The Agricultural Revolution in England, Industrialization, and Transportation (25.1) Notes

Definition of "INDUSTRIALIZATION"

- Began in the mid-1700s - Industrialization was the movement from handmade products to factory production.

When did the Agricultural Revolution occur?

- Early 1700s - England

Enclosures

- In England, wealthy people began to realize that they could make money off of agriculture. - At the end of the 1600s, they began to buy up the land in the countryside from the middle to lower class farmers so that they could proceed with making money off of agriculture. - They sectioned off very large fields that were called enclosures. They focused on agriculture for profit. The enclosure process ended the livestock roaming around like they had before. Wealthy landowners started to compete with each other for profit. - Within the enclosures, they began to experiment with new techniques because they had the money to.

(Breeding) Livestock

- Livestock is any animal that you get some kind of product out of. Livestock includes cows, pigs, chickens, goats, and sheep. - Humans began to manipulate the breeding process of livestock (separated boys and girls) and ended up breeding the largest and healthiest animals only. They fazed out the smaller, weaker, and diseased livestock so that they could have livestock that could produce more. This resulted in larger and more plentiful animals.

What does "revolution" mean?

- Revolution means a CHANGE in the way something is done - EX: Agricultural Revolution- food is produced more rapidly due to advancements

Crop Rotation

- The owners realized that crop rotation was necessary in order to keep the soil from depleting its nutrients. - Every year, within a certain area of land, they would change the type crop that was planted. They rotated the crops so they never fully depleted the soil. This resulted in more crops at harvest.

Seed Drill

- The seed drill was one of the most important inventions for the agricultural revolution. The seed drill was invented in 1701, and it was invented by Jethro Tull. - He sold this product to these enclosure owners. The seed drill created organized rows of crops. It also planted the seeds deeper and faster. - In the end, they increased their crop yield/what they end up getting at harvest. The owners bought up the seed drill.

What were some of the causes/factors of the Agricultural Revolution?

1. Enclosures 2. Seed Drill 3. Crop Rotation 4. (Breeding) Livestock

What were the four major advancements in transportation that we see in the late 1700s?

1. Steam Engine 2. Steam Boat 3. Roads 4. Trains

What were the overall effects of the Agricultural Revolution?

1. The Agricultural Revolution (changes) resulted in more and better crops. 2. The food supply of England increased, and we begin to see the process when people could move away from worrying about food and think about other things since they knew there was enough food for themselves and their family. 3. As a result of the increase in food supply and quality, England experienced a population boom. We begin to see the population skyrocket. It had steadily been increasing for centuries, but the population shot right up during this time period. Since they had better and more food, they were healthier (lived longer). 4. When the population increased in England, the demand for food and supplies also increased. The English needed more (of everything) and therefore needed to continue to increase the food and supplies. (This helped to move to the Industrialization when they needed to pick up pace of creation.) 5. After the Agricultural Revolution, a lot of people needed work. These people included small farmers who were bought out of the countryside and all of these new members of the population. There was a whole population who needed jobs and were willing to do new work.

Effects of Trains

1. Trains could transport larger quantities of materials and goods for industry. (Heavy and bulky material needs to be transported from Point A to Point B.) 2. The railroad industry created hundreds of thousands of jobs. Laying railroad track is no easy feat; it involves hundreds of workers at the least in any one location. [More jobs are created.] When people are working, it is a good thing for the country. 3. Trains aided in the advancement of agriculture and fishing because the goods from these industries could be transported. Agriculture and fishing industries didn't occur in urban centers. However, the majority of the population lived in urban centers. The food supply needed to be transported (faster and easier). 4. Trains affected passenger transportation- the movement of people opens up. The railroad was the first mode of transportation that allowed people to work in a separate location than (away from) where they live. - The railroad also allowed for the development of the suburb. People could work in the city but live outside of it. At this time, cities were gross. In this process, the only people left in cities were those who couldn't afford to live in the suburb. - Trains opened up the idea of vacationing. With the railroad, we begin to see the development of "home away from home". You could now leave your home (and go out to a resort on a lake). Prior to the invention of the train and the automobile, people didn't vacation and/or own second homes.

Trains

Inventors: Richard Trevithick and George Stevenson - With the development of the railroad, people could carry more and faster than ever before. - Railroads became the most important mode of transportation within England itself for the industrial process.

Steam Engine

Inventor: James Watt - The steam engine was applied to two other advancements. (the boat and the railroad locomotive) - James Watt was concerned with making the steam engine faster and more efficient. - He took the existing steam engine and developed a new and more advanced product.

Roads

Inventor: John McAdam - In England, roads were subject to weather in ways that ours are not anymore. - Their dirt roads could become impassable for weeks at a time because of too much mud. - Roads were not viewed as an essential part of infrastructure. - There was no one working at interconnecting everything. - John McAdam came up with the idea for drainage. This idea was crushed stone and rock that was layered (about 6 inches) on main roads. - This system was helpful because water could settle into the rock and travel over it. - People wanted to create more interconnected roads after this development.

Steam Boat

Inventor: Robert Fulton - Robert Fulton developed the steam boat using the steam engine. - The steam boat was mostly used to transport natural resources and later a finished product. - A steam boat could hold large quantities of material, aiding in the industrial process. - The steam boat led to the constructions of thousands of miles of canals. - These canals connected waterways, and they also connected coal mines to factories - There were over 4,000 miles of canal made in a series of years/decades.