The Big Picture: A Review of Biology
What is the G1 phase?
Cell grows
What is the cell membrane?
Cell membrane is fluid, which means that it is constantly flowing and moving over the cell
Cell membrane is _____
Cell membrane is selectively permeable.
What do cells make up?
Cells make up organisms(living things)
What is Cellular Respiration?
Cellular Respiration is the process that breaks down glucose in order to make energy for an organism.
Cellular Respiration occurs where?
Cellular Respiration occurs in teh mitochondria of the cell.
What role do centrioles play?
Centrioles help in cell division and is only found in animal, NOT plant cells.
• The theory of evolution was stated by _____ ____ and is based on ____ ____
Charles Darwin; Natural Selection
What role does chloroplast play?
Chloroplast traps sunlight to make food for the plant
Chloroplasts have a green pigment called ____
Chloroplasts have a green pigment called chlorophyll
What are Chromosomes?
Chromosomes are DNA strands in the nucleus that contain the directions on how to make and keep an organism alive
What are Chromosomes made up of?
Chromosomes are made up of genes.
When does Codominance occur?
Codominance occurs when 2 dominant genes are expressed and both genes are seen in the organism
A cat with black and white spots is ________
Codominant
AB blood is _________
Codominant
What is Commensalism?
Commensalism is when one of the 2 organisms benefits from the symbiosis
What are the 3 types of Symbiosis?
Commensalism, Mutualism, Parasitism
What is Comparative anatomy?
Comparative anatomy is when the bodies of different organisms are compared to see if they are related.
What is competition?
Competition is a struggle between organisms for resources, such as food, water, shelter
What are consumers?
Consumers are organisms that eat other organisms for energy
When does Cytokinesis occur?
Cytokinesis occurs when the cytoplasm actually divides, forming two new cells
Cells will die if their ____ is damaged or removed.
DNA
What does it mean when DNA is complementary?
DNA is complementary, which means that the bases on one strand match up to the bases on the other strand
What does DNA make up?
DNA makes up the chromosomes in the nucleus and never leaves the nucleus
What is the S phase?
DNA synthesis (chromosomes are copied)
What is Dark reaction?
Dark reaction is when the energy from the sunlight is used to make glucose
What are decomposers?
Decomposer is a special type of consumer that eats waste products and dead organisms for energy
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
What is diffusion?
Diffusion is when compounds move from high to low concentration.
______ gene: "stronger" of the 2 genes and shows up in the organism
Dominant
What are Lipids?
Fats and oils used for long term energy
What is Fertilization?
Fertilization is the process of an egg and a sperm cell combining to produce a zygote
What is flagella?
Flagella are whip like structure for movement.
Individuals with Down Syndrome have _ #_ _ chromosomes.
Individuals with Down Syndrome have three #21 chromosomes
______ ______ is an Austrian monk credited with beginning the study of genetics
Gregor Mendel
f the mutation happens in a BODY cell, __________
It only affects the organism that carries it.
What is Karyotype?
Karyotype is ordered picture of an organism's chromosomes.
What are the 7 different levels of taxonomy?
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
What is Meiosis?
Meiosis is cell division that produces gametes (sex cells), such as sperm and egg cells
How many cells are made up in a Multicellular Organism?
Multicellular organisms are made up of many cells
What is Mutualism?
Mutualism is when both organisms benefit from the symbiosis.
What does Natural Selection state?
Natural selection states that organisms with traits well suited to an environment are more likely to survive and produce more offspring than organisms without these favorable traits
Healthy individuals have _ of each type of chromosome
Healthy individuals have 2 of each type of chromosome
What are heterotrophs?
Heterotrophs are organisms that cannot make their own food, like herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores.
What are Homologous chromosomes?
Homologous chromosomes are 2 of the same type of chromosome
What are Homologous structures?
Homologous structures are body structures on different organisms that are similar.
What is a Hypertonic Solution?
Hypertonic solutions cause water to move out of the cell so the cell shrivels up
What is a Hypotonic Solution?
