The Big Picture: A Review of Biology

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What is the G1 phase?

Cell grows

What is the cell membrane?

Cell membrane is fluid, which means that it is constantly flowing and moving over the cell

Cell membrane is _____

Cell membrane is selectively permeable.

What do cells make up?

Cells make up organisms(living things)

What is Cellular Respiration?

Cellular Respiration is the process that breaks down glucose in order to make energy for an organism.

Cellular Respiration occurs where?

Cellular Respiration occurs in teh mitochondria of the cell.

What role do centrioles play?

Centrioles help in cell division and is only found in animal, NOT plant cells.

• The theory of evolution was stated by _____ ____ and is based on ____ ____

Charles Darwin; Natural Selection

What role does chloroplast play?

Chloroplast traps sunlight to make food for the plant

Chloroplasts have a green pigment called ____

Chloroplasts have a green pigment called chlorophyll

What are Chromosomes?

Chromosomes are DNA strands in the nucleus that contain the directions on how to make and keep an organism alive

What are Chromosomes made up of?

Chromosomes are made up of genes.

When does Codominance occur?

Codominance occurs when 2 dominant genes are expressed and both genes are seen in the organism

A cat with black and white spots is ________

Codominant

AB blood is _________

Codominant

What is Commensalism?

Commensalism is when one of the 2 organisms benefits from the symbiosis

What are the 3 types of Symbiosis?

Commensalism, Mutualism, Parasitism

What is Comparative anatomy?

Comparative anatomy is when the bodies of different organisms are compared to see if they are related.

What is competition?

Competition is a struggle between organisms for resources, such as food, water, shelter

What are consumers?

Consumers are organisms that eat other organisms for energy

When does Cytokinesis occur?

Cytokinesis occurs when the cytoplasm actually divides, forming two new cells

Cells will die if their ____ is damaged or removed.

DNA

What does it mean when DNA is complementary?

DNA is complementary, which means that the bases on one strand match up to the bases on the other strand

What does DNA make up?

DNA makes up the chromosomes in the nucleus and never leaves the nucleus

What is the S phase?

DNA synthesis (chromosomes are copied)

What is Dark reaction?

Dark reaction is when the energy from the sunlight is used to make glucose

What are decomposers?

Decomposer is a special type of consumer that eats waste products and dead organisms for energy

What does DNA stand for?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

What is diffusion?

Diffusion is when compounds move from high to low concentration.

______ gene: "stronger" of the 2 genes and shows up in the organism

Dominant

What are Lipids?

Fats and oils used for long term energy

What is Fertilization?

Fertilization is the process of an egg and a sperm cell combining to produce a zygote

What is flagella?

Flagella are whip like structure for movement.

Individuals with Down Syndrome have _ #_ _ chromosomes.

Individuals with Down Syndrome have three #21 chromosomes

______ ______ is an Austrian monk credited with beginning the study of genetics

Gregor Mendel

f the mutation happens in a BODY cell, __________

It only affects the organism that carries it.

What is Karyotype?

Karyotype is ordered picture of an organism's chromosomes.

What are the 7 different levels of taxonomy?

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

What is Meiosis?

Meiosis is cell division that produces gametes (sex cells), such as sperm and egg cells

How many cells are made up in a Multicellular Organism?

Multicellular organisms are made up of many cells

What is Mutualism?

Mutualism is when both organisms benefit from the symbiosis.

What does Natural Selection state?

Natural selection states that organisms with traits well suited to an environment are more likely to survive and produce more offspring than organisms without these favorable traits

Healthy individuals have _ of each type of chromosome

Healthy individuals have 2 of each type of chromosome

What are heterotrophs?

Heterotrophs are organisms that cannot make their own food, like herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores.

What are Homologous chromosomes?

Homologous chromosomes are 2 of the same type of chromosome

What are Homologous structures?

Homologous structures are body structures on different organisms that are similar.

What is a Hypertonic Solution?

Hypertonic solutions cause water to move out of the cell so the cell shrivels up

What is a Hypotonic Solution?

