45

Describe the GG45 connector

-Has four connectors. -Supports up to two pairs of wires -Uses a locking tab to keep it secure in outlet -Used primarily for telephone wire

Describe the RJ11 connector

EMI and RFI

External signals that interfere with normal network communications. Common sources include nearby generators, motors, radio transmitters, welders, transformers, and fluorescent lighting.

There are positive and negative pins for each pair of wires. Signals go in both directions over each pair of wires, so there is no dedicated transmit or receive pin. Both T568A and B standards are used.

How are Cat5e and above pinned for a 1000BASE-T ethernet?

Cat 3 cable - RJ45

_____ cable is designed for use with 10-megabit ethernet or 16-megabit token ring. It uses a ____ connector.

Open impedance mismatch (echo)

__________ can occur when a signal moves from a cable with one impedance rating to a cable with another rating, causing some of the signal to reflect back to the source, distorting the signal.

850 nm, 1300 nm, 1310 nm, and 1550 nm

What are the most common fiber optic wavelengths?

F-Type and BNC

What are the two types of coaxial connectors?

LEC (local exchange carrier)

When your contract with a ___ for data, internet, or telephone services, they install a physical cable and a termination jack onto your premises.

Time-domain reflector (TDR)

A ___ is a special device that sends electrical pulses on a wire in order to discover information about the cable. It measures impedance discontinuities.

LED (light-emitting diode)

A ___ is a two-lead semiconductor light source that emits visible light when an electric current passes through it.

Voltage event recorder

A ____ ____ ____ keeps track of voltage condition on a power line.

Loopback plug

A ____ ____ reflects a signal from the transmit port on a device to the receive port on the same device, to verify that a device can both send and receive signals.

Cable tester

A ____ ____ verifies that the cable can carry a signal from one end to the other and that all wires are in the correct positions.

Toner probe

A ____ _____ is composed of two devices that are used together to trace the end of a wire from a known endpoint to the termination point in the wiring closet.

Multimeter

A _____ is a device used to test various electrical properties such as AC/DC voltage, amps, ohms, capacitance, and frequency.

Bad connector

A damaged connector that is causing connectivity issues.

Punchdown block

A device that connects one group of wires to another group of wires through a system of metal pegs that the wires are attached to.

EMI (electromagnetic interference)

A disturbance generated by an external source that affects an electrical circuit by electromagnetic induction, electrostatic coupling, or conduction.

MDFs (Main distribution frame)

A frame or rack that is used to interconnect and manage telecommunication wiring in a building. It functions like an old-time telephone switchboard, where operators used connecting wires to route calls. Today, ___s describe the room that houses the traditional ___ along with networking patch panels. Often, rack-mounted equipment is also housed in an ___.

Cable certifier

A multi-function tool that verifies that a cable or an installation meets the requirements for a specific architecture implementation.

PVC (Polyvinyl chloride)

A type of plastic used to shield objects such as coaxial cable.

BNC (Bayonet Neill-Concelman)

A type of quick connect/disconnect adapter used on some types of cables, such as the RG-58 A/U cable used with the 10Base-2 Ethernet system.

Incorrect termination

An ____ ____ occurs when an incompatible or incorrect connector is used. This can result in reduced performance or complete connection loss.

OTDR (Optical time-domain reflectometer)

An ____ performs the same function as a TDR, but for fiber optic cables. It sends a pulse of light into the cable and measure the light that is scattered or reflected back to the device.

Environmental monitor

An ______ _____ monitors conditions of a specific area or device. Usually used to keep track of conditions within server rooms such as temp, humidity, water, smoke, motion, and air flow.

Riser space

An area that connects multiple floors where cables can be run. This area cannot be a plenum space.

Smartjack

An intelligent loopback device installed at the demarc.

Crosstalk

An unwanted transfer of signals between communication channels.

Mis-wired cable

Caused by incorrect wire positions on both connectors. Can be a reverse connection, an incorrect wire-mapping, or a split pair condition.

-Has two concentric metallic conductors. The inner conductor is solid wire made of copper or copper-tin. The outer mesh conductor, or shield, is made of aluminum or tin-coated copper. -A PVC plastic insulator, which surrounds the inner conductor and insulates it from the mesh conductor. -A PVC plastic cable sheath surrounds and protects the wire.