Hypotonic solutions cause water to move into the cell so the cell swells up
What are the 3 types of solutions?
Hypotonic, Hypertonic, and Isotonic.
Whats happens in Prophase?
Nuclear membrane falls apart and spindle fibers start to form
What are Nucleic acids?
Nucleic acids are DNA and RNA; contains genetic information
The Oraganelles in ANIMAL cells include(10):
Nucleus, cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), golgi body, ribosomes, mitochondria, lysosome, cytoplasm, vacuole, centrioles
Plant cell organelles include:
Nucleus, cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), golgi body, ribosomes, mitochondria, lysosome, cytoplasm, vacuole, chloroplast, cell wall
_______ gene: "weaker" of 2 genes and only shows up when there is no dominant gene present
Recessive
When does Incomplete Dominance occur?
Incomplete dominance occurs when 2 dominant genes are expressed and blended together in the organism
What is a pili?
Pili are short hair like structures to hold onto host cells.
Plant cells are usually ____?(shape)
Plant cells are usually square
What is a predator?
Predators are organisms that catch, kill, and eat other organisms called prey
What are producers?
Producers are organisms that take in energy from their surroundings to make their own food
Prokaryotic cells contain _____? (give examples)
Prokaryotic cells contain no nucleus, such as bacteria
What are the phases of mitosis?
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
What are Proteins?
Proteins are made up of amino acids; used for construction materials and chemical reactions in the body
What are Punnett squares?
Punnett squares are charts that are used to show the possible gene combinations in a cross between 2 organisms
RNA is a single stranded it has ___ instead of ____
RNA is single stranded and has uracil (U) rather than thymine (T)
What are the 2 types of cells?
The 2 types of cell are Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic
What role does the Golgi body play?
The Golgi Body processes and stores protein.
What is the cell cycle?
The cell cycle is the phases in the life of a cell
What role does the cell membrane play?
The cell membrane controls what enter and leaves the cell and also protects the cell
What role does the cell wall play?
The cell wall protects the cell.
All vertebrate embryos look very similar as they develop before birth.
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Bacterial cells are smaller and simpler than plant or animal cells.
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Bacterial cells are unicellular.
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Bacterial cells have no nucleus.
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Closely related organisms have more levels of taxonomy in common than unrelated organisms.
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DNA has all the directions the cell needs to live.
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Each organism as a niche, or role, to play in its environment.
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Ecosystems are constantly changing due to changing populations of organisms, changing weather, natural disasters, and human activity.
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Every organism has a unique 2-word scientific name that is written in Latin.
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Every time a change occurs, the balance of the ecosystem has to be readjusted.
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Everytime an organism eats, it obtains energy from its food.
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Glucose is a simple sugar.
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Humans have mostly diploid cells, which means that we have 2 of each type of chromosome.
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Populations of organisms increase and decrease due to overpopulation of a competitor or predator, disease, lack of food or water or shelter, and extreme weather.
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Proteins do all the work in the cell
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RNA carries the directions to other parts of the cell.
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RNA is a copy of DNA that goes out into the cytoplasm to tell the cell what to do in order to stay alive.
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Some Bacterial cells have a capsule, pili, and flagella.
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Some energy gets lost along the way of the trophic levels.
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The DNA of closely related organisms looks very similar.
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The cell membrane is made up of molecules called phospholipids.
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The parasite feeds on the host while it is still alive, weakening but not killing it.
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Males are XY so have _ copy of sex-linked traits
1
What is the Chemical equation for photosynthesis?
6CO(2) + 6H(2)O + light energy --> C(6)H(12)O(6) + O(2)
U binds _____
A
What is a Community?
A community is the organisms that live in a particular environment
What is a compound?
A compound is a combination of 2 or more atoms
What is a food chain?
A food chain is a lineup of organisms that shows who eats who.
What is a food web?
A food web is a network of connected food chains
What is a Habitat?