Hypotonic solutions cause water to move into the cell so the cell swells up

What are the 3 types of solutions?

Hypotonic, Hypertonic, and Isotonic.

Whats happens in Prophase?

Nuclear membrane falls apart and spindle fibers start to form

What are Nucleic acids?

Nucleic acids are DNA and RNA; contains genetic information

The Oraganelles in ANIMAL cells include(10):

Nucleus, cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), golgi body, ribosomes, mitochondria, lysosome, cytoplasm, vacuole, centrioles

Plant cell organelles include:

Nucleus, cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), golgi body, ribosomes, mitochondria, lysosome, cytoplasm, vacuole, chloroplast, cell wall

_______ gene: "weaker" of 2 genes and only shows up when there is no dominant gene present

Recessive

When does Incomplete Dominance occur?

Incomplete dominance occurs when 2 dominant genes are expressed and blended together in the organism

What is a pili?

Pili are short hair like structures to hold onto host cells.

Plant cells are usually ____?(shape)

Plant cells are usually square

What is a predator?

Predators are organisms that catch, kill, and eat other organisms called prey

What are producers?

Producers are organisms that take in energy from their surroundings to make their own food

Prokaryotic cells contain _____? (give examples)

Prokaryotic cells contain no nucleus, such as bacteria

What are the phases of mitosis?

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

What are Proteins?

Proteins are made up of amino acids; used for construction materials and chemical reactions in the body

What are Punnett squares?

Punnett squares are charts that are used to show the possible gene combinations in a cross between 2 organisms

RNA is a single stranded it has ___ instead of ____

RNA is single stranded and has uracil (U) rather than thymine (T)

What are the 2 types of cells?

The 2 types of cell are Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic

What role does the Golgi body play?

The Golgi Body processes and stores protein.

What is the cell cycle?

The cell cycle is the phases in the life of a cell

What role does the cell membrane play?

The cell membrane controls what enter and leaves the cell and also protects the cell

What role does the cell wall play?

The cell wall protects the cell.

All vertebrate embryos look very similar as they develop before birth.

...

Bacterial cells are smaller and simpler than plant or animal cells.

...

Bacterial cells are unicellular.

...

Bacterial cells have no nucleus.

...

Closely related organisms have more levels of taxonomy in common than unrelated organisms.

...

DNA has all the directions the cell needs to live.

...

Each organism as a niche, or role, to play in its environment.

...

Ecosystems are constantly changing due to changing populations of organisms, changing weather, natural disasters, and human activity.

...

Every organism has a unique 2-word scientific name that is written in Latin.

...

Every time a change occurs, the balance of the ecosystem has to be readjusted.

...

Everytime an organism eats, it obtains energy from its food.

...

Glucose is a simple sugar.

...

Humans have mostly diploid cells, which means that we have 2 of each type of chromosome.

...

Populations of organisms increase and decrease due to overpopulation of a competitor or predator, disease, lack of food or water or shelter, and extreme weather.

...

Proteins do all the work in the cell

...

RNA carries the directions to other parts of the cell.

...

RNA is a copy of DNA that goes out into the cytoplasm to tell the cell what to do in order to stay alive.

...

Some Bacterial cells have a capsule, pili, and flagella.

...

Some energy gets lost along the way of the trophic levels.

...

The DNA of closely related organisms looks very similar.

...

The cell membrane is made up of molecules called phospholipids.

...

The parasite feeds on the host while it is still alive, weakening but not killing it.

...

Males are XY so have _ copy of sex-linked traits

1

What is the Chemical equation for photosynthesis?

6CO(2) + 6H(2)O + light energy --> C(6)H(12)O(6) + O(2)

U binds _____

A

What is a Community?

A community is the organisms that live in a particular environment

What is a compound?

A compound is a combination of 2 or more atoms

What is a food chain?

A food chain is a lineup of organisms that shows who eats who.

What is a food web?

A food web is a network of connected food chains

What is a Habitat?

