The Complement System and Innate Barriers, Inflammation, & Nutrition

What is the proper order of the first 3 steps of inflammation following injury, barrier break, and mircobe entry? (2) microbes/injury activate sentinel cells, (3) increased vascular permeability, and (4) antibodies phagocytose microbes (2) microbes/injury activate sentinel cells, (3) sentinel cells secrete inflammatory mediators, and (4) increased vascular permeability (2) sentinel cells secrete inflammatory mediators, (3) microbes/injury activate sentinel cells, and (4) increased vascular permeability (2) microbes/injury activate sentinel cells, (3) increased vascular permeability, and (4) sentinel cells secrete inflammatory mediators

(2) microbes/injury activate sentinel cells, (3) sentinel cells secrete inflammatory mediators, and (4) increased vascular permeability

The alternative pathway of complement activation is: A. triggered when some complement proteins are activated on microbial surfaces and cannot be controlled. B. triggered when carbohydrate-binding mannose binding lectin binds to surface glycoproteins of microbes. C. triggered after antibodies bind to microbes or other antigens. D. None of the above

A. triggered when some complement proteins are activated on microbial surfaces and cannot be controlled.

Which of the following is NOT a shared aspect of the three complement pathways? Steps in pathway following C5 convertase Sequentially activated in a controlled sequence Antibodies required for activation Leads to the formation of a MAC

Antibodies required for activation

Cs convertase is necessary to do what int he complement system?

Breaks down more C3.

In the classical pathway, this complement binds with the Ag-Ab complexes to initiate the complement cascade. Which is it ? C5 C3 C1q,r,s C2

C1q,r,s

A deficiency in which complement protein may increase susceptibility to bacterial infections that may be fatal in early life? C5 C2 C4 C3

C3

What complement proteins is associated with each complement pathways?

C3

What is the most abundant complement protein? C3b C5a C3 C3a

C3

Which complement binds with activating surfaces to initiate the complement cascade by the alternative pathway? MBL (MASP) C2 C1q,r,s C3 C5

C3

Inflammatory responses produced by the complement cascade are induced by the cleaving of which two proteins? C3 and C4 C2 and C4 C3 and C5 C2 and C5

C3 and C5

C3 convertase of alternative pathway

C3bBb (C3b and Bb)

This molecule is the C5 convertase of the Alternative pathway. C5b9 C3bBbC3b C4b2a C5

C3bBbC3b

Which complement molecule marks the convergence of the Classical and Lectin pathways? C3a C3 C4 C5a

C4

C3 convertase of classical pathway

C4b2a

Which molecule functions as the C3 convertase enzyme in the Classical complement activation pathway? C4b2a C3aBb C3bBb C3b

C4b2a

This molecule is formed from the C3 convertase in the Classical pathway. C5 C4b2c C4b2a C4b2aC3b

C4b2aC3b

The early steps of the 3 complement pathways ultimately make this protein?

C5 Convertase

What does C5 convertase do?

C5 convertase converts C5 into C5a and C5b.

The correct composition of the Membrane Attack Complex is given by_______________ C5 C5-9 C5b6b7b8b9b

C5-9

Which complement fragment is extruded from complement C5 before it continues onward to form the Membrane Attack Complex? C5 C3a C5a C3

C5a

IgM and/or IgG are required for the activation of the alternative pathway. True False

False

Inflammation is primarily a component of adaptive immunity that delivers immediate mediators of host defense - circulating cells and proteins - to sites of infection and tissue damage. True False

False

Inherited germline genes can generate many more structurally different receptors than can be produced from gene recombination. True False

False

The complement cascade can be activated by 3 different pathways: the classical, the lectin, and the antibody pathways. True False

False

Lysozyme degrades: prion cell membranes cell membranes of Gram- bacteria parasite cell membranes Gram + bacterial cell walls

Gram + bacterial cell walls

The Complement activation pathway that is activated by microbial carbohydrates is ______________________. Lectin pathway Classical pathway Alternative pathway

Lectin pathway

C3a and C5a can produce anaphylactic reactions. True False

True

IgM and/or IgG antibodies are required for the activation of the classical pathway. True False

True

The alternative pathway complement cascade is initiated when C3 is cleaved into C3b, which then binds to the surface of microbes. True False

True

Which of the following are properties of mast cells? secrete lipid mediators and cytokines that stimulate inflammation bone marrow-derived all three are properties of mast cells contain vasoactive amines such as histamine bone-marrow derived and contain vasoactive amines such as histamine

all three are properties of mast cells

Which of the following statements regarding Complement is FALSE? a. The components of Complement are synthesized by the liver and by several cell types b. Amplification of the reaction rarely occurs and only in the beginning stages of the fixed c. Complementary response plays an essential role in inflammation and facilitation of the immune system d. Deficiencies can result in severe infections

b. Amplification of the reaction rarely occurs and only in the beginning stages of the fixed

The early innate immune response to hypoxia at a wound involves: a. glycogen synthetase b. nitric oxide hydrolase c. nitric oxide synthase and inflammatory cytokines d. nitric oxide lyase

c. nitric oxide synthase and inflammatory cytokines

Formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC) aids which of the following 3 primary functions of the complement? opsonization cell lysis inflammation

cell lysis

Which pathway of complement cascade is activated by certain antibody isotypes? classical alternative lectin

classical

What are the three complement pathways?

classical, alternative, lectin

The ____________ is a collection of circulating and membrane-associated proteins that are important in their defense against microbes. inflammatory response complement system lymphoid tissue epithelial barrier

complement system

The formation of the complement membrane attack complex (small round bubbles on the surface of bacteria) kills the cell by _________? a. antigen mediated cell death. b. antibody-dependent cell death. c. accumulation of protein in the cell membrane. d. creating pores in the cell membrane.

d. creating pores in the cell membrane.

The receptors of the innate immune system are encoded in the ____________. liver kidney heart germ-line

germ-line

C3a and C5a play what role in immunity?

inflammatory mediators.

Which of the following is not one of the 4 routes of epithelial exposure (i.e., epithelial barriers)? intravenvous exposure external skin contact sexual contact ingestion

intravenvous exposure

Which of the following cells, upon activation by an infected cell, empty the contents of their cytoplasmic granules to enter the infected cell and induce apoptosis? dendritic cells natural killer (NK) cells lymphoid cells macrophages

natural killer (NK) cells

Innate immune defense against intracellular viruses is mediated mainly by: macrophages lymphocytes natural killer cells erythrocytes

natural killer cells

he most abundant leukocyte type in blood is the ____________, numbering 4,000 to 10,000 per cubic millimeter. eosinophil neutrophil basophil macrophage

neutrophil

Neutrophil extracellular traps are formed of: mitochondria endoplasmic reticulum nuclear contents, especially histones. neutrophil cytosolic proteins

nuclear contents, especially histones.

The process of coating a microbe with molecules that are recognized by receptors by phagocytes is called: phagocytosis priming opsonization apoptosis

opsonization

The term ___________ refers to the ability to ability of proteins to assist the activity of antibodies in destroying cells. complement innate apoptosis opsonize

opsonize

Cytokines do not do the following: kill microbes stimulate phagocytosis target antibodies recruit immune cells

target antibodies

MALT is an example of a secondary lymphoid organ. True False

true

The intestinal surface is covered with finger-like protrusions called: lacteals Peyer's patches polyps villi

villi

Which of the following is not a macro-nutrient? protein vitamin fat carbohydrate

vitamin