A habitat is the physical location of a community
What is a polygenic trait?
A polygenic trait is a trait that is controlled by more than one pair of genes, like skin color.
What is a sex-linked trait?
A sex-linked trait is a trait that is found on the X chromosome, such as colorblindness.
What is a trophic level?
A trophic level is a feeding level in an ecosystem
What is a Zygote?
A zygote is a baby that is only 1 cell big
What is ATP?
ATP is the compound that stores energy in an organism
What are the 2 different factors in an ecosystem?
Abiotic and Biotic
What are Abiotic factors?
Abiotic factors are nonliving things.
Endocytosis and exocytosis are examples of ____
Active Transport
What is Active transport?
Active Transport requires energy.
What are Adaptations?
Adaptations are structures and behaviors that organisms have evolved in order to survive better in their environments
What are 2 types of cellular respiration?
Aerobic & Anaerobic are the 2 types of cellular respiration.
Aerobic respiration is the opposite of ______
Aerobic respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis
Aerobic respiration mostly happens what?
Aerobic respiration mostly happens in animals and plants.
What is Aerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen.
What is an Ecosystem?
An ecosystem is a collection of organisms and their physical environment
What is an inorganic compound?
An inorganic compound is a compound with no combination of carbon atoms
What is an organic compound?
An organic compound is a compound that contains carbon atoms that have combined with each other
What is Anaerobic respiration?
Anaerobic respiration doesn't require oxygen to occur.
Anaerobic respiration is also called _____
Anaerobic respiration is also called fermentation
Anaerobic respiration makes less ATP then ____
Anaerobic respiration makes less ATP then Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration mostly happens in ______ (2)
Anaerobic respiration mostly happens in bacteria and yeast.
Animal cells are usually ____? (shape)
Animal cells are usually round.
What are autosomes?
Autosomes are chromosomes that do not determine gender
What are autotrophs?
Autotrophs are organisms that make their own food, like plants and some bacteria.
If the red flower color gene (R) is mixed with the white flower color gene (W) then the offspring will be ________
pink (RW)
What do Herbivores eat?
plants
What is in Kingdom Plantae?
plants
What do omnivores eat?
plants and meat
What is in the 2nd trophic level?
primary consumer
What is in the 1st trophic level?
producer
Homozygous! Purebred or hybrid?
purebred
What is in the 3rd trophic level?
secondary consumer
Mendel's law of _____ states that the 2 genes we have for each trait get separated from one another when we make egg and sperm cells
segregation
Bacterial cells have ______ (5)
single closed loop of DNA cell wall cell membrane cytoplasm ribosomes
What is in Kingdom Protista?
single-celled organisms
What is in the 4th trophic level?
tertiary consumer
Mutations can be neutral if ______
they do not produce an obvious changes in an organism
Mutations can be helpful if ______
they improve an organism's chances for survival
Mutations can be harmful if ______
they reduce an organism's chances for reproduction or survival
Mutations can be lethal if ______
they result in the immediate death of an organism
What is Transcription?
Transcription is when DNA in the nucleus is used to make messenger RNA (mRNA)
What is Translation?
Translation is when the RNA attaches to a ribosome and directs the production of a protein
How many cells are made up in an Unicellular Organism?
Unicellular organisms are made up of 1 cell
What are Vestigial structures?
Vestigial structures are body structures that may have served a purpose in ancient ancestors but no longer are functional in current organisms.
What is Homozygous?
When 2 genes are alike for a trait; BB, bb
what is Heterozygous?
When 2 genes are different for a trait; Bb
Girls are _ _ (letters)
XX
Boys are _ _ (letters)
XY
What are the 4 types of bases in DNA
adenine (A) guanine (G) thymine (T) cytosine (C)
What is in Kingdom Animalia?
animals
What are the 2 different feeding groups of organisms?
autotrophs and heterotrophs
Before Mitosis... Chromosomes have what?
copied themselves
RNA moves out into the _______ (DNA making protein)
cytoplasm
What is in the last trophic level?
decomposer
Humans have mostly _____ cells
diploid
DNA has a ____ helix shape
double
What is Domain Eukarya?
organisms whose DNA is in a nucleus.
Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is taken in by plants who use it during photosynthesis and release oxygen back into the atmosphere
oxygen-carbon cylce
Oxygen in the atmosphere is taken in by animals and plants who use it during respiration and release carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere
oxygen-carbon cylce
Humans have _ _ types of chromosomes.
23
sperm and egg cells have _ _ chromosomes in all
23
The nitrogen is passed onto the plants and any animals that eat the plants____
2nd step of the Nitrogen cycle
Once the plant or animal has died, decomposers (bacteria) again take up the nitrogen in the dead material and send it back to the atmosphere____
3rd step of the Nitrogen cycle
We have _ _ chromosomes in all.
46; 23 chromosomes from mom + 23 chromosomes from dad
What are sex chromosomes?
Sex chromosomes are chromosomes that determine gender
What are sister chromatids?
Sister chromatids are the original chromosome and its exact copy are attached to each other
Whats happens in Metaphase?
Sister chromatids line up along the middle of the spindle fibers
Whats happens in Anaphase?
Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell
What are Organelles?
Specialized compartments that carry out a specific function
Whats happens in Telophase?
Spindle fibers break down and new nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes
What are Carbohydrates?
Sugars used for short term energy
What is symbiosis?
Symbiosis is a close relationship between 2 organisms in which one organism lives near, on, or even inside another organisms and in which at least one organism benefits
A binds
T
ATG binds to what? (DNA)
TAC
What is Taxonomy?
Taxonomy is the science of classifying living things
Heterozygous! Purebred or hybrid?
hybrid
Mendel's law of _______ states that the gene for one trait is inherited independently of the genes for other traits
independent assortment; only true when the genes are on different chromosomes
Nitrogen in the atmosphere is taken in by bacteria that live in plant roots____
1st step of the Nitrogen cycle
Females are XX so have _ copies of sex-linked traits
2
Humans have _ genes for every trait
2
What happens before meiosis?
2 chromosomes of the same type come together to make a chromosome pair. Each chromosome doubles. This gives 4 chromosomes stuck together.
A capsule is ____
A capsule is a shell for protection
What is a Cell?
A cell is the smallest unit that is alive and can carry on all the processes of life
What is a Chromosome?
A chromosome is a chain of different genes
What is a mutagen?
A mutagen is a factor int eh environment like UV and chemicals.
What is a mutation?
A mutation is a change in a gene or chromosome.
What are Alleles?
Alleles are different forms of a single trait, like blue and brown are two eye color alleles.
What is an Energy Pyramid?
An Energy Pyramid is a picture showing how much energy is transferred to the different trophic levels in a food chain
What is an Adaptation?
An adaptation is a change in the behavior or physical characteristics of a species that make it better suited to its environment
What are the 3 Domains?
Archaea Eubacteria Eukarya
What are the 6 kingdoms of living things?
Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Animalia Plantae
give an example of genotype
Bb
What is Biodiversity?
Biodiversity is when organisms become very different from each other as they evolve and become better suited to their environments.
What are Biotic factors?
Biotic factors are living things, such as producers, consumers, and decomposers.
give an example of phenotype
Brown Eyes
G binds
C
G binds _____
C
What is the chemical equation for respiration?
C(6)H(12)O(6) + O(2) --> 6CO(2) + 6H(2)O + ATP energy
Dominant genes are represented by a ________ letter
Capital
What are the 4 types of Organic Compounds (The Molecule of Life)
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids
What is Ecology?
Ecology is the study of how organisms fit into their environment.
What is Endocytosis?
Endocytosis is when a large compound is brought into the cell
What are Enzymes?
Enzymes are special types of proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body but are not changed by the reactions
Eukaryotic cells contain _____? (give examples)
Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus, such as animal and plant cells
What is Evolution?