A habitat is the physical location of a community

What is a polygenic trait?

A polygenic trait is a trait that is controlled by more than one pair of genes, like skin color.

What is a sex-linked trait?

A sex-linked trait is a trait that is found on the X chromosome, such as colorblindness.

What is a trophic level?

A trophic level is a feeding level in an ecosystem

What is a Zygote?

A zygote is a baby that is only 1 cell big

What is ATP?

ATP is the compound that stores energy in an organism

What are the 2 different factors in an ecosystem?

Abiotic and Biotic

What are Abiotic factors?

Abiotic factors are nonliving things.

Endocytosis and exocytosis are examples of ____

Active Transport

What is Active transport?

Active Transport requires energy.

What are Adaptations?

Adaptations are structures and behaviors that organisms have evolved in order to survive better in their environments

What are 2 types of cellular respiration?

Aerobic & Anaerobic are the 2 types of cellular respiration.

Aerobic respiration is the opposite of ______

Aerobic respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis

Aerobic respiration mostly happens what?

Aerobic respiration mostly happens in animals and plants.

What is Aerobic respiration?

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen.

What is an Ecosystem?

An ecosystem is a collection of organisms and their physical environment

What is an inorganic compound?

An inorganic compound is a compound with no combination of carbon atoms

What is an organic compound?

An organic compound is a compound that contains carbon atoms that have combined with each other

What is Anaerobic respiration?

Anaerobic respiration doesn't require oxygen to occur.

Anaerobic respiration is also called _____

Anaerobic respiration is also called fermentation

Anaerobic respiration makes less ATP then ____

Anaerobic respiration makes less ATP then Aerobic respiration

Anaerobic respiration mostly happens in ______ (2)

Anaerobic respiration mostly happens in bacteria and yeast.

Animal cells are usually ____? (shape)

Animal cells are usually round.

What are autosomes?

Autosomes are chromosomes that do not determine gender

What are autotrophs?

Autotrophs are organisms that make their own food, like plants and some bacteria.

If the red flower color gene (R) is mixed with the white flower color gene (W) then the offspring will be ________

pink (RW)

What do Herbivores eat?

plants

What is in Kingdom Plantae?

plants

What do omnivores eat?

plants and meat

What is in the 2nd trophic level?

primary consumer

What is in the 1st trophic level?

producer

Homozygous! Purebred or hybrid?

purebred

What is in the 3rd trophic level?

secondary consumer

Mendel's law of _____ states that the 2 genes we have for each trait get separated from one another when we make egg and sperm cells

segregation

Bacterial cells have ______ (5)

single closed loop of DNA cell wall cell membrane cytoplasm ribosomes

What is in Kingdom Protista?

single-celled organisms

What is in the 4th trophic level?

tertiary consumer

Mutations can be neutral if ______

they do not produce an obvious changes in an organism

Mutations can be helpful if ______

they improve an organism's chances for survival

Mutations can be harmful if ______

they reduce an organism's chances for reproduction or survival

Mutations can be lethal if ______

they result in the immediate death of an organism

What is Transcription?

Transcription is when DNA in the nucleus is used to make messenger RNA (mRNA)

What is Translation?

Translation is when the RNA attaches to a ribosome and directs the production of a protein

How many cells are made up in an Unicellular Organism?

Unicellular organisms are made up of 1 cell

What are Vestigial structures?

Vestigial structures are body structures that may have served a purpose in ancient ancestors but no longer are functional in current organisms.

What is Homozygous?

When 2 genes are alike for a trait; BB, bb

what is Heterozygous?

When 2 genes are different for a trait; Bb

Girls are _ _ (letters)

XX

Boys are _ _ (letters)

XY

What are the 4 types of bases in DNA

adenine (A) guanine (G) thymine (T) cytosine (C)

What is in Kingdom Animalia?

animals

What are the 2 different feeding groups of organisms?

autotrophs and heterotrophs

Before Mitosis... Chromosomes have what?

copied themselves

RNA moves out into the _______ (DNA making protein)

cytoplasm

What is in the last trophic level?

decomposer

Humans have mostly _____ cells

diploid

DNA has a ____ helix shape

double

What is Domain Eukarya?

organisms whose DNA is in a nucleus.

Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is taken in by plants who use it during photosynthesis and release oxygen back into the atmosphere

oxygen-carbon cylce

Oxygen in the atmosphere is taken in by animals and plants who use it during respiration and release carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere

oxygen-carbon cylce

Humans have _ _ types of chromosomes.

23

sperm and egg cells have _ _ chromosomes in all

23

The nitrogen is passed onto the plants and any animals that eat the plants____

2nd step of the Nitrogen cycle

Once the plant or animal has died, decomposers (bacteria) again take up the nitrogen in the dead material and send it back to the atmosphere____

3rd step of the Nitrogen cycle

We have _ _ chromosomes in all.

46; 23 chromosomes from mom + 23 chromosomes from dad

What are sex chromosomes?

Sex chromosomes are chromosomes that determine gender

What are sister chromatids?

Sister chromatids are the original chromosome and its exact copy are attached to each other

Whats happens in Metaphase?

Sister chromatids line up along the middle of the spindle fibers

Whats happens in Anaphase?

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

What are Organelles?

Specialized compartments that carry out a specific function

Whats happens in Telophase?

Spindle fibers break down and new nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes

What are Carbohydrates?

Sugars used for short term energy

What is symbiosis?

Symbiosis is a close relationship between 2 organisms in which one organism lives near, on, or even inside another organisms and in which at least one organism benefits

A binds

T

ATG binds to what? (DNA)

TAC

What is Taxonomy?

Taxonomy is the science of classifying living things

Heterozygous! Purebred or hybrid?

hybrid

Mendel's law of _______ states that the gene for one trait is inherited independently of the genes for other traits

independent assortment; only true when the genes are on different chromosomes

Nitrogen in the atmosphere is taken in by bacteria that live in plant roots____

1st step of the Nitrogen cycle

Females are XX so have _ copies of sex-linked traits

2

Humans have _ genes for every trait

2

What happens before meiosis?

2 chromosomes of the same type come together to make a chromosome pair. Each chromosome doubles. This gives 4 chromosomes stuck together.

A capsule is ____

A capsule is a shell for protection

What is a Cell?

A cell is the smallest unit that is alive and can carry on all the processes of life

What is a Chromosome?

A chromosome is a chain of different genes

What is a mutagen?

A mutagen is a factor int eh environment like UV and chemicals.

What is a mutation?

A mutation is a change in a gene or chromosome.

What are Alleles?

Alleles are different forms of a single trait, like blue and brown are two eye color alleles.

What is an Energy Pyramid?

An Energy Pyramid is a picture showing how much energy is transferred to the different trophic levels in a food chain

What is an Adaptation?

An adaptation is a change in the behavior or physical characteristics of a species that make it better suited to its environment

What are the 3 Domains?

Archaea Eubacteria Eukarya

What are the 6 kingdoms of living things?

Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Animalia Plantae

give an example of genotype

Bb

What is Biodiversity?

Biodiversity is when organisms become very different from each other as they evolve and become better suited to their environments.

What are Biotic factors?

Biotic factors are living things, such as producers, consumers, and decomposers.

give an example of phenotype

Brown Eyes

G binds

C

G binds _____

C

What is the chemical equation for respiration?

C(6)H(12)O(6) + O(2) --> 6CO(2) + 6H(2)O + ATP energy

Dominant genes are represented by a ________ letter

Capital

What are the 4 types of Organic Compounds (The Molecule of Life)

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids

What is Ecology?

Ecology is the study of how organisms fit into their environment.

What is Endocytosis?

Endocytosis is when a large compound is brought into the cell

What are Enzymes?

Enzymes are special types of proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body but are not changed by the reactions

Eukaryotic cells contain _____? (give examples)

Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus, such as animal and plant cells

What is Evolution?