Describe a typical Coaxial Cable.

-Twisted onto the cable or using a compression tool -Used to create cable and satellite tv connections -Used to connect a cable modem to broadband connection

Describe how the F-Type connector is connected and its uses.

-Data transfers through the core using multiple light paths -The core diameter is around 50 to 100 microns -There is more modal dispersion due to the multiple paths -Cable lengths are limited in distance and are dependent on bandwidth -Higher light gathering capacity simplifies connections and allows lower-cost electronics -Optimized for 850nm and 1300nm light sources

Describe multi-mode fiber cable.

-Used with single-mode and multi-mode cabling. -Composed of a plastic connector with a locking tab that is similar to a RJ45 connector. -A single connector with two ends keeps the two cables in place. -Uses a ceramic ferrule to ensure proper core alignment and to prevent light ray deflection. -Is half the size of other fiber optic connectors. -Mnemonics are Lift-and-Click or Little Connector.

Describe the LC fiber optic connector.

-Used with single-mode and multi-mode cabling. -Composed of a plastic connector with a locking tab. -Uses metal guide pins to ensure that it is properly aligned. -A single connector with one end holds both cables. -Uses a ceramic ferrule to ensure proper core alignment and prevent light ray deflection.

Describe the MTRJ connector.

-Has eight connectors. -Supports up to four pairs of wires. -Uses a locking tab to keep it secure in outlet -Uses for ethernet and some token ring connections.

Describe the RJ45 connector

-Used with single-mode and multi-mode cabling. -Has a push-on/pull-off connector that uses a locking tab to maintain connection. -Each wire has a separate connector. -Uses a ceramic ferrule to ensure proper core alignment and prevent light ray deflection. -Mnemonics are Set-and-Click or Square Connector.

Describe the SC fiber optic connector.

-Has eight connectors. -Supports four pairs of wires. -Incompatible with RJ45 and GG45 -Does not require a tool to install

Describe the TERA cable

-Plenum rated cables uses insulation that is fire resistant and non-toxic when burned. -Plenum rated cables must be used in plenum spaces. -Riser rated cables are designed for installations that run between floors. -Riser requirements aren't as strict so riser cable cannot be used in plenum spaces but plenum cable can be used in riser spaces.

Describe the difference between plenum and riser space twisted pair cabling.

-Two copper wires form an electrical signal path with each wire carrying equal but opposite signals. -Wires are twisted to reduce crosstalk. -Conductors are 22 or 24 gauge covered in plastic -Pairs are color coded, bundled together, and covered in a plastic sheath. -Most contain four twisted pairs, but could contain 25-100. -Each pair within a length of cable are given a different number of twists to reduce crosstalk between pairs.

Describe twisted pair cabling.

-Never exceed the maximum cable length defined by the network architecture. -Take temperature into consideration, as higher temps can increase attenuation. -Use repeaters if long cable distances are needed.

How can attenuation be minimized?

-twisting of the wires into pairs helps reduce crosstalk between pairs. -Each pair of wires is twisted at different rates to minimize crosstalk across pairs. -Minimize length of untwisted portions at the connector to minimize crosstalk

How do twisted pair cables minimize crosstalk?

-Keep the area as clean as possible. -Cut the cable with a clean 90-degree cut. -Polish the end of the cable prior to adding the connector. Use special polishing film and tools. -Glue or crimp the connector on. -Cover or cap any connector that won't be hooked up right away. - If necessary, you can splice two cable ends together; however, this requires expensive and specialized equipment.

How do you connect a fiber optic connector to the cable?

GW, G, OW, B, BW, O, BrW, Br

In what way are the wires ordered (from pin 1 to pin 8) for the T568A standard?

OW, O, GW, B, BW, G, BrW, Br

In what way are the wires ordered (from pin 1 to pin 8) for the T568B standard?

Demarc

The _____ is the line that marks the boundary between the telecommunications equipment and your private network or telephone system.

Attenuation

The loss of signal strength from one end of a cable to the other. Also known as dB loss.