Evolution is a change in a species over time
What is Exocytosis?
Exocytosis is when large compounds are exported out of the cell
If DNA is CCA ; Then RNA will be
GGU
What are genes?
Genes are trats of an organism
Genetics is the study of ______
Genetics is the study of heredity
What happens during meiosis 1?
In Meiosis 1 chromosome pairs separate into two new cells
What happens during meiosis 2?
In Meiosis 2 each chromosome separates from its copy into 4 new cells
In Meiosis 1 cell becomes _ cells; but in mitosis, 1 cell becomes _ cells
In meiosis, 1 cell becomes 4 cells but in mitosis, 1 cell becomes 2 cells
What is an Isotonic Solution?
Isotonic solutions cause no net movement of water into or out of the cell
Selectively permeable is what?
It allows small compounds, but not large ones, to pass right through.
If the mutation happens in a SEX cell, __________
It can be passed on to offspring.
Light energy is completely changed into ____
Light energy is completely changed into chemical energy (glucose).
What are the 2 steps of photosynthesis?
Light reaction Dark reaction
What is Light reaction?
Light reaction is when chlorophyll in the chloroplasts absorbs sunlight
What role do the Lysosome play?
Lysosome have enzymes that digest wasted and old organelles
What role does the Mitochondria play?
Mitochondria makes energy for the cell
What is the M phase?
Mitosis (cell division) occurs
What is the M phase?
Mitosis (cell division) occurs (AGAIN)
What is Mitosis?
Mitosis is the division of a cell into 2 identical cells
Cells contain _________
Organelles
What is Osmosis?
Osmosis is the diffusion of water
What is Photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis is the process by which organisms use energy from sunlight to make their own food (glucose)
Where does photosynthesis occur?
Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells and some bacteria
What is Parasitism?
Parasitism is when one organism benefits (parasite) and the other organism is harmed (host) from the symbiosis
Diffusion and Osmosis are examples of ___
Passive Transport
What is Passive Transport?
Passive Transport requires no energy.
What are the 2 different ways that materials are transported across the cell membrane?
Passive and Active transport are the 2 different ways that materials are transported across the cell membrane
What is the Phospholipid bilayer?
Phospholipid bilayer is the 2 layers of phospholipids that make up the cell membrane
What does RNA stand for?
Ribonucleic acid
What role do the ribosomes play?
Ribosomes make proteins
What is semi conservative replication?
Semi conservative replication is the process by which DNA copies itself and each new piece of DNA is made up of 1 old strand and 1 new strand
What role does the cytoplasm play?
The cytoplasm fills the empty space of the cell
What is the diversity of an ecosystem?
The diversity of an ecosystem is a measure of the number of species living there
What role does the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) play?
The endoplasmic reticulum tunnels for compounds to move through the cell
What is the fossil record?
The fossil record is information about all known fossils.
What role does the nucleus play?
The nucleus controls cell activities
What role does the Vacuole play?
The vacuole stores food, water and waste
Egg cell (23 chromosomes) + sperm cell (23 chromosomes) = _______
baby (46 chromosomes)
What is in Kingdom Archaebacteria?
bacteria that live in extreme environments
What is the G2 phase?
cell grows
Every 3 bases in RNA is called a ____ and codes for 1 amino acid
codon
What is in Kingdom Eubacteria?
common bacteria
The first word is the ____; the second word is the ____
genus; species
What are the 3 steps in Aerobic respiration?
glycolysis; glucose is cut in half citric acid cycle; glucose halves get electrons chopped off of them electron transport chain; electrons combine with oxygen and are used to make alot of ATP
Human gametes (sperm and egg cells) are _____ cells
haploid
Recessive genes are represented by a ______ letter
lowercase
What do carnivores eat?
meat
What is in Kingdom Fungi?
mushrooms, yeasts, and molds
Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by a ____
mutagen
Chromosomes must be copied before mitosis so that __________
new cells receive the same chromosomes found in the old cells