Evolution is a change in a species over time

What is Exocytosis?

Exocytosis is when large compounds are exported out of the cell

If DNA is CCA ; Then RNA will be

GGU

What are genes?

Genes are trats of an organism

Genetics is the study of ______

Genetics is the study of heredity

What happens during meiosis 1?

In Meiosis 1 chromosome pairs separate into two new cells

What happens during meiosis 2?

In Meiosis 2 each chromosome separates from its copy into 4 new cells

In Meiosis 1 cell becomes _ cells; but in mitosis, 1 cell becomes _ cells

In meiosis, 1 cell becomes 4 cells but in mitosis, 1 cell becomes 2 cells

What is an Isotonic Solution?

Isotonic solutions cause no net movement of water into or out of the cell

Selectively permeable is what?

It allows small compounds, but not large ones, to pass right through.

If the mutation happens in a SEX cell, __________

It can be passed on to offspring.

Light energy is completely changed into ____

Light energy is completely changed into chemical energy (glucose).

What are the 2 steps of photosynthesis?

Light reaction Dark reaction

What is Light reaction?

Light reaction is when chlorophyll in the chloroplasts absorbs sunlight

What role do the Lysosome play?

Lysosome have enzymes that digest wasted and old organelles

What role does the Mitochondria play?

Mitochondria makes energy for the cell

What is the M phase?

Mitosis (cell division) occurs

What is the M phase?

Mitosis (cell division) occurs (AGAIN)

What is Mitosis?

Mitosis is the division of a cell into 2 identical cells

Cells contain _________

Organelles

What is Osmosis?

Osmosis is the diffusion of water

What is Photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis is the process by which organisms use energy from sunlight to make their own food (glucose)

Where does photosynthesis occur?

Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells and some bacteria

What is Parasitism?

Parasitism is when one organism benefits (parasite) and the other organism is harmed (host) from the symbiosis

Diffusion and Osmosis are examples of ___

Passive Transport

What is Passive Transport?

Passive Transport requires no energy.

What are the 2 different ways that materials are transported across the cell membrane?

Passive and Active transport are the 2 different ways that materials are transported across the cell membrane

What is the Phospholipid bilayer?

Phospholipid bilayer is the 2 layers of phospholipids that make up the cell membrane

What does RNA stand for?

Ribonucleic acid

What role do the ribosomes play?

Ribosomes make proteins

What is semi conservative replication?

Semi conservative replication is the process by which DNA copies itself and each new piece of DNA is made up of 1 old strand and 1 new strand

What role does the cytoplasm play?

The cytoplasm fills the empty space of the cell

What is the diversity of an ecosystem?

The diversity of an ecosystem is a measure of the number of species living there

What role does the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) play?

The endoplasmic reticulum tunnels for compounds to move through the cell

What is the fossil record?

The fossil record is information about all known fossils.

What role does the nucleus play?

The nucleus controls cell activities

What role does the Vacuole play?

The vacuole stores food, water and waste

Egg cell (23 chromosomes) + sperm cell (23 chromosomes) = _______

baby (46 chromosomes)

What is in Kingdom Archaebacteria?

bacteria that live in extreme environments

What is the G2 phase?

cell grows

Every 3 bases in RNA is called a ____ and codes for 1 amino acid

codon

What is in Kingdom Eubacteria?

common bacteria

The first word is the ____; the second word is the ____

genus; species

What are the 3 steps in Aerobic respiration?

glycolysis; glucose is cut in half citric acid cycle; glucose halves get electrons chopped off of them electron transport chain; electrons combine with oxygen and are used to make alot of ATP

Human gametes (sperm and egg cells) are _____ cells

haploid

Recessive genes are represented by a ______ letter

lowercase

What do carnivores eat?

meat

What is in Kingdom Fungi?

mushrooms, yeasts, and molds

Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by a ____

mutagen

Chromosomes must be copied before mitosis so that __________

new cells receive the same chromosomes found in the old cells


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