UTP (Unshielded twisted pair)

These cables are easy to work with and less expensive than shielded cables.

Patch panel

These permit circuits to be arranged and rearranged by plugging and unplugging respective patch cords in a mounted hardware assembly.

Plenum space

This is a part of a building that provides a pathway for the airflow needed by heating and air conditioning systems, such as above a dropped ceiling or below a raised floor.

STP (Shielded twisted pair)

This type of cable has shielding that is electrically conductive foil or braided material that is wrapped around pairs of wires, around the overall cable, or both.

Wire stripper, snips, and crimpers

Three tools to remove the protective sheath of a cable, cut cables or wires to specific length, and attach connectors to wires.

-Connectors -Polishing -Damaged or mis-matched cables -Media adaptors and transceivers -Signal loss

What are some of the things to check when troubleshooting fiber optic cabling?

-Highly resistant to EMI -Highly resistant to physical damage

What are the advantages of coaxial cable?

-Totally immune to EMI -Highly resistant to eavesdropping -Supports extremely high data transmission rates -Allows greater cable distances without a repeater

What are the advantages of fiber optic cable?

-Very expensive -Difficult to work with -Special training required to attach connectors to cables

What are the disadvantages of fiber optic cable?

Susceptible to interference and eavesdropping

What are the disadvantages of twisted pair cabling?

-More expensive than UTP -Inflexible construction -Unsupported by newer network standards

What are the disadvantages to coaxial cable?

NEXT - crosstalk measured at the same end of the cable. FEXT - crosstalk measured at opposite ends of the cable. Alien - Introduced from a parallel adjacent cable.

What are the forms of crosstalk?

RG58 - 10Base2 ethernet - 50 ohms RG59 - Cable TV and cable networking - 75 ohms RG6 - Cable TV, satellite tv, and cable networking - 75 ohms

What are the grades, uses, and resistance ratings for coaxial cable?

ST, SC, LC, MTRJ, and FC

What are the types of connectors used in fiber optic cables?

worn wire jackets, crushed wires, or a metal object piercing two or more wires.

What can cause a short in a cable?

Pin 1: transmit + Pin 2: transmit - Pin 3: receive + Pin 4: receive - Pins 4-8 not used.

What do each of the pins do for Cat3,Cat5, and Cat5e cables for a 10BASE-T or 100BASE-T ethernet?

-Use fiber optic instead of copper wiring. -Use STP cables. -Avoid installing near EMI/RFI sources.

What steps can be taken to protect against EMI/RFI?

Open circuit

When a cut in the wire prevents the original signal from reaching the end of the wire. It is different from a short in that the signal stops.

Pinout

When connecting two devices using twisted pair cabling, the ______ determines which wire goes to which pin of the connector.

PoE (power over ethernet)

___ is a technology that allows a single cable to provide both data and electric power to devices such as wireless access points, IP cameras, and VoIP phones.

WDM (wave division multiplexing)

___ joins several light wavelengths (colors) onto a single strand of fiber.

Cat 6 cable - RJ45

____ cable supports 10-Gbps ethernet and high-bandwidth broadband communications. In most cases, it includes a solid plastic core that keeps the twisted pairs separate and prevents it from being bent too tightly. It uses a ____ connector.

Cat 6a cable - RJ45

_____ cable is designed to provide better protection against EMI and crosstalk than Cat 6 cabling. It provides better performance than Cat 6, especially when used with 10-Gbps ethernet.

Cat 7 cable - GG45 - TERA

_____ cable standard was ratified years before Cat 6a to support 10-Gbps ethernet. It requires shielding on each twisted pair and the cable as a whole. It also specifies the ____ or ____ connectors.

Cat 5 cable - RJ45

_____ cable supports 100-megabit ethernet and ATM networking. It's specs also support gigabit ethernet. It uses a ____ connector.

Cat 5e cable - RJ45

______ cable is similar to Cat 5 but provides much better EMI protection. It supports 100-megabit and gigabit ethernet. It uses a ____ connector.

Phone cable - RJ11

______ cable is used to connect a PC to a phone jack in a wall outlet to establish dial-up internet connection as well as DSL connections. It has a ____ type connector.